Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49523
H. Houshmand, R. McGough, E. Ebbini, Hua Lee, C. Cain
The simulation of a system designed to image the nonlinearity parameter B/A is discussed. The algorithm entails the interaction of a pump and probe pulse, taking into account nonlinear distortion and absorption of the acoustic energy. Simulations are performed for both waterlike and highly attenuative media. Different pump and probe waveforms are studied. It is shown that broadband impulsive pump waveforms in general lead to the best estimates of the nonlinearity parameter. Another alternative providing good resolution was a broadband chirp pump of considerably longer duration. The resolution of the simulated images obtained from the coherent probe waveform was directly proportional to the probe frequency. The highly attenuative media altered the shape of the pump substantially, but in the case of the chirp pump the reconstructed images were not significantly degraded.<>
{"title":"Ultrasonic transmission mode imaging of the nonlinear parameter B/A: a simulation study","authors":"H. Houshmand, R. McGough, E. Ebbini, Hua Lee, C. Cain","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49523","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation of a system designed to image the nonlinearity parameter B/A is discussed. The algorithm entails the interaction of a pump and probe pulse, taking into account nonlinear distortion and absorption of the acoustic energy. Simulations are performed for both waterlike and highly attenuative media. Different pump and probe waveforms are studied. It is shown that broadband impulsive pump waveforms in general lead to the best estimates of the nonlinearity parameter. Another alternative providing good resolution was a broadband chirp pump of considerably longer duration. The resolution of the simulated images obtained from the coherent probe waveform was directly proportional to the probe frequency. The highly attenuative media altered the shape of the pump substantially, but in the case of the chirp pump the reconstructed images were not significantly degraded.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128735030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49502
J. Saniie, K. D. Donohue, D. Nagle, N. Bilgutay
The authors present the theory and application of order statistic (OS) filters in ultrasonic flaw detection problems. The theory suggests that the optimal rank can be founded upon the knowledge of the distribution of flaws and grains. Experimental and simulation results for the OS filters are presented for flaws embedded in steel specimens. OS filters and averaging algorithms are compared with regard to their application for flaw detection. It is shown that OS filters can improve the flaw-to-clutter echo ratio better than averaging algorithms for a broader class of clutter and flaw echo statistics.<>
{"title":"Frequency diversity ultrasonic flaw detection using order statistic filters","authors":"J. Saniie, K. D. Donohue, D. Nagle, N. Bilgutay","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49502","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present the theory and application of order statistic (OS) filters in ultrasonic flaw detection problems. The theory suggests that the optimal rank can be founded upon the knowledge of the distribution of flaws and grains. Experimental and simulation results for the OS filters are presented for flaws embedded in steel specimens. OS filters and averaging algorithms are compared with regard to their application for flaw detection. It is shown that OS filters can improve the flaw-to-clutter echo ratio better than averaging algorithms for a broader class of clutter and flaw echo statistics.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130031155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49501
F. Stanke, R. D'Angelo
Two types of sampling jitter in digitizers are distinguished. Trigger jitter causes the average waveform to be a sum of uniformly sampled, but randomly shifted waveforms. Clock jitter introduces random shifts into each individual sample. The authors make analytic predictions of the biases and standard deviations due to both types of jitter on power and phase spectra, and compare these with numerical simulations and experimentally measured standard deviations from three commercial digitizers. Trigger jitter degrades power spectra less than clock jitter. Clock jitter degrades phase spectra near the edges of the passband more than trigger jitter, but less toward the center. Synchronous transient digitization yields lower standard deviations than free-running digitizers.<>
{"title":"Clock and trigger jitter. Effects on ultrasonic spectroscopy","authors":"F. Stanke, R. D'Angelo","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49501","url":null,"abstract":"Two types of sampling jitter in digitizers are distinguished. Trigger jitter causes the average waveform to be a sum of uniformly sampled, but randomly shifted waveforms. Clock jitter introduces random shifts into each individual sample. The authors make analytic predictions of the biases and standard deviations due to both types of jitter on power and phase spectra, and compare these with numerical simulations and experimentally measured standard deviations from three commercial digitizers. Trigger jitter degrades power spectra less than clock jitter. Clock jitter degrades phase spectra near the edges of the passband more than trigger jitter, but less toward the center. Synchronous transient digitization yields lower standard deviations than free-running digitizers.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130773998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49344
H. Gautier, C. Maerfeld
The present uses of surface acoustic wave (SAW) components in France are summarized. The trends, evolutions, and associated research in the field are noted. The filter applications considered are: in pulse-compression radars, electronic support measures, electronic intelligence, telecommunications filtering, digital data transmission, spread-spectrum communication, TV broadcasting, cable TV, and TV receive-only (TVRO) units. Current research on SAW processing vs. digital processing and SAW component development are noted.<>
