The processing of bathymetric data of multi-beam echo sounders is required in the hydrographic and oceanographic field. The algorithm CUBE allows automatic processing of data to estimate the depth of the sea floor through multi-beam data. To implement the CUBE algorithm, it is important to set the parameters in the data processing. Depending on the complexity of the survey, the optimization CUBE setting is essential to ensure the quality of results of data processing. In this paper, the optimization of CUBE algorithm, which is based on the configuration of the algorithm parameterization, is used to optimize the parameters of CUBE algorithm to improve the quality of data processing on shallow water for multi-beam echo-sounder. First, the behavior of CUBE is described through some different parameters to a new parameterization more suited to the EM2040C sounders. Then, tests of the CUBE parameterization are carried out with the aim of obtaining an optimal parameter configuration. Finally, the influence of parameters is analyzed by statistics methods to explain the feasibility of using CUBE algorithm to parameterize data processing on shallow water. Experimental results with the shallow water dataset demonstrate the majorization and effectiveness of the CUBE parameters setting for situations of the survey in areas of small depths.
{"title":"Parameter optimization and configuration of the CUBE algorithm for shallow water survey","authors":"Yong Zhou","doi":"10.1117/12.2665552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2665552","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of bathymetric data of multi-beam echo sounders is required in the hydrographic and oceanographic field. The algorithm CUBE allows automatic processing of data to estimate the depth of the sea floor through multi-beam data. To implement the CUBE algorithm, it is important to set the parameters in the data processing. Depending on the complexity of the survey, the optimization CUBE setting is essential to ensure the quality of results of data processing. In this paper, the optimization of CUBE algorithm, which is based on the configuration of the algorithm parameterization, is used to optimize the parameters of CUBE algorithm to improve the quality of data processing on shallow water for multi-beam echo-sounder. First, the behavior of CUBE is described through some different parameters to a new parameterization more suited to the EM2040C sounders. Then, tests of the CUBE parameterization are carried out with the aim of obtaining an optimal parameter configuration. Finally, the influence of parameters is analyzed by statistics methods to explain the feasibility of using CUBE algorithm to parameterize data processing on shallow water. Experimental results with the shallow water dataset demonstrate the majorization and effectiveness of the CUBE parameters setting for situations of the survey in areas of small depths.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131146371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The thermal drainage of coastal power plants have adversely affect the ecological environment in the nearby sea area. Thermal infrared remote sensing data has the characteristics of macroscopic and periodic revisiting, and has certain advantages in monitoring the sea surface temperature and the thermal drainage of coastal power plants.FY-3D MERSI-2 thermal infrared channel data has 250m spatial resolution and once a day revisit cycle, it has potential application value in the sea surface temperature monitoring. In the construction of sea surface temperature retrieval model, it is necessary to deal with all kinds of data needed for the construction of the experiment, including atmospheric profile data set, emissivity data, spectral response information, ocean station data, MODTRAN atmospheric radiation transmission simulation model data, etc., to meet the needs of the experimental process. A high-precision model temperature retrieval model based on split window algorithm is constructed by using FY-3D MERSI-2 thermal infrared channel data. It is used to retrieve the sea surface temperature in the waters near Fuqing nuclear power plant and analyze the environmental application problems such as the diffusion trend, temperature change trend, the form of thermal drainage and the distribution of temperature rise zone. Firstly, the FY-3D MERSI-2 data is subjected to geometric correction with the Geographic Lookup Table (GLT), and radiation correction to obtain the image brightness temperature data. Then, the sea surface temperature is retrieved according to the established model, and it is matched with the thermal infrared data of Infrared Multi-spectral Imager of Gaofen-5 (GF-5 VIMS), with a spatial resolution of 40m in spectrum and geometry. Finally, the retrieval results of the two images on the same day are compared. The retrieval results are verified by the measured data, and compared with the retrieval results of the traditional split window algorithm retrieval models. The results show that: Based on the split window algorithm, the sea surface temperature retrieval model established by adding two thermal infrared channel temperature difference terms is better than 1.7K in accuracy. Because of its high frequency of time revisiting, the MERSI-2 data can monitor the distribution of temperature and drainage in different seasons and tidal levels. According to the statistics of base temperature, temperature rise area, tide and temperature rise diagram of FY-3D MERSI-2, it can realize ideal spatial distribution monitoring of warm water and drainage. According to the form of warm drainage, the monitoring results of GF-5 VIMS are relatively fine. After being discharged through the water outlet of the sewage pipe, due to the influence of the instantaneous sea surface wind direction and wind speed, it will be discharged to the southeast, and its diffuse shape is obvious. For small-scale power plants, it is suggested to combine the thermal infrared remote sens
