Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0018
R. Ousterhout
Certain features in Byzantine church design are universal, such as the centralized, domed plan and the three-part sanctuary. While plans may have been imported from major centers, construction was local: under normal circumstances, masons did not travel. Thus, regional workshops developed distinctive techniques and styles. The architecture of the so-called Helladic School of the south (primarily Athens and the Peloponnese) contrasts with northern developments in the area of Thessalonike and Macedonia. At the same time, traveling masons from Constantinople seem to have been at work at several sites, such as Ferai, Veljusa, and Nea Mone.
{"title":"Development of Regional Styles I","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Certain features in Byzantine church design are universal, such as the centralized, domed plan and the three-part sanctuary. While plans may have been imported from major centers, construction was local: under normal circumstances, masons did not travel. Thus, regional workshops developed distinctive techniques and styles. The architecture of the so-called Helladic School of the south (primarily Athens and the Peloponnese) contrasts with northern developments in the area of Thessalonike and Macedonia. At the same time, traveling masons from Constantinople seem to have been at work at several sites, such as Ferai, Veljusa, and Nea Mone.","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130087173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0014
R. Ousterhout
By the end of the ninth century, Byzantium emerged from the Transitional Period as a smaller entity, limited for the most part to Turkey, Greece, and the southern Balkans. Society was also transformed, from open to closed, from public to private. A new type of church architecture emerged—small, centralized, and domed (the “cross-in-square” church type)—perfectly suited to the private worship of the family or the small congregation. The church’s spatial organization was matched by the development of a standardized decorative program (in mosaic or fresco) that reflected the hierarchy of Orthodox belief. Monasticism emerged as a major social force, although in contrast to Western Europe, Byzantine monasteries remained relative small, with an organization that resembled that of the household (oikos).
{"title":"New Church Architecture and the Rise of Monasticism","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the ninth century, Byzantium emerged from the Transitional Period as a smaller entity, limited for the most part to Turkey, Greece, and the southern Balkans. Society was also transformed, from open to closed, from public to private. A new type of church architecture emerged—small, centralized, and domed (the “cross-in-square” church type)—perfectly suited to the private worship of the family or the small congregation. The church’s spatial organization was matched by the development of a standardized decorative program (in mosaic or fresco) that reflected the hierarchy of Orthodox belief. Monasticism emerged as a major social force, although in contrast to Western Europe, Byzantine monasteries remained relative small, with an organization that resembled that of the household (oikos).","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"461 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115291553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0013
R. Ousterhout
During the seventh century in the Caucasus, Armenia and Georgia witnessed a remarkable period of architectural production and creativity. The Ṭur ‘Abdin witnessed a flourishing at the same time, while architecture in other areas, such as Cyprus, Egypt, and Nubia, developed in relative isolation. With the emergence of Islam in the Near East, by the end of the seventh century, new architectural forms were developed to serve the new religion, dependent on the earlier Byzantine tradition and probably executed by Byzantine artisans.
{"title":"Transformation at the Edges of Empire","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"During the seventh century in the Caucasus, Armenia and Georgia witnessed a remarkable period of architectural production and creativity. The Ṭur ‘Abdin witnessed a flourishing at the same time, while architecture in other areas, such as Cyprus, Egypt, and Nubia, developed in relative isolation. With the emergence of Islam in the Near East, by the end of the seventh century, new architectural forms were developed to serve the new religion, dependent on the earlier Byzantine tradition and probably executed by Byzantine artisans.","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115922478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0026
R. Ousterhout
Despite the unpleasant realities of the period, Mount Athos and other monastic centers flourished in the Late Byzantine period. Thessalonike, as the second city of the empire with a long history, witnessed much construction in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. While following the complexities of the new architecture of Constantinople, the construction in Thessalonike was primarily monastic rather than aristocratic in its patronage. By contrast, Mystras was a new city, whose organization was completely subject to the steep topography and the requirement of defense, lacking any evidence of orthogonal planning. Patronage was aristocratic, following the model of Constantinople, with which there were strong architectural connections.
{"title":"Old and New","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the unpleasant realities of the period, Mount Athos and other monastic centers flourished in the Late Byzantine period. Thessalonike, as the second city of the empire with a long history, witnessed much construction in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. While following the complexities of the new architecture of Constantinople, the construction in Thessalonike was primarily monastic rather than aristocratic in its patronage. By contrast, Mystras was a new city, whose organization was completely subject to the steep topography and the requirement of defense, lacking any evidence of orthogonal planning. Patronage was aristocratic, following the model of Constantinople, with which there were strong architectural connections.","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133519841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0003
R. Ousterhout
As Constantine’s interests shifted eastward following his defeat of Licinius in 324 CE, he invested heavily in two cities. On the one hand, Constantinople, ancient Byzantion, was a city without a significant history that needed to resonate as the capital of an empire. Jerusalem, on the other hand, was a city with too much history, but without a visible Christian presence. Both cities were desperately in need of makeovers to situate them politically, religiously, and ideologically at the heart of Constantine’s evolving concept of empire.
{"title":"A Tale of Two Cities","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"As Constantine’s interests shifted eastward following his defeat of Licinius in 324 CE, he invested heavily in two cities. On the one hand, Constantinople, ancient Byzantion, was a city without a significant history that needed to resonate as the capital of an empire. Jerusalem, on the other hand, was a city with too much history, but without a visible Christian presence. Both cities were desperately in need of makeovers to situate them politically, religiously, and ideologically at the heart of Constantine’s evolving concept of empire.","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121544294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0009
R. Ousterhout
Several new architectural trends emerged in the fifth and sixth centuries: (1) the development of skeletal structural systems in Late Roman architecture that transform wall support into point support; (2) the juxtaposition of longitudinal and centralized plans in church architecture; and (3) an increased interest in geometry and measurement in architectural design. The innovative developments signaled by Hagia Sophia mark a creative shift from Rome and Italy (where architecture would remain conservative after the sixth century) to Constantinople and the East.
{"title":"Innovative Architecture","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Several new architectural trends emerged in the fifth and sixth centuries: (1) the development of skeletal structural systems in Late Roman architecture that transform wall support into point support; (2) the juxtaposition of longitudinal and centralized plans in church architecture; and (3) an increased interest in geometry and measurement in architectural design. The innovative developments signaled by Hagia Sophia mark a creative shift from Rome and Italy (where architecture would remain conservative after the sixth century) to Constantinople and the East.","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"61 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114109041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0021
R. Ousterhout
Following the successful completion of the First Crusade and the foundation of the Crusader States in 1099, contacts between West and East increased, and this is reflected in the architecture. While most often seen solely in terms of French Romanesque and Gothic developments, Crusader architecture represents a union of local construction practices and a superficial overlay of French details, such as ribbed vaults and traceries. The close interaction of Western Europeans, Muslims, and Byzantines in the East is reflected in the architecture of the Ayyubids, Mamluks, and Seljuks in subsequent centuries.
{"title":"Contested Lands","authors":"R. Ousterhout","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272739.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Following the successful completion of the First Crusade and the foundation of the Crusader States in 1099, contacts between West and East increased, and this is reflected in the architecture. While most often seen solely in terms of French Romanesque and Gothic developments, Crusader architecture represents a union of local construction practices and a superficial overlay of French details, such as ribbed vaults and traceries. The close interaction of Western Europeans, Muslims, and Byzantines in the East is reflected in the architecture of the Ayyubids, Mamluks, and Seljuks in subsequent centuries.","PeriodicalId":258635,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Medieval Architecture","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121485390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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