Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University最新文献

{"title":"The student quota system of academy and its changes in Qing dynasty Centering on Hunan","authors":"Ming-wood Liu","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.04","url":null,"abstract":"In the early Qing Dynasty, the academy followed the Ming Dynasty's lecture style, limited to the houses of the academies. The students of the academies were small and relatively stable, and there was no quota system for students. With the development of the system of academy allowances and rewards, the academy began to have the number of allowances and awards. The system of allowances and rewards is combined with the resident student, co-created a fixed number of students in the academy. In the middle of the Qing dynasty, the examination system gradually became the dominant system of the academy. The quota system included a fixed number of students, the number of allowances and normal awards. The “extra” system has become popular, The system of allowances and rewards based on the results of each test and the number of special awards began to appear. In the late Qing dynasty, the system of allowances and rewards based on the results of each test and the number of special awards beg an to become popular. The scale of the “extra” system kept g rowing . At the same time, At the same time, the emergence of new types of academies also led to new changes in the academy student quota system. Hunan province is an important region for the development of academies in the Qing dynasty. Taking Hunan province as the center to clarify the student quota system of academies in the Qing dynasty and its chang es is of great significance for answering questions such as what is the academy learning experience, how to determine academy students, how to determine the size of academy students. \u0000 \u0000청대 초기 서원은 명대의 강학 풍조를 계승하였다. 서원의 재사(齋舍)와 같은 환경적 제한으로 인해, 서원의 졸업 규모는 비교적 적으면서도 안정적이었기에 생도의 정원에 관한 제도는 없었다. 서원의 고장(膏獎) 제도의 발전에 힘입어, 고화액(膏火額), 장상액(獎賞額) 제도가 출현하였다. 고장 제도는 또한고정생액(固定生額), 고화액(膏火額), 상과장상(常課獎賞) 등으로 겸비되었다. ‘액외(額外)’ 제도 또한 유행하기 시작하였으며, ‘수과고장(隨課膏獎)’, 전과장상액(專課獎賞額) 또한 출현하기 시작했다. 청대 말기에 이르러, ‘수과고장’ 제도 및 전과장상액 제도가 유행하면서 ‘액외’ 규모 또한 지속 확장되었다. 이와동시에, 신식 서원의 출현 또한 서원의 생도 정원 제도에 새로운 변화를 가져다주었다. 호남은 청대 서원 발전에 있어 중심 지역으로서, 호남을 중심으로청대 서원의 생도 정원 제도 및 그 변화를 파악해본다면 서원의 학습 이수가어떻게 이루어졌는지, 그리고 서원의 졸업생을 어떻게 확정하였는지, 심지어서원 졸업생의 규모를 어떻게 특정하였는지 등의 의문에 대한 의미 있는 답안을 도출할 수 있을 것이다.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133483209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the formation of Texas Street near Busan Station and the influx of former Soviet Bloc migrants","authors":"Yongseok Noh","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.14","url":null,"abstract":"Texas Street in Choryang-dong, Dong-gu, located near Busan Station, is known to some people as a 'Russian street' even as of 2022, and to others it is recognized as a 'prostitute' and 'red light district' that cannot be reached. However, it can be said that this place has historically been a complex interweaving of numerous foreign visitors, including Chinese and Americans, and the Russians are only one part of the main character of the stage. Nevertheless, Koreans consider this area to be the exclusive property of Russians, and the perception of Texas Street as a 'prostitute' has become a general notion of looking at Russians. However, the Texas Street near Busan Station was the “debut stage” for Russia, where it established diplomatic ties with Korea for the first time since the Cold War in the 1990s. This paper is a study on the background of the formation of Texas Street near Busan Station and the influx of former Soviet bloc migrants.