{"title":"Monitoring of thermal drainage of power plant based on FY-3D MERSI-2 thermal infrared remote sensing data","authors":"Cailan Gong, Xiaoying Wang, Yong Hu, Zhe Yang, Shuo Huang","doi":"10.1117/12.2664935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2664935","url":null,"abstract":"The thermal drainage of coastal power plants have adversely affect the ecological environment in the nearby sea area. Thermal infrared remote sensing data has the characteristics of macroscopic and periodic revisiting, and has certain advantages in monitoring the sea surface temperature and the thermal drainage of coastal power plants.FY-3D MERSI-2 thermal infrared channel data has 250m spatial resolution and once a day revisit cycle, it has potential application value in the sea surface temperature monitoring. In the construction of sea surface temperature retrieval model, it is necessary to deal with all kinds of data needed for the construction of the experiment, including atmospheric profile data set, emissivity data, spectral response information, ocean station data, MODTRAN atmospheric radiation transmission simulation model data, etc., to meet the needs of the experimental process. A high-precision model temperature retrieval model based on split window algorithm is constructed by using FY-3D MERSI-2 thermal infrared channel data. It is used to retrieve the sea surface temperature in the waters near Fuqing nuclear power plant and analyze the environmental application problems such as the diffusion trend, temperature change trend, the form of thermal drainage and the distribution of temperature rise zone. Firstly, the FY-3D MERSI-2 data is subjected to geometric correction with the Geographic Lookup Table (GLT), and radiation correction to obtain the image brightness temperature data. Then, the sea surface temperature is retrieved according to the established model, and it is matched with the thermal infrared data of Infrared Multi-spectral Imager of Gaofen-5 (GF-5 VIMS), with a spatial resolution of 40m in spectrum and geometry. Finally, the retrieval results of the two images on the same day are compared. The retrieval results are verified by the measured data, and compared with the retrieval results of the traditional split window algorithm retrieval models. The results show that: Based on the split window algorithm, the sea surface temperature retrieval model established by adding two thermal infrared channel temperature difference terms is better than 1.7K in accuracy. Because of its high frequency of time revisiting, the MERSI-2 data can monitor the distribution of temperature and drainage in different seasons and tidal levels. According to the statistics of base temperature, temperature rise area, tide and temperature rise diagram of FY-3D MERSI-2, it can realize ideal spatial distribution monitoring of warm water and drainage. According to the form of warm drainage, the monitoring results of GF-5 VIMS are relatively fine. After being discharged through the water outlet of the sewage pipe, due to the influence of the instantaneous sea surface wind direction and wind speed, it will be discharged to the southeast, and its diffuse shape is obvious. For small-scale power plants, it is suggested to combine the thermal infrared remote sens","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127762271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siyan Xu, Chen Chen, Yusheng Xu, Z. Ye, Huan Xie, X. Tong
Benefitting from advances in photogrammetry and computer vision, 3D point clouds generated from dense image matching have been proved to be an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective data source for lunar topographic mapping. To achieve a full coverage mapping of the lunar surface, a merging of point clouds generated from multiple observations is mandatory. Due to the limit of dense matching accuracy and accumulative registration errors, integrated point clouds normally suffer from disturbed stratification, outliers, and redundant points, resulting in sharp edges between the seams of the fused point clouds. To address the seaming problems of merged point clouds and achieve a seamless fusion result, a weighted fusion strategy evaluating the reliability of points from triangulation errors in the photogrammetry process is proposed. The global registration and post-processing of point clouds are also addressed to optimize the result. With comparisons to other software outputs, a DEM with a resolution of 6 m/pixel is produced, with a lower bias to ground truth and better visualization. As a result, the proposed method can improve the completeness and precision of digital surface model to a certain extent and satisfy the application requirements.
