Pub Date : 2020-07-30DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93282
Sarmad Shams, M. Asif, Samreen Hussain
This chapter will begin with the introduction to biomechanics and its relationship with the physiology and anatomy. Then it introduces the basic concepts of kinematics, kinetics, and anthropometry and discusses in detail the muscle mechanics and electromyography. The muscle is the actuator of the human body, especially the skeletal muscles which are attached with the skeleton play an important role in defining the movements of the human body. The human body controls the muscle through the nervous system, and this nervous system generates signals called electroencephalogram (EEG) which upon leaving the nerves excites the muscle and converted into muscle signals usually called electromyogram (EMG). In this chapter, we will discuss the mechanics of the muscle in conjunction with the EMG. EMG is the tool to study the activity of the muscles and hence the key to understand the mechanics of the human body.
{"title":"Muscle Mechanics and Electromyography","authors":"Sarmad Shams, M. Asif, Samreen Hussain","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.93282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93282","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will begin with the introduction to biomechanics and its relationship with the physiology and anatomy. Then it introduces the basic concepts of kinematics, kinetics, and anthropometry and discusses in detail the muscle mechanics and electromyography. The muscle is the actuator of the human body, especially the skeletal muscles which are attached with the skeleton play an important role in defining the movements of the human body. The human body controls the muscle through the nervous system, and this nervous system generates signals called electroencephalogram (EEG) which upon leaving the nerves excites the muscle and converted into muscle signals usually called electromyogram (EMG). In this chapter, we will discuss the mechanics of the muscle in conjunction with the EMG. EMG is the tool to study the activity of the muscles and hence the key to understand the mechanics of the human body.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125941274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-07DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91936
Erik David García Lasluisa, Jefferson Michael Vela Rodríguez
The finish is an essential element since it is a major action within offensive elements that help the team get points, so it is necessary to analyze each of the phases of this foundation. As such need is to analyze the different angles of movement, speed and center of mass to establish kinematic reference values of the gain shape values that can serve as a reference when the technique of the players so potentiate the driving habit means is analyzed optimizing sports training at all levels. The authors of this study aimed to biomechanically analyze the phases of the auction volleyball in prejuvenile and young players of Pichincha sports concentration. They studied 19 volleyball players from the Pichincha sports concentration under non-probability purposive sampling, with 11 athletes from the prejuvenile team and 8 youth team athletes. Kinovea to measure software (experimental version) was used and the U test was used Mann-Whitney SPSS d e13 digital camera megapixels, measuring tape and HP computer with Intel Core i5 processor. In the approach phase, there was no significant difference in regard to the column angle (p = 0.457). In whipped phase, no significant difference in column angle (p = 0.283). In the preparation phase for beating on the angle of the elbow, there is no significant difference (p = 0.83). In the striking phase at the angle of the elbow if there is significant difference (p = 0.002). In the decay phase in the column angle no significant difference (p = 0.83). This was established with the Mann-Whitney U test. Column angles do not significantly influence the auction technique. However, the influence of angles of the elbow was observed, for better elbow flexion and hand placement can generate a greater impact on the ball and therefore greater difficulty in opposing defense.
