This article examines perennials’ understanding through the Javanese mysticism tradition that has developed before and after the arrival of Islam. The focus on perennials in this article is based on recognizing and equality of noble values in every religion that has ever developed in Javanese society, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. Previous studies have emphasized that Javanese mysticism is studied from the acculturation of culture with religion. Even this understanding of religion is considered the antithesis of religious exclusivism and conservatism that is currently developing. It is just that the study of Javanese mysticism in the approach of religious perennials is infrequent and limited. This study uses a library research method to reveal the values of mysticism that develop across the religious boundaries of Javanese society. The findings of this study are that there are several teachings of Javanese mysticism, including the conceptions of tantrism, tantularism, and manunggaling kawula gusti. These conceptions illustrate the openness of Javanese society to various religions. They believe that in religions, there is a commonality in ultimate truth or divinity and mystical unity.
{"title":"Perennialism and the Religious Common Platform of Mystical Tradition in Java","authors":"Zulfan Taufik, S. Rozi","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i2.8439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i2.8439","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines perennials’ understanding through the Javanese mysticism tradition that has developed before and after the arrival of Islam. The focus on perennials in this article is based on recognizing and equality of noble values in every religion that has ever developed in Javanese society, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. Previous studies have emphasized that Javanese mysticism is studied from the acculturation of culture with religion. Even this understanding of religion is considered the antithesis of religious exclusivism and conservatism that is currently developing. It is just that the study of Javanese mysticism in the approach of religious perennials is infrequent and limited. This study uses a library research method to reveal the values of mysticism that develop across the religious boundaries of Javanese society. The findings of this study are that there are several teachings of Javanese mysticism, including the conceptions of tantrism, tantularism, and manunggaling kawula gusti. These conceptions illustrate the openness of Javanese society to various religions. They believe that in religions, there is a commonality in ultimate truth or divinity and mystical unity.","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121143616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abu Nu‛aym al-Iṣfahānī (d. 430/1038) is a renowned figure with a glorious reputation. He is known as a hadith traditionist, historiographer, advocate of Sufism, and author of many works, the most celebrated of which is Ḥilyat al-awliyā’ wa-ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyā’. Nonetheless, despite his glorious reputation, some scholars have criticized him and his renowned Ḥilya. Scholarship, in its turn, both classical and modern, has served Abu Nu‛aym no justice. Classical Arabic literature presents some information about his life and works in scattered short biographical entries. Modern scholarship has even less to offer in this regard. None of the existent sources presents a single biography that delivers a precise examination of Abu Nu‛aym’s status treating the opinions of both supporters and critics. This paper evaluates the conflicting opinions. It puts the puzzle pieces together to deliver a focused study of particular biographical details in Abu Nu‛aym’s life that examine the praise he has received from his proponents as well as the criticism from his opponents. This paper is the result of a project that assessed every available biographical entry on Abu Nu‛aym in both classical and modern literature to determine the different opinions on the scholar concerned. It delivers a list of all the literature that has a biographical mention of Abu Nu‛aym and that which has been examined for this study. This paper reveals that information about Abu Nu‛aym in primarily classical sources proved that criticism may be biased and religio-politically driven.
{"title":"Abu Nu‛aym Al-Iṣfahānī (d. 430/1038): Conflicting Opinions","authors":"Meis Al-Kaisi","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i2.9670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i2.9670","url":null,"abstract":"Abu Nu‛aym al-Iṣfahānī (d. 430/1038) is a renowned figure with a glorious reputation. He is known as a hadith traditionist, historiographer, advocate of Sufism, and author of many works, the most celebrated of which is Ḥilyat al-awliyā’ wa-ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyā’. Nonetheless, despite his glorious reputation, some scholars have criticized him and his renowned Ḥilya. Scholarship, in its turn, both classical and modern, has served Abu Nu‛aym no justice. Classical Arabic literature presents some information about his life and works in scattered short biographical entries. Modern scholarship has even less to offer in this regard. None of the existent sources presents a single biography that delivers a precise examination of Abu Nu‛aym’s status treating the opinions of both supporters and critics. This paper evaluates the conflicting opinions. It puts the puzzle pieces together to deliver a focused study of particular biographical details in Abu Nu‛aym’s life that examine the praise he has received from his proponents as well as the criticism from his opponents. This paper is the result of a project that assessed every available biographical entry on Abu Nu‛aym in both classical and modern literature to determine the different opinions on the scholar concerned. It delivers a list of all the literature that has a biographical mention of Abu Nu‛aym and that which has been examined for this study. This paper reveals that information about Abu Nu‛aym in primarily classical sources proved that criticism may be biased and religio-politically driven.","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127232730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.21580/tos.v10i2.10054
M. K. Setiawan
Religious perspective is an important aspect to be used in dealing with the COVID-19 global pandemic and the Islamic one is not an exception. It is Sufism that concerns more on the spiritual dimension of Islam that might be taken into consideration. Based on several books on Sufi scholars and teachings, such as al-Isfahani’s Ḥilyat al-Auliyā’ wa-ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfiyā, al-Attar’s Tadhkirat al-Auliyā, al-Sakandari’s al-Ḥikam, and others, this article proposes Sufi teachings as inevitable tools in facing the pandemic. Using content analysis, intertextuality, and historical approaches, this paper concludes how Sufism with its basic teachings such as ‘uzlah, ṣumtu, qanā’ah, shukr, et cetera, will be the suitable elements for Muslims to face and overcome the pandemic. Several prominent Sufi scholars will also be used to strengthen the argument.