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114784543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the location of the city hall in Jangsan-gun and the transition of Gun-hye on during the Goryeo Dynasty","authors":"Myeong-jin Kim","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.11","url":null,"abstract":"The name of the town, Jangsan-gun (Gyeongsan-si), was officially given in 757. In 927, at the Battle of Gongsan Dongsu, Wang Geon was defeated by Gyeon Hwon of the Later Baekje. However, the residents of Gyeongsan cooperated with Goryeo. As a reward, Wang Geon changed the name of Jangsan-gun to a better meaning. Jangsan-gun (Jangsanseong) does not know its exact location. However, it was revealed that the site of Gyeongsan City Hall during the Joseon Dynasty was the seat of the Goryeo Dynasty. It was also analyzed that this place would be the site of Jangsan Fortress. The transition of Gun-hyeon of Jangsan-gun of Goryeo began with the Taejo period. Jangsan-gun was transferred to Donggyeong Yusugwan Gyeongju in February 1018 (9th year of King Hyeonjong). In 1172 (the 2nd year of King Myeongjong), Gammu was dispatched. When King Chungseon took the throne, Jangsan-gun was changed to Gyeongsan-hyeon to avoid the king's name. This was December 1308. In 1317 (4th year of King Chungsuk), Gyeongsan-hyeon was said to be the hometown of Il-yeon and became Gyeongsanhyeonryeonggwan. In 1390 (2nd year of King Gongyang), it was elevated to Gyeong san-g un as it was said to be the hometown of King Gongyang's queen.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124452276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spre ad and Promotion of Kore an Studies at Home and abroad: Review of the status of the “Korean Studies Promotion Project” by the Korean Studies Promotion Foundation","authors":"Nak-hyun Kwak","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.09","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132630653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the format and record content of The Student Life Notice Table in The Japanese colonial period","authors":"Hwei-kyun Chae","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.24","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to reveal the characteristics of education shown in the student life notice table in the Japanese colonial period by analyzing the format, composition, and recording method of the student life notice table during the Japanese colonial period. Therefore, the results of the study are summarized based on the contents analyzed in the main body and the conclusions are presented as follows. \u0000First, The Japanese colonial the student life notice table has been an effective means of delivering and accepting general education for children across the country and delivering and delivering the results through a certain form to propagate and accommodate the knowledge and attitude of Japanese colonial rule. \u0000Second, festivals and anniversaries were to instill pro-Japanese culture and rituals. Since festivals and anniversaries were recorded and observed on the daily life notification table, they were playing a role in promoting and instilling pro-Japanese culture and pro-Japanese consciousness. \u0000Third, in the student life notice table during the Japanese colonial period, lessons and guidelines indicating the nature of school education are recorded. This was to reinforce colonial education through precepts and emphases. Therefore, it shows the intention to strengthen and sustain colonial rule by nurturing students who are loyal to Japan and follow discipline. \u0000Fourth, the subjects recorded in the student life notice table during the Japanese colonial period reflect the contents and characteristics of school education. In the subject, Japanese was displayed as the Korean language, and Korean language was integrated with Chinese characters, but was deleted from the subjects during the late Japanese colonial period. Therefore, the subjects shown in the student life notice table show that school education during the Japanese colonial period was education for maintaining and strengthening the colony. \u0000Fifth, the types and methods of evaluation made them immerse themselves in competition and pro-Japanese colonial education. At the same time, evaluation indicates the level of learning achievement, and the evaluation method influences the thinking and train of learners. Marking grades and ranks on transcripts made them focus more on colonial education because they classify learners, stimulate competition, and evoke feelings of superiority and inferiority.