{"title":"Kinematical Analysis of the Volleyball Auction in Preyouth and Youth Players of the Pichincha Sports Concentration","authors":"Erik David García Lasluisa, Jefferson Michael Vela Rodríguez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91936","url":null,"abstract":"The finish is an essential element since it is a major action within offensive elements that help the team get points, so it is necessary to analyze each of the phases of this foundation. As such need is to analyze the different angles of movement, speed and center of mass to establish kinematic reference values of the gain shape values that can serve as a reference when the technique of the players so potentiate the driving habit means is analyzed optimizing sports training at all levels. The authors of this study aimed to biomechanically analyze the phases of the auction volleyball in prejuvenile and young players of Pichincha sports concentration. They studied 19 volleyball players from the Pichincha sports concentration under non-probability purposive sampling, with 11 athletes from the prejuvenile team and 8 youth team athletes. Kinovea to measure software (experimental version) was used and the U test was used Mann-Whitney SPSS d e13 digital camera megapixels, measuring tape and HP computer with Intel Core i5 processor. In the approach phase, there was no significant difference in regard to the column angle (p = 0.457). In whipped phase, no significant difference in column angle (p = 0.283). In the preparation phase for beating on the angle of the elbow, there is no significant difference (p = 0.83). In the striking phase at the angle of the elbow if there is significant difference (p = 0.002). In the decay phase in the column angle no significant difference (p = 0.83). This was established with the Mann-Whitney U test. Column angles do not significantly influence the auction technique. However, the influence of angles of the elbow was observed, for better elbow flexion and hand placement can generate a greater impact on the ball and therefore greater difficulty in opposing defense.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126830818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92757
A. Dyszkiewicz, D. Hruby
The study highlights the great progress in medicine, currently capable of a criterial, qualitative diagnosis of an increasing number of primary and secondary diseases in the musculoskeletal system, regardless persistent obstacles to a credible, systemic, and quantitative evaluation of the extent of existing motion dysfunctions, as well as subjective dimension of patient’s suffering. It is worth to add that only parametric estimation of a qualitative dysfunction profile makes it possible to reliably monitor treatment efficiency and forecast the level of health damage after its termination. The essence of biomechanics, understood as a science describing internal and external forces’ vectors, which determine specific, dynamic motion models (especially for balance and gait), has been presented in the study. Special attention has been given to anthropomotorics and psychomotorics, which give a broader context to motion’s driving phenomena and consequences, thus offering a variety of new parameters that have not been considered in close relation to motion so far. While developing symmetry concept, it was pointed out that dysfunction profile comprises of sequences of parametric asymmetries registered in twin body markers.
{"title":"Biomechanics as an Element of the Motion Clinimetry System","authors":"A. Dyszkiewicz, D. Hruby","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92757","url":null,"abstract":"The study highlights the great progress in medicine, currently capable of a criterial, qualitative diagnosis of an increasing number of primary and secondary diseases in the musculoskeletal system, regardless persistent obstacles to a credible, systemic, and quantitative evaluation of the extent of existing motion dysfunctions, as well as subjective dimension of patient’s suffering. It is worth to add that only parametric estimation of a qualitative dysfunction profile makes it possible to reliably monitor treatment efficiency and forecast the level of health damage after its termination. The essence of biomechanics, understood as a science describing internal and external forces’ vectors, which determine specific, dynamic motion models (especially for balance and gait), has been presented in the study. Special attention has been given to anthropomotorics and psychomotorics, which give a broader context to motion’s driving phenomena and consequences, thus offering a variety of new parameters that have not been considered in close relation to motion so far. While developing symmetry concept, it was pointed out that dysfunction profile comprises of sequences of parametric asymmetries registered in twin body markers.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132241462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92758
A. Dyszkiewicz, D. Hruby
Based on the own experience of the authors and the literature, an original proposition of the device and system software based on the quotient scale was presented, where the mutual relations of parameters from several or several simultaneously working measuring devices are easily visible on a common graph in real time. The project is connected with an outline of problems of musculoskeletal system diagnostics, aiming at creating a universal, systemic parametric graph, defining in parallel-multi-parametric and quantitative manner, the patient’s initial health profile as a set of parametric symmetries (or asymmetries), having specific and separate characteristics for healthy individuals in all age groups, as well as in groups with specific disease units. The directional pattern for Authors, aiming at the systemic recognition of the causative phenomena and the consequences of motion in the form of a multi-parameter graph calibrated by a common time axis is the way of electrode location, recording and param-eterization of the ECG curve. This universal formula, defining parametrically the problems of evolutionary and involutionary norms, as well as most known pathologies, has become the foundation of cardiology, functioning worldwide over the language barrier.