{"title":"Current applications and trends of SAW components in France","authors":"H. Gautier, C. Maerfeld","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49344","url":null,"abstract":"The present uses of surface acoustic wave (SAW) components in France are summarized. The trends, evolutions, and associated research in the field are noted. The filter applications considered are: in pulse-compression radars, electronic support measures, electronic intelligence, telecommunications filtering, digital data transmission, spread-spectrum communication, TV broadcasting, cable TV, and TV receive-only (TVRO) units. Current research on SAW processing vs. digital processing and SAW component development are noted.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125402043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49481
J. Kubota, H. Okada, Y. Musha, Y. Takishita, A. Iwasaki, S. Sasaki
An electronic scanning technique using high-frequency ultrasound was developed as the basic technology for inline testing of fine defects in IC packages. Newly developed components are linear array transducers (frequency: 25 MHz, pitch: 0.2 mm-, elements: 128), a phase control circuit that utilizes quasi-distributed delay lines, and a matrix-type electronic scanning circuit. Beam width along the array is 0.37 mm at the focal point, while the focal length is 15 mm in water. The imaging process is executed with Cartesian-coordinate two-dimensional scanning, one axis being electronic and the other mechanical. Images of voids between an IC chip and the mold material are displayed with the system in combination with a scanning acoustic tomography apparatus. C-scan imagining of the IC internal structures (22 mm*15 mm) is completed in 2 s with the system, 30 times shorter than with a conventional mechanical one.<>
{"title":"Electronic scanning of 25 MHz ultrasound for imaging IC packages","authors":"J. Kubota, H. Okada, Y. Musha, Y. Takishita, A. Iwasaki, S. Sasaki","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49481","url":null,"abstract":"An electronic scanning technique using high-frequency ultrasound was developed as the basic technology for inline testing of fine defects in IC packages. Newly developed components are linear array transducers (frequency: 25 MHz, pitch: 0.2 mm-, elements: 128), a phase control circuit that utilizes quasi-distributed delay lines, and a matrix-type electronic scanning circuit. Beam width along the array is 0.37 mm at the focal point, while the focal length is 15 mm in water. The imaging process is executed with Cartesian-coordinate two-dimensional scanning, one axis being electronic and the other mechanical. Images of voids between an IC chip and the mold material are displayed with the system in combination with a scanning acoustic tomography apparatus. C-scan imagining of the IC internal structures (22 mm*15 mm) is completed in 2 s with the system, 30 times shorter than with a conventional mechanical one.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125434192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49410
F. Hickernell
ZnO thin-film bulk acoustic wave (BAW) transducers, deposited in a coaxial configuration in an optical fiber, have been used to produce acoustooptic phase shifts of single mode guided optical waves. The thin-film transducers and associated electrodes are fabricated by rotating the fiber during the deposition process. Depending on the ZnO deposition parameters and the rotation rate of the fiber, longitudinal or shear bulk acoustic wave generation into the fiber was dominant. The combination of ZnO film and optical fiber forms a resonant structure in which standing-wave conditions periodically occur for the longitudinal and shear waves. Acoustic parameters of the ZnO film and the optical fiber were calculated by measuring the electrical properties of the transducer and its resonant modes. These parameters were examined over the frequency range from 100 MHz to 1.0 GHz for 80- and 125- mu m-diameter fibers.<>
{"title":"The characteristics of coaxial ZnO thin-film BAW transducers on optical fibers","authors":"F. Hickernell","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49410","url":null,"abstract":"ZnO thin-film bulk acoustic wave (BAW) transducers, deposited in a coaxial configuration in an optical fiber, have been used to produce acoustooptic phase shifts of single mode guided optical waves. The thin-film transducers and associated electrodes are fabricated by rotating the fiber during the deposition process. Depending on the ZnO deposition parameters and the rotation rate of the fiber, longitudinal or shear bulk acoustic wave generation into the fiber was dominant. The combination of ZnO film and optical fiber forms a resonant structure in which standing-wave conditions periodically occur for the longitudinal and shear waves. Acoustic parameters of the ZnO film and the optical fiber were calculated by measuring the electrical properties of the transducer and its resonant modes. These parameters were examined over the frequency range from 100 MHz to 1.0 GHz for 80- and 125- mu m-diameter fibers.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126535404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49382
C. S. Lam, D. E. Holt
The authors built several narrowband SAW (surface acoustic wave) bandpass filters centered at 200, 250, and 740 MHz on several orientations of LST-cut quartz. Devices were also made on ST-cut quartz for direct comparison. The authors report the performance of these devices with emphasis on temperature stability of frequency, transmission phase, and insertion loss. The LST-cut of quartz demonstrates superior frequency and phase stability over a wide temperature range when compared with the ST-cut devices. It is also demonstrated that the quasilongitudinal plate modes of LST-cut SAW filters are more attenuated than those of the ST-cut devices. The LST-cut is also a singly-rotated T-cut with X-propagation; hence the energy power flow angle on the XZ plane remains zero for all temperatures. LST-cut devices exhibit a greater increase in insertion loss as temperature rises as comprised to the ST-cut devices.<>