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133908012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Academic View and Educational Implications of Hangang Jeong Gu","authors":"Sang Woon Yeo","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.19","url":null,"abstract":"The academic view of the Hang ang can be divided into four main categories : Seong-hak(聖學, sacred learning), Ha-gak(下學, etiquette learning), Bak-hak(博學, broad learning) and So-hak(小學, personality learning). The first is the pursuit of being a saint. Hangang devoted himself to a sacred learning with the goal of becoming a saint at a relatively early ag e. His humble personality was naturally embodied because he always felt that he lacked himself compared to a saint and reflected on himself. Second, the emphasis was placed on an etiquette learning. He emphasized etiquette in everyday life and emphasized the practice of basic personnel affairs before metaphysical philosophy. Third, he pursued a broad learning. Hangang’s trend of the broad learning began with the recognition that there was nothing to throw away in order to pursue the Neo-Confucian philosophical system. His pursuit of the broad knowledge was again implied by simplicity as he g rew older. The broad academic trend of youth had converg ed to simplicity in his last years. Fourth, a personality learning was thoroughly emphasized. So-hak was viewed as the starting point of all studies, and before learning the philosophical system of Neo-Confucianism, he emphasized basic manners as a human being, and emphasized constant self-discipline and a diligent lifestyle. \u0000This academic tendency of Hangang was also reflected in education. Hang ang ’s education viewpoint could be divided into three categ ories. First, it was the emphasis on a character education. The character education, which emphasized etiquette, was viewed as the starting point of education. The basis of all education is to cultivate basic personality education and manners, and after this basis was established, customized education was implemented to suit the intellectual level of the disciples. Second, it emphasized timely education suitable for the situation. In other words, it emphasized education suitable for the learner's environment and situation. Filial piety was taught to those in need of filial piety, and the achievement of Tao was taug ht to disciples who wanted to study. If a student's personality is brave, he/she was taught according to their personality. This type of customized education was able to maximize the effectiveness of education, and everyone could exercise their capabilities. Third, Hang ang pursued customized education tailored to individual characteristics. This is similar to the method Confucius did to his disciples, and the streng ths of his disciples could be maximized by educating them to suit their qualities and characteristics. Even today, education is customized, focusing on individual specificity, but most of them are cognitive differential education. Differential education according to such individual temperament and character is considered to require further research and active discussion in modern education. \u0000These comprehensive analysis and systematic research are meaningful in itself, but based ","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130975558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structure and Cultural Implications of the Inscriptions of Shandong Academy in the Qing Dynasty","authors":"An Peung Seo, Heung Min Noh","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.02","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the constitutional structure of more than 100 inscriptions on Shandong Academy in Qing Dynasty, and reveals that there is a similar writing pattern among them: the author first cites the teachings of the former kings, and regards the establishment of the academy as a grand event to inherit the legacy of the three generations, and its significance is highlighted ; Then the author puts his brushwork on the tradition of a place, the mountains and rivers are so beautiful, the