{"title":"Reliability-weighted fusion of multiview photogrammetric point clouds for 3D terrain reconstruction of the lunar surface","authors":"Siyan Xu, Chen Chen, Yusheng Xu, Z. Ye, Huan Xie, X. Tong","doi":"10.1117/12.2664615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2664615","url":null,"abstract":"Benefitting from advances in photogrammetry and computer vision, 3D point clouds generated from dense image matching have been proved to be an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective data source for lunar topographic mapping. To achieve a full coverage mapping of the lunar surface, a merging of point clouds generated from multiple observations is mandatory. Due to the limit of dense matching accuracy and accumulative registration errors, integrated point clouds normally suffer from disturbed stratification, outliers, and redundant points, resulting in sharp edges between the seams of the fused point clouds. To address the seaming problems of merged point clouds and achieve a seamless fusion result, a weighted fusion strategy evaluating the reliability of points from triangulation errors in the photogrammetry process is proposed. The global registration and post-processing of point clouds are also addressed to optimize the result. With comparisons to other software outputs, a DEM with a resolution of 6 m/pixel is produced, with a lower bias to ground truth and better visualization. As a result, the proposed method can improve the completeness and precision of digital surface model to a certain extent and satisfy the application requirements.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"136 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129142594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the influence of the noise and acquisition device resolution of the system is researched on Homodyne Interferometric Angle Measurement Based on Ellipse Fitting. The research method combining data simulation and experimental verification is adopted. The influence of noise and acquisition resolution on the angular resolution is obtained by comparing the experimental and simulation results. The experimental verification results are consistent with the data simulation results. The system angle measurement resolution reaches 10-5 rad, and the system noise error is between 3%- 8%.
{"title":"Research on homodyne interferometric angle measurement based on ellipse fitting","authors":"Cuiting Yang, Z. Cui, Xue Wang, Fanchao Meng, Zhen-hua Li, Liangliang Yang, Xingguang Qian, Shanshan Wang, Yikun Wang, Hongxing Qi","doi":"10.1117/12.2664922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2664922","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the influence of the noise and acquisition device resolution of the system is researched on Homodyne Interferometric Angle Measurement Based on Ellipse Fitting. The research method combining data simulation and experimental verification is adopted. The influence of noise and acquisition resolution on the angular resolution is obtained by comparing the experimental and simulation results. The experimental verification results are consistent with the data simulation results. The system angle measurement resolution reaches 10-5 rad, and the system noise error is between 3%- 8%.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116793555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben-tian Liu, Xiaojie Wang, Bo Chen, Wenbing Zhang, Fukun Liu
The MW gyrotrons are key devices in ECRH of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion systems. In order to achieve the high power and long pulse of the 170GHz gyrotron, which are adopted in the CFETR, a TE25.10-mode 170GHz gyrotron research are given in this paper. A single-anode magnetron injection gun (MIG) and the cylindrical resonant cavity operating are designed and optimized by PIC. The theoretical output power of the gyrotron with operating Voltage 75kV, electron current 45A is about 1.1MW, corresponding to electron efficiency of 32.6%. The gyrotron has been fabricated with the single-depressed collector and quasi-optical mode converter and will be tested in the future.
{"title":"Study of long-pluse high-power 170GHz gyrotron for fusion plasma ECRH","authors":"Ben-tian Liu, Xiaojie Wang, Bo Chen, Wenbing Zhang, Fukun Liu","doi":"10.1117/12.2666970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2666970","url":null,"abstract":"The MW gyrotrons are key devices in ECRH of magnetic confinement nuclear fusion systems. In order to achieve the high power and long pulse of the 170GHz gyrotron, which are adopted in the CFETR, a TE25.10-mode 170GHz gyrotron research are given in this paper. A single-anode magnetron injection gun (MIG) and the cylindrical resonant cavity operating are designed and optimized by PIC. The theoretical output power of the gyrotron with operating Voltage 75kV, electron current 45A is about 1.1MW, corresponding to electron efficiency of 32.6%. The gyrotron has been fabricated with the single-depressed collector and quasi-optical mode converter and will be tested in the future.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115569732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infrared target recognition is an important task in space-situational awareness. In the space target detection process, due to the small energy of the point target, it is easy to make the target disappear from the detection field of view under the interference of dense noise, resulting in a decline in recognition system performance. Reasonable representation of the infrared characteristics of a target is an effective means of improving the stability of recognition systems. In this study, a one-dimensional radiation intensity sequence was mapped to a two-dimensional space based on the Gramian angle field, Markov transition field, and recurrence plots to visualize the structural mode of the target radiation intensity sequence and the dynamic properties of the system generating the sequence. On this basis, a recognition framework based on convolutional neural networks was proposed to train and recognize three types of visualized signals and raw data. The experimental results showed that the proposed recognition method based on visualized signals can effectively identify the target and is robust against noise interference and missing data.
