Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by infection with a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome virus -2 (SARS-CoV2) has evolved into a pandemic and a global public health emergency. The viral genomics, host cellular factors, and interactions are critical for establishing a viral infection and developing a related disease. This paper aims to provide an overview of viral genomics and discuss host cellular factors so far identified to be involved with the disease susceptibility. The novel pathogen is a beta coronavirus and one of seven that cause diseases to humans. It is a single strand positive-sense RNA genome virus that encodes 27 proteins, including the structural Spike protein that binds to host cell surface receptors and is a key for viral entry, and 16 nonstructural proteins play a critical role in viral replication and virulence. While the angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE2 receptor, and the proteases TMPRSS2 and furin are established as necessary for viral entry, host factors CD147, Cathepsins, DPP4, GRP78, L-SIGN, DC-SIGN, Sialic acid, and Plasmin(ogen) may also play a role in the viral entry. The Spike protein and nonstructural proteins, and various host factors working together may contribute to the infection kinetics, high infectivity, rapid transmission, and a spectrum of clinical manifestations of COVID-19. More importantly, they can serve as potential targets in developing strategies for therapeutical prevention and intervention.
{"title":"Pathogen Genomics and Host Cellular Susceptibility Factors of COVID-19","authors":"Fengyu Zhang, M. Waters","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.02.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.02.0037","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by infection with a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome virus -2 (SARS-CoV2) has evolved into a pandemic and a global public health emergency. The viral genomics, host cellular factors, and interactions are critical for establishing a viral infection and developing a related disease. This paper aims to provide an overview of viral genomics and discuss host cellular factors so far identified to be involved with the disease susceptibility. The novel pathogen is a beta coronavirus and one of seven that cause diseases to humans. It is a single strand positive-sense RNA genome virus that encodes 27 proteins, including the structural Spike protein that binds to host cell surface receptors and is a key for viral entry, and 16 nonstructural proteins play a critical role in viral replication and virulence. While the angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE2 receptor, and the proteases TMPRSS2 and furin are established as necessary for viral entry, host factors CD147, Cathepsins, DPP4, GRP78, L-SIGN, DC-SIGN, Sialic acid, and Plasmin(ogen) may also play a role in the viral entry. The Spike protein and nonstructural proteins, and various host factors working together may contribute to the infection kinetics, high infectivity, rapid transmission, and a spectrum of clinical manifestations of COVID-19. More importantly, they can serve as potential targets in developing strategies for therapeutical prevention and intervention.","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious respiratory disease that has caused the ongoing global pandemic. The primary purpose of this article is to describe evolving clinical epidemiology of COVID-19, including 1) infection and testing, 2) clinical spectrum including classification of clinical type, asymptomatic cases, severe cases and comorbidity, and clinical and immunological response, 3) regional variation in clinical presentation, 4) population distribution by age, sex, and occupation, and finally, 5) case-fatality. This content may provide important information on detailed clinical type and presentation of the disease, in which appropriate clinical outcomes can be derived for developing prevention strategies and clinical studies or trials that aim to test potential therapeutics or products for different patient populations.
{"title":"Clinical Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019:Defined on Current Research","authors":"Fengyu Zhang, C. Hughes","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.02.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.02.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious respiratory disease that has caused the ongoing global pandemic. The primary purpose of this article is to describe evolving clinical epidemiology of COVID-19, including 1) infection and testing, 2) clinical spectrum including classification of clinical type, asymptomatic cases, severe cases and comorbidity, and clinical and immunological response, 3) regional variation in clinical presentation, 4) population distribution by age, sex, and occupation, and finally, 5) case-fatality. This content may provide important information on detailed clinical type and presentation of the disease, in which appropriate clinical outcomes can be derived for developing prevention strategies and clinical studies or trials that aim to test potential therapeutics or products for different patient populations.","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123384519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A comment on Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X, et al. Association of ABO blood group and Covid19 susceptability. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.20031096. Zeng X, Fan H, Lu D, Huang F, Meng X, Li Z, et al. Association between ABO blood group and clinical outcomes of Covid19. medRxiv[PREPRINT].2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20063107. Zietz M, Tatonetti N. Testing the association between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death medRxiv [PREPRINT]. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058073. Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, al. e. The ABO blood group and a chromosome 3 gene cluster associate with SRAS-CoV2 respitarory failure in an Italy-Spain genome-wide association analysis. medRxiv. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20114991.