{"title":"Theoretical Biomechanics: Design of the Associated Measurement Symmetry System","authors":"A. Dyszkiewicz, D. Hruby","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92758","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the own experience of the authors and the literature, an original proposition of the device and system software based on the quotient scale was presented, where the mutual relations of parameters from several or several simultaneously working measuring devices are easily visible on a common graph in real time. The project is connected with an outline of problems of musculoskeletal system diagnostics, aiming at creating a universal, systemic parametric graph, defining in parallel-multi-parametric and quantitative manner, the patient’s initial health profile as a set of parametric symmetries (or asymmetries), having specific and separate characteristics for healthy individuals in all age groups, as well as in groups with specific disease units. The directional pattern for Authors, aiming at the systemic recognition of the causative phenomena and the consequences of motion in the form of a multi-parameter graph calibrated by a common time axis is the way of electrode location, recording and param-eterization of the ECG curve. This universal formula, defining parametrically the problems of evolutionary and involutionary norms, as well as most known pathologies, has become the foundation of cardiology, functioning worldwide over the language barrier.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"399 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126113697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-02DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92047
E. B. Hauser, W. Borelli, J. C. Costa
The aim this study is to describe the algorithms of kinetic modeling to analyze the pattern of deposition of amyloid plaques and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer ’ s dementia. A two-tissue reversible compartment model for Pittsburgh Compound-B ([ 11 C ] PIB ) and a two-tissue irreversible compartment model for [ 18 F ]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([ 18 F ] FDG ) are solved applying the Laplace transform method in a system of two first-order differential equations. After calculating a convolution integral, the analytical solutions are completely described. In order to determine the parameters of the model, information on the tracer delivery is needed. A noninvasive reverse engineer technique is described to determine the input function from a reference region (carotids and cerebellum) in PET image processing, without arterial blood samples.
本研究的目的是描述动力学建模算法来分析阿尔茨海默氏痴呆症中淀粉样斑块沉积和葡萄糖代谢的模式。应用拉普拉斯变换方法在两个一阶微分方程系统中求解了Pittsburgh化合物- b ([11 C] PIB)的两组织可逆室室模型和[18 F]2-氟-2-脱氧-d -葡萄糖([18 F] FDG)的两组织不可逆室室模型。在计算卷积积分后，完整地描述了解析解。为了确定模型的参数，需要有关示踪剂输送的信息。本文描述了一种非侵入性的反向工程技术，用于确定PET图像处理中参考区域(颈动脉和小脑)的输入功能，而无需动脉血液样本。
{"title":"Biomechanical Model Improving Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"E. B. Hauser, W. Borelli, J. C. Costa","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92047","url":null,"abstract":"The aim this study is to describe the algorithms of kinetic modeling to analyze the pattern of deposition of amyloid plaques and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer ’ s dementia. A two-tissue reversible compartment model for Pittsburgh Compound-B ([ 11 C ] PIB ) and a two-tissue irreversible compartment model for [ 18 F ]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([ 18 F ] FDG ) are solved applying the Laplace transform method in a system of two first-order differential equations. After calculating a convolution integral, the analytical solutions are completely described. In order to determine the parameters of the model, information on the tracer delivery is needed. A noninvasive reverse engineer technique is described to determine the input function from a reference region (carotids and cerebellum) in PET image processing, without arterial blood samples.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126728102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-26DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92055
P. Grimshaw, Chris Jones, M. Lock, M. Longbottom
The anterolateral ligament (ALatL) of the knee is an under investigated soft tissue structure of the knee with its existence within the body mostly unknown to the layperson. It was determined that the ALatL has a femoral origin which is either anterior and distal, or posterior and proximal to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament, varying depending on the specimen being investigated. While there have been several studies recently conducted investigating the function of the ALatL of the knee through analysing a number of different factors including origin and insertion along with both physical and mechanical properties, there is still much mystery surrounding this ligament. Hence, further research should be conducted to accurately quantify the importance of the anterolateral ligament to internal tibial rotation stability, and the effect that a damaged anterolateral ligament can have on the stresses experienced by surrounding soft tissue structures of the knee.