{"title":"Visualization of radiation intensity sequences for space infrared target recognition","authors":"Shen Zhang, Xin Chen, P. Rao, Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1117/12.2665173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2665173","url":null,"abstract":"Infrared target recognition is an important task in space-situational awareness. In the space target detection process, due to the small energy of the point target, it is easy to make the target disappear from the detection field of view under the interference of dense noise, resulting in a decline in recognition system performance. Reasonable representation of the infrared characteristics of a target is an effective means of improving the stability of recognition systems. In this study, a one-dimensional radiation intensity sequence was mapped to a two-dimensional space based on the Gramian angle field, Markov transition field, and recurrence plots to visualize the structural mode of the target radiation intensity sequence and the dynamic properties of the system generating the sequence. On this basis, a recognition framework based on convolutional neural networks was proposed to train and recognize three types of visualized signals and raw data. The experimental results showed that the proposed recognition method based on visualized signals can effectively identify the target and is robust against noise interference and missing data.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115277137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a main element of China second generation of geostationary meteorological satellite Fengyun 4B (FY-4B), which was launched on Jun. 03, 2021, the Geostationary High-speed Imager (GHI) is the first round the clock high-frequency imaging instrument working on the international geo-stationary orbit. It can continuously observant and imagine for 2000km×2000km regions with spatial resolution up to 250m in 1 minute interval. The challenge of GHI thermal design was that the sun intrusion of the optic system would induce destabilization of the internal temperature field. It conflicted with the target of the GHI thermal system, which should ensure small temperature difference between two sides of scanner shrouds (less than 3K), the low temperature gradient of optical mounting platform (less than 2K), and high precision temperature control (±0.1K) of blackbody. This paper described the control strategy and requirements of the GHI thermal system, which successfully performs all phases of the mission. The on-orbit data showed that the instrument maintained a stable internal thermal environment when optical system exposed to external heat flux disturbances in mid-night.
{"title":"Thermal design and verification of the Geostationary High-speed Imager (GHI) on FY-4B satellite","authors":"Jing Qian, Xia Shen, Yuezhong Zhao, Jianli Zheng, Weicheng Wang, Changpei Han, Qi Cao, Yuxiang Zhou, Xiuju Li, Gongqi Qi, Lei Ding","doi":"10.1117/12.2664555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2664555","url":null,"abstract":"As a main element of China second generation of geostationary meteorological satellite Fengyun 4B (FY-4B), which was launched on Jun. 03, 2021, the Geostationary High-speed Imager (GHI) is the first round the clock high-frequency imaging instrument working on the international geo-stationary orbit. It can continuously observant and imagine for 2000km×2000km regions with spatial resolution up to 250m in 1 minute interval. The challenge of GHI thermal design was that the sun intrusion of the optic system would induce destabilization of the internal temperature field. It conflicted with the target of the GHI thermal system, which should ensure small temperature difference between two sides of scanner shrouds (less than 3K), the low temperature gradient of optical mounting platform (less than 2K), and high precision temperature control (±0.1K) of blackbody. This paper described the control strategy and requirements of the GHI thermal system, which successfully performs all phases of the mission. The on-orbit data showed that the instrument maintained a stable internal thermal environment when optical system exposed to external heat flux disturbances in mid-night.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126948440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space-based infrared detection, which plays an important role in both national safety and people's daily life, is an essential means of aerial surveillance. However, the traditional performance characterization method used in the current system is difficult to distinguish aerial targets from complex backgrounds effectively, which is mainly manifested as low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). In this paper, a novel characterization method based on infrared differential analytic factor (IDAF) is proposed to characterize the radiation difference between the target and complex background and select the detection bands. The simulation experiment shows that the modified SCR improves over three orders of magnitude compared with the traditional performance characterization methods under different backgrounds.
