Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107627
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is an effective tool for describing the effect of temperature on water vapour adsorption isotherms in cementitious materials. The key information is the isosteric energy. This can currently be characterised experimentally using two approaches: (1) the isotherms method, which involves experimentally acquiring the desorption isotherm for two (or more) different temperatures, and (2) the hygrometric method, which involves monitoring the increase in vapour pressure at equilibrium with a small sample subjected to increasing temperature steps. It turns out that although each method has a fairly high uncertainty, the results obtained are similar. Finally, the results seem to suggest that the isosteric energy of Portland-based cementitious materials could be considered unique.
{"title":"Experimental characterisation of the isosteric desorption energy of VeRCoRs concrete: Comparison of the isotherms and hygrometric methods","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is an effective tool for describing the effect of temperature on water vapour adsorption isotherms in cementitious materials. The key information is the isosteric energy. This can currently be characterised experimentally using two approaches: (1) the isotherms method, which involves experimentally acquiring the desorption isotherm for two (or more) different temperatures, and (2) the hygrometric method, which involves monitoring the increase in vapour pressure at equilibrium with a small sample subjected to increasing temperature steps. It turns out that although each method has a fairly high uncertainty, the results obtained are similar. Finally, the results seem to suggest that the isosteric energy of Portland-based cementitious materials could be considered unique.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107616
Calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) is a disordered, nanocrystalline material, acting as a primary binding phase in Portland cement. C-S-H and C-A-S-H (an Al-bearing substitute present in low-CO2 cement) contain thin films of water on solid surfaces and inside nanopores. Water controls multiple chemical and mechanical properties of C-S-H, including drying shrinkage, ion transport, creep, and thermal behavior. Therefore, obtaining a fundamental understanding of its properties is essential. We applied a combination of inelastic incoherent neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations to unravel water dynamics in synthetic C-(A)-S-H conditioned at five hydration states (from drier to more hydrated) and with three Ca/Si ratios (0.9, 1, and 1.3). Our results converge towards a picture where the evolution from thin layers of interfacial water to bulk-like capillary water is dampened by the structure of C-(A)-S-H. In particular, the hydrophilic Ca2+ sites organize the distribution of interfacial C-(A)-S-H water.
{"title":"Water dynamics in calcium silicate hydrates probed by inelastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) is a disordered, nanocrystalline material, acting as a primary binding phase in Portland cement. C-S-H and C-A-S-H (an Al-bearing substitute present in low-CO<sub>2</sub> cement) contain thin films of water on solid surfaces and inside nanopores. Water controls multiple chemical and mechanical properties of C-S-H, including drying shrinkage, ion transport, creep, and thermal behavior. Therefore, obtaining a fundamental understanding of its properties is essential. We applied a combination of inelastic incoherent neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations to unravel water dynamics in synthetic C-(A)-S-H conditioned at five hydration states (from drier to more hydrated) and with three Ca/Si ratios (0.9, 1, and 1.3). Our results converge towards a picture where the evolution from thin layers of interfacial water to bulk-like capillary water is dampened by the structure of C-(A)-S-H. In particular, the hydrophilic Ca<sup>2+</sup> sites organize the distribution of interfacial C-(A)-S-H water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107625
Due to the physical and chemical effect of polycarboxylate (PCE) ether superplasticizers on the simultaneous hydration of aluminate phase and silicate phase, the structural build-up of cement paste with PCE remains a much-complicated process. In order to reveal the underlying mechanism, this study reports the thixotropic structural build-up of C3S paste with PCE in the early stage (stage I before initial setting, within 1500 s). It should be subdivided into stage I′ (rapid non-linear increase) and stage I″ (slow linear development), since PCE significantly prolongs the duration of stage I′ from ∼10 s to ∼1000 s. Although PCE does not alter the origins of thixotropy (CSH/C3S cohesive forces and colloidal interactions), it can change the magnitude of driving forces, greatly depending on its adsorption in the pseudo-contact region. Consequently, the dominant driving force in stage I′ is C3S cohesive force, while it is colloidal interactions in stage I″. The quantitative models of colloidal percolation characteristic time (tperc) and thixotropic structural build-up rate (Gthix) are developed, both of which are determined by the surface coverage and initial solid volume fraction. Increasing PCE dosage augments tperc and diminishes Gthix, until reaching the maximum adsorption threshold (not full surface coverage), beyond which further PCE increase has a minimal effect on tperc and Gthix.