{"title":"The Biomechanics of the Anterolateral Ligament","authors":"P. Grimshaw, Chris Jones, M. Lock, M. Longbottom","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92055","url":null,"abstract":"The anterolateral ligament (ALatL) of the knee is an under investigated soft tissue structure of the knee with its existence within the body mostly unknown to the layperson. It was determined that the ALatL has a femoral origin which is either anterior and distal, or posterior and proximal to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament, varying depending on the specimen being investigated. While there have been several studies recently conducted investigating the function of the ALatL of the knee through analysing a number of different factors including origin and insertion along with both physical and mechanical properties, there is still much mystery surrounding this ligament. Hence, further research should be conducted to accurately quantify the importance of the anterolateral ligament to internal tibial rotation stability, and the effect that a damaged anterolateral ligament can have on the stresses experienced by surrounding soft tissue structures of the knee.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127900348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-17DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91728
P. Sîrbu, W. Friedl, D. Mihailescu, L. Savin, A. Scripcaru, N. Forna, Mihnea Theodor Sirbu, M. Perțea, R. Tudor
Fracture treatment has experienced a fascinating evolution in the last years. The aim of this chapter is to reveal some clinical and biomechanical studies regarding innovative implants. After a short introduction (1), we intend to present our results regarding (2) dynamic condylar screw versus condylar blade plate in complex supracondylar femoral fractures; (3) biomechanical analysis of four types of implants in humeral fractures; (4) clinical and experimental studies for optimal stabilization of trochanteric fractures: the gliding nail; (5) intramedullary XS nail for pilon and ankle fractures: design, biomechanics, and clinical results; (6) the XS nail for the treatment of patella and olecranon fractures; and (7) plates with polyaxial stability for fractures of distal radius and proximal humerus. In conclusion, the authors highlight the advantages of these innovative implants in difficult trauma cases. gives surprising values of torsion forces relatively close to the longer locked plate (AxSOS—Stryker). Clinical and biomechanical studies revealed the superiority of intramedullary gliding nail over DHS and gamma nail due to the double-T blade profile. The XS nail is a secure device for ankle and pilon fractures; in osteoporotic bone and difficult soft tissue conditions, it shows significant advantage over the plate fixation. In fractures of the patella and olecranon, the XS nail allows uniform compression of the fracture surface and overcomes the disadvantages of the AO tension band. Clinical and biomechanical tests proved the superiority of the polyaxial locked plates in distal radius and proximal humerus fractures due to the adjustable trajectory of the screws; in distal radius, the XS nail is stronger than the plates.
{"title":"Clinical and Experimental Biomechanical Studies Regarding Innovative Implants in Traumatology","authors":"P. Sîrbu, W. Friedl, D. Mihailescu, L. Savin, A. Scripcaru, N. Forna, Mihnea Theodor Sirbu, M. Perțea, R. Tudor","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91728","url":null,"abstract":"Fracture treatment has experienced a fascinating evolution in the last years. The aim of this chapter is to reveal some clinical and biomechanical studies regarding innovative implants. After a short introduction (1), we intend to present our results regarding (2) dynamic condylar screw versus condylar blade plate in complex supracondylar femoral fractures; (3) biomechanical analysis of four types of implants in humeral fractures; (4) clinical and experimental studies for optimal stabilization of trochanteric fractures: the gliding nail; (5) intramedullary XS nail for pilon and ankle fractures: design, biomechanics, and clinical results; (6) the XS nail for the treatment of patella and olecranon fractures; and (7) plates with polyaxial stability for fractures of distal radius and proximal humerus. In conclusion, the authors highlight the advantages of these innovative implants in difficult trauma cases. gives surprising values of torsion forces relatively close to the longer locked plate (AxSOS—Stryker). Clinical and biomechanical studies revealed the superiority of intramedullary gliding nail over DHS and gamma nail due to the double-T blade profile. The XS nail is a secure device for ankle and pilon fractures; in osteoporotic bone and difficult soft tissue conditions, it shows significant advantage over the plate fixation. In fractures of the patella and olecranon, the XS nail allows uniform compression of the fracture surface and overcomes the disadvantages of the AO tension band. Clinical and biomechanical tests proved the superiority of the polyaxial locked plates in distal radius and proximal humerus fractures due to the adjustable trajectory of the screws; in distal radius, the XS nail is stronger than the plates.","PeriodicalId":256258,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Biomechanics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130951415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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