{"title":"A comparison of temperature performance of SAW filters made on ST- and LST-cut quartz","authors":"C. S. Lam, D. E. Holt","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49382","url":null,"abstract":"The authors built several narrowband SAW (surface acoustic wave) bandpass filters centered at 200, 250, and 740 MHz on several orientations of LST-cut quartz. Devices were also made on ST-cut quartz for direct comparison. The authors report the performance of these devices with emphasis on temperature stability of frequency, transmission phase, and insertion loss. The LST-cut of quartz demonstrates superior frequency and phase stability over a wide temperature range when compared with the ST-cut devices. It is also demonstrated that the quasilongitudinal plate modes of LST-cut SAW filters are more attenuated than those of the ST-cut devices. The LST-cut is also a singly-rotated T-cut with X-propagation; hence the energy power flow angle on the XZ plane remains zero for all temperatures. LST-cut devices exhibit a greater increase in insertion loss as temperature rises as comprised to the ST-cut devices.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114156431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49404
D. Bailey, D. Blackwell, J.C. Bradley, R. Moore, H. Salvo
The resonant modes of cylindrically symmetric film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are found by variational analysis. The FBARs under consideration are fabricated by depositing gold, zinc oxide and aluminum films onto a membrane of fused quartz. The method of analysis allows the transducer and the membrane to have unequal diameters. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the transducer diameter on the mode spectrum, particularly the intermode spacing. Each trial function used in the analysis is a product of a radial and an axial function. It is desirable for the trial functions to have local support and a certain degree of smoothness. The Schoenberg cubic B-spline satisfies these criteria. Accurate eigenanalyses are available for several hundred angularly symmetric modes.<>
{"title":"A variational analysis of cylindrically symmetric FBARs","authors":"D. Bailey, D. Blackwell, J.C. Bradley, R. Moore, H. Salvo","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49404","url":null,"abstract":"The resonant modes of cylindrically symmetric film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are found by variational analysis. The FBARs under consideration are fabricated by depositing gold, zinc oxide and aluminum films onto a membrane of fused quartz. The method of analysis allows the transducer and the membrane to have unequal diameters. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the transducer diameter on the mode spectrum, particularly the intermode spacing. Each trial function used in the analysis is a product of a radial and an axial function. It is desirable for the trial functions to have local support and a certain degree of smoothness. The Schoenberg cubic B-spline satisfies these criteria. Accurate eigenanalyses are available for several hundred angularly symmetric modes.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120961435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49368
D.C. Jeutter, F. Josse, J. Ruhland, James C. Han
A micropower, transcutaneous data link has been developed to replace the transdermal connector plug in contemporary use with the implanted cochlear electrode arrays and associated external speech processors recently offered for some postlingually deaf individuals. The completely analog 72-78-MHz radio-linked system described utilizes specially designed and developed miniature, six-channel filterbanks for frequency-division multiplexing and frequency-division demultiplexing at the transmitter and receiver respectively. The need for a very small SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter and filterbank was the impetus for the development of the miniature filterbank system.<>
{"title":"A radio-linked cochlear prosthesis utilizing SAW filterbanks","authors":"D.C. Jeutter, F. Josse, J. Ruhland, James C. Han","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49368","url":null,"abstract":"A micropower, transcutaneous data link has been developed to replace the transdermal connector plug in contemporary use with the implanted cochlear electrode arrays and associated external speech processors recently offered for some postlingually deaf individuals. The completely analog 72-78-MHz radio-linked system described utilizes specially designed and developed miniature, six-channel filterbanks for frequency-division multiplexing and frequency-division demultiplexing at the transmitter and receiver respectively. The need for a very small SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter and filterbank was the impetus for the development of the miniature filterbank system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121813738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-02DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49407
G. Flachenecker, A. Sauerborn
The authors consider piezoelectric transducers operating in the thickness vibration mode, and with the electric field parallel to the motion. It is shown that if the development of the equivalent circuit for the transducers is based on the dielectric constant for constant stress, the static capacitance is defined for free-running transducer conditions. This capacitance can be measured more easily than the capacitance for clamped conditions. In this case, the electromechanical conversion is represented by a gyrator.<>
{"title":"Gyrator-type equivalent circuit for piezoelectric transducers","authors":"G. Flachenecker, A. Sauerborn","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1988.49407","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider piezoelectric transducers operating in the thickness vibration mode, and with the electric field parallel to the motion. It is shown that if the development of the equivalent circuit for the transducers is based on the dielectric constant for constant stress, the static capacitance is defined for free-running transducer conditions. This capacitance can be measured more easily than the capacitance for clamped conditions. In this case, the electromechanical conversion is represented by a gyrator.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":263198,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1988 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131595748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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