predecessors are so outstanding, how can the future generations be left alone, the rise of the academy is an act of reviving the humanities; Hard work, it is imperative to create an academy, but its creation is not easy, so future generations should not fall into their careers, and follow things to increase ; Finally, the author expresses his desire for the development of humanities. To explore the formation mechanism of this similar writing mode, we must return to the outstanding stylistic features of the stele, that is, the inscription, materiality and display presented on the stele. It seems to be a kind of “solid”·Writing writings that are expected to be handed down to future generations, they are produced in a rich context : In Shandong, which has rich cultural accumulation, it is an academy for cultivating talents; it was formed through the hands of local officials or local scribes; it is preserved in local chronicles such as art and literature records, school records, political and educational records, construction records, document records and historical site records. Each of them The background or related measures endow the inscription with special cultural and literary meaning , showing the cultural heritage and “local scenery” in the clues of the past, present and future. \u0000 \u0000본고에서는 백여 편에 달하는 청대 산동서원 비문의 구성 체계를 검토해봄으로써 그 가운데 존재하는 유사한 문장 양식을 도출해볼 것이다. 우선, 비문의 작자는 선왕(先王)의 가르침을 열거하면서 서원의 창건이 삼대(三代)의 유산을 전승하는 성대한 행사임을 강조한다. 그리고 작자는 필촉(筆觸)을 한 점에 두는 전통에 입각하여, ‘산천(山川)이 이처럼 영명하고, 고대 현인들이 이처럼 훌륭하니, 후손들이 어찌 이 장소를 방치할 수 있겠는가, 서원의 부흥이 바로 인문(人文)을 중흥하는 일이다’라고 말하고 있다. 또 그는 당면한 현실에대해 묘사하면서, 사인(士人)들이 과거를 준비하는 데 노고가 많으니 반드시서원을 창건, 수복하여 세(勢)를 회복하여야만 하는데, 이것은 결코 쉬운 작업이 아니므로 후손들이 마땅히 그 업무를 놓지 않고 더욱 발전시켜야 한다고말한다. 마지막으로, 작자는 인문(人文) 부흥이라는 소망을 드러내고 있다. 이러한 상호 유사한 문장 양식의 형성 근거를 탐구하려면, 반드시 비문에 드러나는 문체 특징을 검토하여야만 할 것이다. 이것이 바로 비석에 드러난 각명(刻銘)의 특징이자 고유한 물질성, 표현성이라 할 수 있다. 서원의 비문은 일종의 ‘견고함’을 특징으로 가지며, 후대에 전승되길 바라는 의도가 담긴 문자작품인 것으로 보인다. 비문은 지방 관원 또는 현지 선비들에 의해 제작되었으며, 보통 지방지의 예문지(藝文志), 학교지(學校志), 정교지(政敎志), 영건지(營建志), 문헌지(文獻志), 고적지(古跡志) 속에 많이 보존되어 있다. 각 비문의배경 혹은 이에 관련된 조치들은 모두 비문에 대하여 특별한 문화적, 문학적의미를 부여한다. 그것은 과거, 현재, 미래의 연속선 상에서 문화적 함의와“현지의 분위기”를 드러낸다.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125081015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kim Jin-man's Anti-Japanese Independence Movement","authors":"Il-su Kim","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.12","url":null,"abstract":"Kim Jin-man has been one of the representative literary painters of the 20th century who has established his art world through Sagunja painting and Gimyeongjeolji painting and influenced the flower bed for a long time since he had academic ability. In order to restore the independence of the Japanese colonial eran people and achieve national independence, he started the Reconstruction Achievement Friendship Association and the “Daegu Pistol Incident”. He was a representative anti-Japanese independence activist in Daegu in the 1910s who promoted the anti-Japanese independence movement. His anti-Japanese independence movement was inherited over three generations. Soon, he continued to his grandson Kim Il-sik, following his sons Kim Young-jo and Kim Young-ki. Through this, the Kim Jin-man family established the overall image of the three major independence movements. In addition, the three major independence movements of the Kim Jin-man family were consistent with the chang e in the route of the anti-Japanese independence movement in Japanese colonial era. The three major independence movements of the Kim Jin-man family have great implications for the direction that our society should view and predict even today in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122322871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaje ong Lee Gok's Acce ptance Patte rns of The Mencius in His Prose","authors":"Jae-sung Yang","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.18","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate Gajeong Lee Gok's acceptance patterns of The Mencius in his prose works. He quoted or altered phrases from The Mencius in various ways in many of his works, conveying the topic of