{"title":"A characterization method of aerial target and complex background based on infrared differential analytic factor","authors":"Lan Guo, P. Rao, Yejin Li","doi":"10.1117/12.2665666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2665666","url":null,"abstract":"Space-based infrared detection, which plays an important role in both national safety and people's daily life, is an essential means of aerial surveillance. However, the traditional performance characterization method used in the current system is difficult to distinguish aerial targets from complex backgrounds effectively, which is mainly manifested as low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). In this paper, a novel characterization method based on infrared differential analytic factor (IDAF) is proposed to characterize the radiation difference between the target and complex background and select the detection bands. The simulation experiment shows that the modified SCR improves over three orders of magnitude compared with the traditional performance characterization methods under different backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"62 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123307970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enshan Shao, Xiangyang Li, Hong-qi Huang, Fucheng Yang
Since infrared detection was proposed, infrared detectors have been to the 3rd generation . Both of the small size and large scale are the requirements for the development of infrared detectors. At present, the focal plane array devices on the market have a relatively high difference between the response wavelength and the size of pixel and therefore, when dealing with long wavelength detection, there will be a large size FPA. The quantum well infrared focal plane array devices fabricated by GaAs/AlGaAs have been widely used due to high uniformity and mature technology, but in the field of long-wave and very-long-wave detection, if the traditional grating coupling structure is used, because the wavelength and the size of the pixel are close, a strong diffraction effect will occur before the infrared radiation reaches the active region. This will lead to significant crosstalk and errors. Therefore, using grating diffraction as the quantum well coupling mechanism limits the size of the pixel and as a coupling mechanism, it is difficult to achieve due to small pixel size. Therefore, this paper adopts the total internal reflection type coupling structure proposed by K.K.Choi, and compare it with the traditional grating coupling structure to study how this structure improves the performance when detecting long-wavelength and reducing the size of pixels. In this paper, a quantum well infrared focal plane array with a pixel size of 640×512, a center-to-center distance of 15 μm and a response wavelength of 10.55 μm is fabricated by using GaAs/AlGaAs and melting photoresist technology which is different with the method proposed by K.K.Choi to fabricate this structure. The FDTD-based open source field simulation software MEEP is used to simulate the field distribution of the devices and evaluate its performance about fighting against optical crosstalk of this structure and compare its performance with the grating coupling structure. In this paper, we also use MEEP to explore the influence of the reflection angle, the position of the active region, and the period of the quantum well on the distribution of the field inside the device, and calculate the electromagnetic wave’s energy of the active region as the evaluation factor. These results shows that these geometrical factors restrict each other, therefore, to produce a good QWIP FPA based on the total internal reflective structure, one need to take these factors into account to tune these parameters to maximize the optimized performance. The main content of the research is to fabricate a 640×512 total internal reflection quantum well infrared focal plane array device, and use the MEEP to study the electrical field distribution inside the device with related geometric factors.