{"title":"A Caution in Association of ABO Blood Group with COVID-19","authors":"","doi":"10.36316/02.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/02.0031","url":null,"abstract":"A comment on\u0000\u0000Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X, et al. Association of ABO blood group and Covid19 susceptability. medRxiv [PREPRINT]. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.20031096. \u0000\u0000Zeng X, Fan H, Lu D, Huang F, Meng X, Li Z, et al. Association between ABO blood group and clinical outcomes of Covid19. medRxiv[PREPRINT].2020;\u0000https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20063107.\u0000\u0000Zietz M, Tatonetti N. Testing the association between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death medRxiv [PREPRINT]. 2020;\u0000https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058073.\u0000\u0000Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, al. e. The ABO blood group and a chromosome 3 gene cluster associate with SRAS-CoV2 respitarory failure in an Italy-Spain genome-wide association analysis. medRxiv. 2020;\u0000https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20114991.","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122209146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of exposome has received increasing discussion, including the recent Special Issue of Science –"Chemistry for Tomorrow's Earth,” about the feasibility of using high-resolution mass spectrometry to measure exposome in the body, and tracking the chemicals in the environment and assess their biological effect. We discuss the challenges of measuring and interpreting the exposome and suggest the survey on the life course history, built and ecological environment to characterize the sample of study, and in combination with remote sensing. They should be part of exposomics and provide insights into the study of exposome and health.
{"title":"Measuring Exposome Associated with Health","authors":"Fengyu Zhang, D. Mattison","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.02.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.02.0030","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of exposome has received increasing discussion, including the recent Special Issue of Science –\"Chemistry for Tomorrow's Earth,” about the feasibility of using high-resolution mass spectrometry to measure exposome in the body, and tracking the chemicals in the environment and assess their biological effect. We discuss the challenges of measuring and interpreting the exposome and suggest the survey on the life course history, built and ecological environment to characterize the sample of study, and in combination with remote sensing. They should be part of exposomics and provide insights into the study of exposome and health.","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122948611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Comment on Impact of Occupation and Family Burden on Psychological Adjustment in Returning Migrants. Glob Clin Transl Res, 2020. DOI:10.36316/gcatr.02.0027
{"title":"Migration and Mental Health: What are the Underlying Links?","authors":"","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.10.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.10.0027","url":null,"abstract":"A Comment on Impact of Occupation and Family Burden on Psychological Adjustment in Returning Migrants. Glob Clin Transl Res, 2020. DOI:10.36316/gcatr.02.0027","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134360166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuan Wang, Yun Bian, L. Lei, Yaxue Wu, Fude Yang, Xianyun Li, Xiaole Han, Li Tian, Xingguang Luo, Song Chen, Zhiren Wang, Yunlong Tan, Yanli Li
Background: The study aimed to examine the antipsychotic treatment effect on the serum S100B and oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Subjects consisted of patients with schizophrenia of first-episode drug-naive and drug-free acute phases, and met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. All patients were treated with risperidone for eight weeks. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was evaluated, and serum levels of S100B and parameters of oxidative stress including total oxidative status (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after antipsychotic treatment. A general linear random-effect model was used for data analysis. Results: Antipsychotic treatment with risperidone reduced the levels of S100B significantly in the first episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia (Beta=24.89; p=0.0087) and marginally in the drug-free acute phase (Beta=15.65; p=0.093), no significant difference in the effect on S100B between patient groups (p=0.4785). In contrast, antipsychotic treatment increased the levels of MDA in drug-free acute phase schizophrenia (Beta=-6.55; p<0.0001) but not in the first episode drug-naive patients (beta=-0.57; p=0.6631); the effects on MDA were significantly different between two patient groups (p=0.0020). We found that the levels of S100B were only associated with the PANSS negative score in the drug-free acute phase patients who were treated with antipsychotics. Conclusion: Antipsychotic treatment with risperidone reduced the levels of S100B in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, but may increase the levels of MDA in drug-free acute phase schizophrenia.