{"title":"Sufism and Pandemic: Lesson Learned from Sufi Teachings and its Prominent Figures","authors":"M. K. Setiawan","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i2.10054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i2.10054","url":null,"abstract":"Religious perspective is an important aspect to be used in dealing with the COVID-19 global pandemic and the Islamic one is not an exception. It is Sufism that concerns more on the spiritual dimension of Islam that might be taken into consideration. Based on several books on Sufi scholars and teachings, such as al-Isfahani’s Ḥilyat al-Auliyā’ wa-ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfiyā, al-Attar’s Tadhkirat al-Auliyā, al-Sakandari’s al-Ḥikam, and others, this article proposes Sufi teachings as inevitable tools in facing the pandemic. Using content analysis, intertextuality, and historical approaches, this paper concludes how Sufism with its basic teachings such as ‘uzlah, ṣumtu, qanā’ah, shukr, et cetera, will be the suitable elements for Muslims to face and overcome the pandemic. Several prominent Sufi scholars will also be used to strengthen the argument.","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127222324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Qur’an carries many references to the created world being subjected to divine testing. It, therefore, seems obvious to ask whether the COVID pandemic that has caused so much suffering across the world and continues to ravage communities represents a test by God for faithful believers. Tests can be daunting experiences, causing apprehension and fear. To what extent should faithful believers regard the COVID pandemic as a fearful, traumatic experience? On the other hand, how can believers find ways to focus on a sense of hope in the midst of the current troubles? This paper will initially consider a range of responses to the COVID pandemic by religious leaders and commentators. It will then draw out Qur’an verses referred to in these responses and will engage with these verses through the lens of several Sufi commentaries, in a search for layered meanings below a surface reading of the verses concerned.
{"title":"Divine Testing and the Covid Pandemic: Searching for Hope in Sufi Commentaries","authors":"P. Riddell","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i2.9355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i2.9355","url":null,"abstract":"The Qur’an carries many references to the created world being subjected to divine testing. It, therefore, seems obvious to ask whether the COVID pandemic that has caused so much suffering across the world and continues to ravage communities represents a test by God for faithful believers. Tests can be daunting experiences, causing apprehension and fear. To what extent should faithful believers regard the COVID pandemic as a fearful, traumatic experience? On the other hand, how can believers find ways to focus on a sense of hope in the midst of the current troubles? This paper will initially consider a range of responses to the COVID pandemic by religious leaders and commentators. It will then draw out Qur’an verses referred to in these responses and will engage with these verses through the lens of several Sufi commentaries, in a search for layered meanings below a surface reading of the verses concerned.","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114498709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persian spirituality exerted a profound influence on the religious culture of Kashmir. The local Hindu Shaivite monism that went back to the ninth century was propagated by the Rishi ascetics. This paper aims to examine the influence of Sufism on the popular Islamic culture in Kashmir, in particular the role of the fourteenth-century figure of Nund Rishi or Shaykh Nūruddīn. The findings will be based on the qualitative analysis of the historical sources pertaining to the period concerned, with a focus on the Sanskrit epic of Rajatarangini and the poetry of Nund Rishi which explicitly refers to famous Persian mystics. This study has valid implications for the research on the causes of the socio-cultural transformation of Kashmir that were not only initiated but also taken to its completion and fruition by the local Rishi order.