{"title":"Understanding the thixotropic structural build-up of C3S pastes in the presence of polycarboxylate superplasticizers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the physical and chemical effect of polycarboxylate (PCE) ether superplasticizers on the simultaneous hydration of aluminate phase and silicate phase, the structural build-up of cement paste with PCE remains a much-complicated process. In order to reveal the underlying mechanism, this study reports the thixotropic structural build-up of C<sub>3</sub>S paste with PCE in the early stage (stage I before initial setting, within 1500 s). It should be subdivided into stage I′ (rapid non-linear increase) and stage I″ (slow linear development), since PCE significantly prolongs the duration of stage I′ from ∼10 s to ∼1000 s. Although PCE does not alter the origins of thixotropy (CSH/C<sub>3</sub>S cohesive forces and colloidal interactions), it can change the magnitude of driving forces, greatly depending on its adsorption in the pseudo-contact region. Consequently, the dominant driving force in stage I<em>′</em> is C<sub>3</sub>S cohesive force, while it is colloidal interactions in stage I<em>″</em>. The quantitative models of colloidal percolation characteristic time (<em>t</em><sub>perc</sub>) and thixotropic structural build-up rate (<em>G</em><sub>thix</sub>) are developed, both of which are determined by the surface coverage and initial solid volume fraction. Increasing PCE dosage augments <em>t</em><sub>perc</sub> and diminishes <em>G</em><sub>thix</sub>, until reaching the maximum adsorption threshold (not full surface coverage), beyond which further PCE increase has a minimal effect on <em>t</em><sub>perc</sub> and <em>G</em><sub>thix</sub>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107626
Understanding the kinetics and mechanisms involved in early-age hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) in chloride solutions holds promise for implementing seawater-mixed concrete in the marine environment, as C3A remains the most reactive component of Portland cement (PC), affecting both PC and concrete's early-age hardening and long-term durability. Herein, we conducted a series of meticulously designed ex-situ and in-situ experiments to elucidate the intricate hydration behaviors of C3A in various chloride solutions. The results reveal that C3A exhibits distinct hydration kinetics and structural evolution processes in different solutions. The rapid precipitation of alumino-ferrite-mono (AFm) and C3AH6 phases contributes to the swift development of hydration heat and storage modulus in water and NaCl solutions, with a slight acceleration observed in the later one. Conversely, the formation of C3AH6 is delayed in CaCl2 and MgCl2 solutions before 20 min, with the subsequent precipitation of Cl-AFm enhancing its later production, particularly in CaCl2 solutions. Ab-initio calculations further elucidate that the acceleration effect of Cl ions originates from the ionization and structurization of hydrated surface Ca ions. However, this positive effect is significantly offset by Cl pairing with counterions, resulting in a dramatic adverse effect of solution Ca ions originated from the negative entropy effect of structuralized water molecules and electrostatic repulsion with like-charged surface Ca ions and solvent dipoles. Our findings provide valuable insights for sustainable and durable designs on cement-based materials mixed with seawater.
了解铝酸三钙(CA)在氯化物溶液中的龄期水化动力学和机理为在海洋环境中实施海水搅拌混凝土带来了希望,因为铝酸三钙仍然是硅酸盐水泥(PC)中反应性最强的成分,会影响 PC 和混凝土的龄期硬化和长期耐久性。在此,我们进行了一系列精心设计的原位和原位实验,以阐明 CA 在各种氯化物溶液中错综复杂的水化行为。结果表明,CA 在不同溶液中表现出不同的水合动力学和结构演变过程。在水溶液和氯化钠溶液中,铝铁氧体单相(AFm)和 CAH 相的快速沉淀有助于水化热和储能模量的快速发展,在后一种溶液中,水化热和储能模量的发展略有加快。相反,在 CaCl 和 MgCl 溶液中,CAH 的形成会在 20 分钟前延迟,随后 Cl-AFm 的沉淀会增强其后期生成,尤其是在 CaCl 溶液中。Ab-initio 计算进一步阐明,Cl 离子的加速效应源于水合表面 Ca 离子的电离和结构化。然而,Cl 与反离子的配对大大抵消了这一积极效应,导致溶液中 Ca 离子的显著不利效应,这种不利效应源于结构化水分子的负熵效应以及与带同类电荷的表面 Ca 离子和溶剂偶极子之间的静电斥力。我们的研究结果为与海水混合的水泥基材料的可持续耐用设计提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Early-age hydration of tricalcium aluminate in chloride solutions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the kinetics and mechanisms involved in early-age hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C<sub>3</sub>A) in chloride solutions holds promise for implementing seawater-mixed concrete in the marine environment, as C<sub>3</sub>A remains the most reactive component of Portland cement (PC), affecting both PC and concrete's early-age hardening and long-term durability. Herein, we conducted a series of meticulously designed ex-situ and in-situ experiments to elucidate the intricate hydration behaviors of C<sub>3</sub>A in various chloride solutions. The results reveal that C<sub>3</sub>A exhibits