Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_30
E. Tay, M. Friedberg, Michael A. Gatzcollis, L. Mertens
{"title":"The role of echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease","authors":"E. Tay, M. Friedberg, Michael A. Gatzcollis, L. Mertens","doi":"10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116128581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_12
J. Stirrup, S. Underwood
{"title":"Nuclear cardiology and detection of coronary artery disease","authors":"J. Stirrup, S. Underwood","doi":"10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125319906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0019
Luigi P. Badano, Denisa Muraru
Prosthetic heart valves may be mechanical or bioprosthetic. Mechanical valves, which are composed primarily of metal or carbon alloys, are classified according to their design as ball-caged, single-tilting-disc, or bileaflet-tilting-disc valves. In ball-cage valves, the occluder is a sphere which is contained by a metal ‘cage’ when the valve is in its open position, and fills the orifice when the valve is in its closed position. In single-tilting-valves, the occluder is a single circular disc which is constrained in its motion by a cage, a central strut, or a slanted slot in the valve ring, therefore it opens at an angle less than 90° to the sewing ring plane. In bileaflet-tilting-disc valves there two occluders, two semicircular discs that open forming three orifices, a central one and two lateral ones. Biological tissue valves prostheses may be heterografts, which are composed of porcine, bovine, or equine tissue (valvular or pericardial), or homografts, which are preserved human aortic valves. Heterografts include stented and stentless bioprostheses. In stented valves, the biological tissue of the valve is mounted on a rigid stent (plastic or metallic) covered with fabric. Conversely stentless bioprostheses use the patient’s native aortic root as the valve stent. The absence of a stent and sewing ring cuff make it possible to implant a larger valve for a given native annulus size, resulting in a larger effective orifice area (EOA).
{"title":"Valvular prostheses","authors":"Luigi P. Badano, Denisa Muraru","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Prosthetic heart valves may be mechanical or bioprosthetic. Mechanical valves, which are composed primarily of metal or carbon alloys, are classified according to their design as ball-caged, single-tilting-disc, or bileaflet-tilting-disc valves. In ball-cage valves, the occluder is a sphere which is contained by a metal ‘cage’ when the valve is in its open position, and fills the orifice when the valve is in its closed position. In single-tilting-valves, the occluder is a single circular disc which is constrained in its motion by a cage, a central strut, or a slanted slot in the valve ring, therefore it opens at an angle less than 90° to the sewing ring plane. In bileaflet-tilting-disc valves there two occluders, two semicircular discs that open forming three orifices, a central one and two lateral ones. Biological tissue valves prostheses may be heterografts, which are composed of porcine, bovine, or equine tissue (valvular or pericardial), or homografts, which are preserved human aortic valves. Heterografts include stented and stentless bioprostheses. In stented valves, the biological tissue of the valve is mounted on a rigid stent (plastic or metallic) covered with fabric. Conversely stentless bioprostheses use the patient’s native aortic root as the valve stent. The absence of a stent and sewing ring cuff make it possible to implant a larger valve for a given native annulus size, resulting in a larger effective orifice area (EOA).","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115232673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0049
A. Yilmaz, H. Mahrholdt, U. Sechtem
The symptoms and signs of myocarditis are non-specific. Thus, myocarditis is a differential diagnosis in many patients with heart complaints. As myocarditis may accompany common viral infections of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and mild ECG changes are not uncommon in such patients, the diagnosis needs to be considered in large patient cohorts. Establishing the correct diagnosis is of importance as the disease may lead to sudden cardiac death or dilated cardiomyopathy. As clinical tools such as history taking, physical examination, blood tests, the ECG, and the chest X-ray are not sufficient to ascertain the diagnosis of myocarditis, additional information from cardiac imaging techniques, or endomyocardial biopsy are necessary to confirm or exclude the disease. In daily clinical routine, however, the use of biopsy is limited to severely ill patients with reduced left ventricular function due to its invasiveness and potential complications. Thus, this chapter reviews how non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques can be used in clinical practice to diagnose myocarditis.