his text clearly. He quoted phrases from The Mencius or added a new meaning to a phrase from the book in his poems, as well, to present his thoughts or topics effectively. Since the poem format allowed him to express his idea in short lines with a limited number of given phrases, he had to quote only essential meanings or shorten phrases from The Mencius in his poems. In his prose works, however, he faced no such limitations and enjoyed much more various forms of acceptance and alteration. The study shed light on the following aspects of his acceptance patterns of The Mencius : \u0000First, he urged the kings to reflect on their wrong perceptions of politics and asked the rulers to establish the rig ht social relations, quoting phrases from the scriptures. Making a distinction between the rule of right and the rule of might, he quoted phrases from The Mencius in mature ways. \u0000Secondly, his acceptance of vocabulary and speeches from the book usually happened in his works to send off a government official leaving for his new post or a man going on a journey. In his Wonsuhan, which is his essay-style work about the causes of droug hts, he developed his point that the temporary relief measures of the policies were useless by accepting Mencius' unique vocabulary and speech. \u0000Finally, he accepted Mencius' sentence and paragraph distinction and development process by taking his development methods in many of his works and altering them. He strengthened his topics and points by accepting the catechetical method, one of the major characteristics of The Mencius, and the quotation methods of the Odes and the Histories.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130195534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Academization of Yihak in the Qing Dynasty","authors":"Kyeung Song Jang","doi":"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.06","url":null,"abstract":"In the education system of the Qing Dynasty, there was a phenomenon of confluence of free schools and academies, one of which was the academization of free schools. The sign of the academization of free schools is that a large number of free schools are named “academies” and thus become part of the academy. The main reasons for promoting the academies of Yixue are local admiration, loose manag ement and advocacy by officials. The academism of Yixue promoted the popularity and prosperity of academies in the Qing Dynasty, and promoted the reform of academy regulations. At the same time, it blurred the boundary between Yixue and academies. It is necessary to discuss the relationship between volunteer schools and academies in a larger scope. \u0000 \u0000의학의 서원화는 주로 의학 관명(冠名)을 ‘서원’이라고 표시하는 현상으로 표현된다. 일찍이 역사 속에서 출현한 적 있는 몇몇 의학(義學)은 서원의 기능, 제도 및 양식을 갖추고 있었다. 강서(江西) 지역을 예로 들면, 북송대 서창(瑞 昌, 오늘날 강서 서창)의 채씨의숙(蔡氏義塾)과 원대 풍성(豐城, 강서 풍성) 게씨(揭氏)의 천강의숙(蒨岡義塾), 만안(萬安, 강서 만안)의 유씨유림의숙(劉氏儒 林義塾) 등은 모두 강학을 담당하는 이름난 선생들과 풍부한 학전을 갖추고있었으며, 그 사회적 영향력 또한 매우 컸다. 비록 ‘서원’이라는 명칭은 없었으나 서원의, 실질적 요소들을 갖추고 있었던 것이다. 이와 달리, 청대 의학의보편적인 학습 수준은 비교적 낮았으며, 생도는 몹시 적었고, 규모 또한 작았다. 게다가 학습의 질 또한 그리 높지 않아서, 사회적 영향력은 거의 없다시피했다. 이 경우 ‘서원’이라는 이름은 가지고 있었지만 오히려 서원의 내실은 없는 거나 마찬가지였다. 예컨대 동치(同治) 연간의 《신창현지(新昌縣志)》(강서의풍[宜豐]) 제5권의 기록에 따르면, 이 현은 청대에 각(閣), 당(堂), 원(園), 재(齋), 별서(別墅), 가숙(家塾), 서사(書舍), 서실(書屋), 산방(山房) 및 ‘서원’이라는 명칭을 가진 서원이 120여 개소가 건립되어 모두 성황을 이루었다. 그러나그 가운데 ‘서원’은 실질적으로 가숙, 서사 등과 마찬가지로 모두 의학(義學)에해당하였다. 예컨대 남병서원(南屏書院)은 강릉별서(江陵別墅)로서, “남성 바깥에 강을 등지고 위치하며, 웅씨 일가가 함께 건립한 곳이다(在南城外河背, 熊氏眾建).” 회란서원(回瀾書院)은 “육도(六都)에서 풍계 이씨 일가가 함께 건립한 문회(文會)이며, 학조(學租)를 기부받았다(在六都, 豐溪李氏眾建成文會, 捐有學租).”, 반수서원(泮水書院)은 “십도(十都)에 위치해 있으며, 노씨 일가가건립하였다(在十都, 盧氏眾建)”라고 기록되어 있다. 이와 같은 서원들은 주로지역의 씨족 및 그 구성원들이 출자하여 건립한 소규모 가숙에 해당한다. 신창(新昌) 비린(毗鄰)의 강서 만재(萬載)에서도 이와 유사한 정황이 드러난다. 예컨대 곽산(郭山) 장씨(張氏)는 강희(康熙) 46년(1707년)에 청아서원(菁莪書 院)을 건립하였고, 도광(道光) 8년(1828년) 배강(排江) 구양씨(歐陽氏)가 지은석계서원(石溪書院), 함풍(鹹豐) 7년(1857년) 반령(半嶺) 류씨(劉氏)의 류씨서원(劉氏書院) 등도 모두 씨족 자제들의 교육을 위한 장소로 건립된 것이다. 강서 지역 외에도, 청대의 많은 직성(直省) 지역에서 이와 비슷한 정황이 발견된다. 예컨대 호북성(湖北省)에서는 건륭 연간의 지방지에서 기록하고 있는 서원화된 의학만 해도 적지 않은데, 예컨대 면양(沔陽) 옥대서원(玉帶書院), 황강(黃岡) 평강서원(坪江書院","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129492304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}