{"title":"Effects of Antipsychotic Treatment on S100B and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Schizophrenia","authors":"Xuan Wang, Yun Bian, L. Lei, Yaxue Wu, Fude Yang, Xianyun Li, Xiaole Han, Li Tian, Xingguang Luo, Song Chen, Zhiren Wang, Yunlong Tan, Yanli Li","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.01.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.01.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The study aimed to examine the antipsychotic treatment effect on the serum S100B and oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia.\u0000\u0000Methods: Subjects consisted of patients with schizophrenia of first-episode drug-naive and drug-free acute phases, and met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. All patients were treated with risperidone for eight weeks. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was evaluated, and serum levels of S100B and parameters of oxidative stress including total oxidative status (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after antipsychotic treatment. A general linear random-effect model was used for data analysis.\u0000\u0000Results: Antipsychotic treatment with risperidone reduced the levels of S100B significantly in the first episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia (Beta=24.89; p=0.0087) and marginally in the drug-free acute phase (Beta=15.65; p=0.093), no significant difference in the effect on S100B between patient groups (p=0.4785). In contrast, antipsychotic treatment increased the levels of MDA in drug-free acute phase schizophrenia (Beta=-6.55; p<0.0001) but not in the first episode drug-naive patients (beta=-0.57; p=0.6631); the effects on MDA were significantly different between two patient groups (p=0.0020). We found that the levels of S100B were only associated with the PANSS negative score in the drug-free acute phase patients who were treated with antipsychotics.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Antipsychotic treatment with risperidone reduced the levels of S100B in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, but may increase the levels of MDA in drug-free acute phase schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128586759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Pediatrician’s Opinion on the Need for More Data on Medicines in Pregnancy","authors":"S. Tansey","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.01.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.01.0019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128063581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comment on \"Beyond P-value: the Rigor and Power of Study”","authors":"Angelean O Hendrix","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.02.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.02.0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129062091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interpretation of the Environmental Impact on Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Fengyu Zhang, C. Hughes","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.01.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.01.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Comments on\u0000Maternal exposure to triclosan constitutes a yet unrecognized risk factor for autism spectrum disorders. Cell Res. 2019.\u0000https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-019-0220-1, PMID:31462724","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127811120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In the absence of adequate public pension benefits, the older people in China have to rely on their social networks for old-age support. However, few empirical studies have been carried out to examine the pattern of social network and their impact on elderly health in China. Methods: Using the data set from two waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 2008 and 2014, we examined the characteristics of social network types and their impacts on the health status among the elderly. The dependent variables included the measures of self-rated health (SRH), activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and cognitive score (MMSE). K-means clustering method was used to construct the social network type, which was the primary factor we were interested in examining for association with functional health status. A random-effect regression model was utilized to control for the clustering effects within the observations over time. Results: Four types of the social network were derived among the older people, and they were the diverse network (6.65%), family-focused network (32%), children-focused network (29.89%) and restricted network (31.45%). Compared with the restricted network, the diverse network was associated with the best functional health status and self-rated health among the elderly; the family-focused network was also associated with a better score of ADL, IADL, and MMSE but not significantly with SRH score; and the children-focused network was also associated with a better health status of all measures. Furthermore, social support from family members and friends positively influenced the health status of the elderly. In contrast, having social workers available when needed was associated with the reduced ADL, IADL, and SRH scores. This might be due to that those elderly with the worst health status are in a greater need for support from social workers, and hence, the reverse association may occur. Conclusion: family- and children-focused network were primary types among the older people in China. Consistent with previous studies, while the diverse network was most beneficial for the functional health status in multiple measures, it only accounted for a small proportion; people with the restricted network had the worst health status.
{"title":"Social Network and Functional Health Status among the Elderly","authors":"Yun Zhang, Hong Zhang","doi":"10.36316/gcatr.01.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36316/gcatr.01.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the absence of adequate public pension benefits, the older people in China have to rely on their social networks for old-age support. However, few empirical studies have been carried out to examine the pattern of social network and their impact on elderly health in China.\u0000\u0000Methods: Using the data set from two waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 2008 and 2014, we examined the characteristics of social network types and their impacts on the health status among the elderly. The dependent variables included the measures of self-rated health (SRH), activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and cognitive score (MMSE). K-means clustering method was used to construct the social network type, which was the primary factor we were interested in examining for association with functional health status. A random-effect regression model was utilized to control for the clustering effects within the observations over time.\u0000\u0000Results: Four types of the social network were derived among the older people, and they were the diverse network (6.65%), family-focused network (32%), children-focused network (29.89%) and restricted network (31.45%). Compared with the restricted network, the diverse network was associated with the best functional health status and self-rated health among the elderly; the family-focused network was also associated with a better score of ADL, IADL, and MMSE but not significantly with SRH score; and the children-focused network was also associated with a better health status of all measures. Furthermore, social support from family members and friends positively influenced the health status of the elderly. In contrast, having social workers available when needed was associated with the reduced ADL, IADL, and SRH scores. This might be due to that those elderly with the worst health status are in a greater need for support from social workers, and hence, the reverse association may occur.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: family- and children-focused network were primary types among the older people in China. Consistent with previous studies, while the diverse network was most beneficial for the functional health status in multiple measures, it only accounted for a small proportion; people with the restricted network had the worst health status.","PeriodicalId":265939,"journal":{"name":"Global Clinical and Translational Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127951622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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