{"title":"Myocarditis","authors":"A. Yilmaz, H. Mahrholdt, U. Sechtem","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0049","url":null,"abstract":"The symptoms and signs of myocarditis are non-specific. Thus, myocarditis is a differential diagnosis in many patients with heart complaints. As myocarditis may accompany common viral infections of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and mild ECG changes are not uncommon in such patients, the diagnosis needs to be considered in large patient cohorts. Establishing the correct diagnosis is of importance as the disease may lead to sudden cardiac death or dilated cardiomyopathy. As clinical tools such as history taking, physical examination, blood tests, the ECG, and the chest X-ray are not sufficient to ascertain the diagnosis of myocarditis, additional information from cardiac imaging techniques, or endomyocardial biopsy are necessary to confirm or exclude the disease. In daily clinical routine, however, the use of biopsy is limited to severely ill patients with reduced left ventricular function due to its invasiveness and potential complications. Thus, this chapter reviews how non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques can be used in clinical practice to diagnose myocarditis.","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132191234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0017
P. Unger, M. Garbi
Multiple and mixed valvular heart disease are highly prevalent. Multiple valvular heart disease is the combination of stenotic and/or regurgitant lesions occurring on two or more cardiac valves. Mixed valvular heart disease is the combination of stenotic and regurgitant lesions on the same valve. Several haemodynamic interactions may impact their clinical expression and may result in diagnostic pitfalls. Accurate quantification of the valve lesions requires the use of methods that are less dependent on loading conditions, such as planimetry for stenotic lesions, and assessment of the effective regurgitant orifice area and vena contracta for regurgitant lesions. The assessment should address the diagnosis and severity of each single valve lesion as well as the overall consequences resulting from the combination of all lesions. Clinical decision-making should be based on an integrative approach including echocardiography and other imaging modalities.
{"title":"Multiple and mixed valvular heart disease","authors":"P. Unger, M. Garbi","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple and mixed valvular heart disease are highly prevalent. Multiple valvular heart disease is the combination of stenotic and/or regurgitant lesions occurring on two or more cardiac valves. Mixed valvular heart disease is the combination of stenotic and regurgitant lesions on the same valve. Several haemodynamic interactions may impact their clinical expression and may result in diagnostic pitfalls. Accurate quantification of the valve lesions requires the use of methods that are less dependent on loading conditions, such as planimetry for stenotic lesions, and assessment of the effective regurgitant orifice area and vena contracta for regurgitant lesions. The assessment should address the diagnosis and severity of each single valve lesion as well as the overall consequences resulting from the combination of all lesions. Clinical decision-making should be based on an integrative approach including echocardiography and other imaging modalities.","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132358731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0043
N. Cardim, A. Toste, R. Nijveldt
Imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients, offering answers to clinical questions. Imaging techniques provide a broad spectrum of information, including morphological data, functional information, and ischaemia assessment, useful in many clinical settings of HCM. The clinical diagnosis of HCM is based on unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by imaging, though the role of genetic diagnosis has increased. A multimodality imaging (MMI) approach is encouraged in HCM. Each technique must be selected to provide solutions to the specific problems, avoiding duplicated data, and taking into account its technical characteristics, availability, benefits, risks, and costs.
{"title":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","authors":"N. Cardim, A. Toste, R. Nijveldt","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients, offering answers to clinical questions. Imaging techniques provide a broad spectrum of information, including morphological data, functional information, and ischaemia assessment, useful in many clinical settings of HCM. The clinical diagnosis of HCM is based on unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by imaging, though the role of genetic diagnosis has increased. A multimodality imaging (MMI) approach is encouraged in HCM. Each technique must be selected to provide solutions to the specific problems, avoiding duplicated data, and taking into account its technical characteristics, availability, benefits, risks, and costs.","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130192822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_14
E. Nagel, J. Schwitter
{"title":"CMR and detection of coronary artery disease","authors":"E. Nagel, J. Schwitter","doi":"10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-421-8_14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121298793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0030
V. Delgado, J. Voigt
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for patients with heart failure who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment. Guideline recommendations for patient selection have been published by all major scientific societies including the ESC and are regularly updated. Unfortunately, the rate of patients who do not respond to CRT remains stable in the range of 30–40%, even in indication class I. In the selection of patients with heart failure who may benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), evaluation of left ventricular mechanics and dyssynchrony, extent, and location of myocardial scar and cardiac venous anatomy are most important. Multimodality imaging is pivotal to obtain this information and understand how CRT exerts its effects. This chapter will review the current state-of-the-art of multimodality imaging to select patients for CRT implantation.
{"title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Selection of candidates","authors":"V. Delgado, J. Voigt","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for patients with heart failure who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment. Guideline recommendations for patient selection have been published by all major scientific societies including the ESC and are regularly updated. Unfortunately, the rate of patients who do not respond to CRT remains stable in the range of 30–40%, even in indication class I. In the selection of patients with heart failure who may benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), evaluation of left ventricular mechanics and dyssynchrony, extent, and location of myocardial scar and cardiac venous anatomy are most important. Multimodality imaging is pivotal to obtain this information and understand how CRT exerts its effects. This chapter will review the current state-of-the-art of multimodality imaging to select patients for CRT implantation.","PeriodicalId":259304,"journal":{"name":"The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130587144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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