{"title":"From Central Asia to Kashmir: A Holistic View of Mysticism","authors":"Altaf Hussain Yatoo","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i1.8507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i1.8507","url":null,"abstract":"Persian spirituality exerted a profound influence on the religious culture of Kashmir. The local Hindu Shaivite monism that went back to the ninth century was propagated by the Rishi ascetics. This paper aims to examine the influence of Sufism on the popular Islamic culture in Kashmir, in particular the role of the fourteenth-century figure of Nund Rishi or Shaykh Nūruddīn. The findings will be based on the qualitative analysis of the historical sources pertaining to the period concerned, with a focus on the Sanskrit epic of Rajatarangini and the poetry of Nund Rishi which explicitly refers to famous Persian mystics. This study has valid implications for the research on the causes of the socio-cultural transformation of Kashmir that were not only initiated but also taken to its completion and fruition by the local Rishi order. ","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128198211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many theories have been proposed to discuss Sufism in terms of its linguistic origins and its role in spiritual knowledge, its concepts and ideas, and cultural influences. Both Muslim and orientalist scholars have offered opposing views on the beginnings of Sufism. Unfortunately, Western orientalists were the first to research this topic, and their ideas greatly influenced later scholars. This study examines how early British orientalists, particularly Sir William Jones, approached the study of Sufism. Jones represents the early development of British orientalism, which started in the form of personal travel accounts long before orientalist societies were established to support them. Only the later ‘experts on the Orient’ created scholarly circles that followed a more objective and systematic approach to studying Muslim cultures, yet often persisted in the erroneous claim that Sufism was an external and foreign element in Islamic culture.
{"title":"Sir William Jones (1746–1794) and the Early Orientalist Discourse on Sufism","authors":"Ahmad Munji, H. Muhammad","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i1.9190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i1.9190","url":null,"abstract":"Many theories have been proposed to discuss Sufism in terms of its linguistic origins and its role in spiritual knowledge, its concepts and ideas, and cultural influences. Both Muslim and orientalist scholars have offered opposing views on the beginnings of Sufism. Unfortunately, Western orientalists were the first to research this topic, and their ideas greatly influenced later scholars. This study examines how early British orientalists, particularly Sir William Jones, approached the study of Sufism. Jones represents the early development of British orientalism, which started in the form of personal travel accounts long before orientalist societies were established to support them. Only the later ‘experts on the Orient’ created scholarly circles that followed a more objective and systematic approach to studying Muslim cultures, yet often persisted in the erroneous claim that Sufism was an external and foreign element in Islamic culture.","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116021827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charity (ṣadaqa) is commonly given for religious reasons: Muslims donate voluntarily to earn Allah’s pleasure and receive His blessings. However, there have been changes in the way Muslims perceive charity and what significance it has in their life. Many studies have addressed this issue but failed to explore the connection between ṣadaqaand mental state. This paper was aimed to complement the existing studies by analyzing the process of the shifting interpretation of charity and its positive effects on the donors. This study used qualitative analysis of primary and secondary data. The data was processed through descriptive methods and content analysis. In particular, it focused on analyzing the religious background of the donors, including the biological processes underlying their tendency to give generously. The study concluded that the practice of giving ṣadaqa increases social, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing, depending on the level of spirituality of the donors and their intention.
{"title":"Ṣadaqa and ‘Spirituality Gene’ Expression: The Qurʾan and Advances in Epigenetics","authors":"E. Basuki, Naqiyah Naqiyah","doi":"10.21580/tos.v10i1.8656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i1.8656","url":null,"abstract":"Charity (ṣadaqa) is commonly given for religious reasons: Muslims donate voluntarily to earn Allah’s pleasure and receive His blessings. However, there have been changes in the way Muslims perceive charity and what significance it has in their life. Many studies have addressed this issue but failed to explore the connection between ṣadaqaand mental state. This paper was aimed to complement the existing studies by analyzing the process of the shifting interpretation of charity and its positive effects on the donors. This study used qualitative analysis of primary and secondary data. The data was processed through descriptive methods and content analysis. In particular, it focused on analyzing the religious background of the donors, including the biological processes underlying their tendency to give generously. The study concluded that the practice of giving ṣadaqa increases social, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing, depending on the level of spirituality of the donors and their intention.","PeriodicalId":256121,"journal":{"name":"Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123740436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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