自红外探测被提出以来，红外探测器已经发展到第三代。小型化和规模化是红外探测器发展的要求。目前市场上的焦平面阵列器件响应波长与像素大小的差异比较大，因此在处理长波长检测时，会出现大尺寸的FPA。由GaAs/AlGaAs制备的量子阱红外焦平面阵列器件因其均匀性高、技术成熟而得到了广泛的应用，但在长波和甚长波探测领域，如果采用传统的光栅耦合结构，由于波长与像素尺寸接近，在红外辐射到达有源区域之前会发生强烈的衍射效应。这将导致显著的串扰和错误。因此，采用光栅衍射作为量子阱耦合机制限制了像元的尺寸，并且由于像元尺寸小，作为耦合机制难以实现。因此，本文采用k.k.k choi提出的全内反射型耦合结构，并将其与传统的光栅耦合结构进行比较，研究该结构在检测长波长和减小像素尺寸时如何提高性能。本文采用不同于kk . k . choi提出的制备方法的GaAs/AlGaAs和熔融光刻胶技术，制备了像素尺寸为640×512、中心距离为15 μm、响应波长为10.55 μm的量子阱红外焦平面阵列。利用基于fdtd的开源场仿真软件MEEP对器件的场分布进行了仿真，对该结构的抗光串扰性能进行了评价，并与光栅耦合结构进行了性能比较。本文还利用MEEP探讨了反射角、有源区的位置、量子阱的周期对器件内部场分布的影响，并计算了有源区的电磁波能量作为评价因子。这些结果表明，这些几何因素相互制约，因此，为了产生一个良好的基于全内反射结构的QWIP FPA，需要考虑这些因素来调整这些参数，以最大限度地优化性能。本研究的主要内容是制作一个640×512全内反射量子阱红外焦平面阵列器件，并利用MEEP研究器件内部电场分布与相关几何因子的关系。
{"title":"Study on small spacing total internal reflection quantum well infrared focal plane array device","authors":"Enshan Shao, Xiangyang Li, Hong-qi Huang, Fucheng Yang","doi":"10.1117/12.2665339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2665339","url":null,"abstract":"Since infrared detection was proposed, infrared detectors have been to the 3rd generation . Both of the small size and large scale are the requirements for the development of infrared detectors. At present, the focal plane array devices on the market have a relatively high difference between the response wavelength and the size of pixel and therefore, when dealing with long wavelength detection, there will be a large size FPA. The quantum well infrared focal plane array devices fabricated by GaAs/AlGaAs have been widely used due to high uniformity and mature technology, but in the field of long-wave and very-long-wave detection, if the traditional grating coupling structure is used, because the wavelength and the size of the pixel are close, a strong diffraction effect will occur before the infrared radiation reaches the active region. This will lead to significant crosstalk and errors. Therefore, using grating diffraction as the quantum well coupling mechanism limits the size of the pixel and as a coupling mechanism, it is difficult to achieve due to small pixel size. Therefore, this paper adopts the total internal reflection type coupling structure proposed by K.K.Choi, and compare it with the traditional grating coupling structure to study how this structure improves the performance when detecting long-wavelength and reducing the size of pixels. In this paper, a quantum well infrared focal plane array with a pixel size of 640×512, a center-to-center distance of 15 μm and a response wavelength of 10.55 μm is fabricated by using GaAs/AlGaAs and melting photoresist technology which is different with the method proposed by K.K.Choi to fabricate this structure. The FDTD-based open source field simulation software MEEP is used to simulate the field distribution of the devices and evaluate its performance about fighting against optical crosstalk of this structure and compare its performance with the grating coupling structure. In this paper, we also use MEEP to explore the influence of the reflection angle, the position of the active region, and the period of the quantum well on the distribution of the field inside the device, and calculate the electromagnetic wave’s energy of the active region as the evaluation factor. These results shows that these geometrical factors restrict each other, therefore, to produce a good QWIP FPA based on the total internal reflective structure, one need to take these factors into account to tune these parameters to maximize the optimized performance. The main content of the research is to fabricate a 640×512 total internal reflection quantum well infrared focal plane array device, and use the MEEP to study the electrical field distribution inside the device with related geometric factors.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133444140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risheng Huang, C. Xia, Shuhan Chen, Liaoying Zhao, Xiaorun Li
We present a general half-quadratic based hyperspectral unmixing (HU) framework to solve the robust or sparse unmixing problem. A series of potential methods can be designed and developed to solve HU problem through this framework. By introducing correntropy metric, a correntropy based spatial-spectral robust sparsity regularized (CSsRS-NMF) unmixing method is derived through the proposed framework to achieve two-dimensional robustness and adaptive weighted sparsity constraint for abundances simultaneously.
{"title":"Half-quadratic based robust hyperspectral unmixing framework","authors":"Risheng Huang, C. Xia, Shuhan Chen, Liaoying Zhao, Xiaorun Li","doi":"10.1117/12.2665465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2665465","url":null,"abstract":"We present a general half-quadratic based hyperspectral unmixing (HU) framework to solve the robust or sparse unmixing problem. A series of potential methods can be designed and developed to solve HU problem through this framework. By introducing correntropy metric, a correntropy based spatial-spectral robust sparsity regularized (CSsRS-NMF) unmixing method is derived through the proposed framework to achieve two-dimensional robustness and adaptive weighted sparsity constraint for abundances simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":258680,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space From Infrared to Terahertz (ESIT 2022)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116709109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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