distinct hydration kinetics and structural evolution processes in different solutions. The rapid precipitation of alumino-ferrite-mono (AFm) and C<sub>3</sub>AH<sub>6</sub> phases contributes to the swift development of hydration heat and storage modulus in water and NaCl solutions, with a slight acceleration observed in the later one. Conversely, the formation of C<sub>3</sub>AH<sub>6</sub> is delayed in CaCl<sub>2</sub> and MgCl<sub>2</sub> solutions before 20 min, with the subsequent precipitation of Cl-AFm enhancing its later production, particularly in CaCl<sub>2</sub> solutions. Ab-initio calculations further elucidate that the acceleration effect of Cl ions originates from the ionization and structurization of hydrated surface Ca ions. However, this positive effect is significantly offset by Cl pairing with counterions, resulting in a dramatic adverse effect of solution Ca ions originated from the negative entropy effect of structuralized water molecules and electrostatic repulsion with like-charged surface Ca ions and solvent dipoles. Our findings provide valuable insights for sustainable and durable designs on cement-based materials mixed with seawater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107624
Almost all properties of hydrated cementitious materials depend strongly on their pore structure. Many methods to quantify porosity have been applied to cementitious materials, but there is a huge confusion in the literature about the utility of these methods. By comparing the results between different methods, including MIP, 1H NMR and nitrogen adsorption, we highlight that semi-quantitative information can reliably be obtained from these methods. In particular, we demonstrate that they are consistent in their relative range of validity. This range of validity is explained in terms of microstructure features. We also show how the results are linked to macroscopic observables such as microstructure development (degree of hydration) and transport (conductivity and apparent chloride diffusion).
{"title":"Reconciliation of pore structure characterization methods: The simple case of PC-limestone cement pastes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Almost all properties of hydrated cementitious materials depend strongly on their pore structure. Many methods to quantify porosity have been applied to cementitious materials, but there is a huge confusion in the literature about the utility of these methods. By comparing the results between different methods, including MIP, <sup>1</sup>H NMR and nitrogen adsorption, we highlight that semi-quantitative information can reliably be obtained from these methods. In particular, we demonstrate that they are consistent in their relative range of validity. This range of validity is explained in terms of microstructure features. We also show how the results are linked to macroscopic observables such as microstructure development (degree of hydration) and transport (conductivity and apparent chloride diffusion).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884624002059/pdfft?md5=225e8aed40d9943e4aad26defd8e42d4&pid=1-s2.0-S0008884624002059-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107619
This study enhanced the hydration of steel slag (SS) by the synergistic chemical activation of triisopropanolamine (TIPA) and sulfite/sulfate. Adding 0.2% TIPA into a cementitious material consisting of 62.5% SS and 37.5% desulfurization ash (DA) increased the 3-days and 120-days compressive strength by 9.59 times and 1.78 times, respectively. This enhancement was due to the accelerated dissolution of C2S and C2F facilitated by DA and TIPA. The complexation between TIPA and Fe accelerated the consumption of Ca2+ and SO42−, thereby promoted the generation of Fe-containing hydrates such as C2(F, A)3S3H2 and FeSO4·7H2O, significantly refining the pore structure. The TIPA-Fe complex also contributed to C-(F)-S-H gels formation, shifting hydration exothermal peak from 4.8 h to 1.1 h, with the peak value rising from 0.90 J/(g·h) to 57.07 J/(g·h). The Fe evolution even induced a colour change in the matrix. These insights contribute valuable perspectives for utilizing Fe-rich solid-wastes in cementitious materials.
本研究通过三异丙醇胺(TIPA)和亚硫酸盐/硫酸盐的协同化学活化作用增强了钢渣(SS)的水化作用。在由 62.5% SS 和 37.5% 脱硫灰(DA)组成的胶凝材料中加入 0.2% 的 TIPA 后,3 天和 120 天的抗压强度分别提高了 9.59 倍和 1.78 倍。这种提高是由于 DA 和 TIPA 促进了 CS 和 CF 的加速溶解。TIPA 与铁的络合加速了 Ca 和 SO 的消耗,从而促进了 C(F, A)SH 和 FeSO-7HO 等含铁水合物的生成,显著改善了孔隙结构。TIPA-Fe 复合物还促进了 C-(F)-S-H 凝胶的形成,使水合放热峰值从 4.8 h 下降到 1.1 h,峰值从 0.90 J/(g-h) 上升到 57.07 J/(g-h)。铁的演变甚至引起了基质颜色的变化。这些见解为在水泥基材料中利用富含铁的固体废弃物提供了宝贵的视角。
{"title":"Enhancing hydration of steel slag-based composite cementitious material: Synergistic effect of triisopropanolamine (TIPA) and sulfite/sulfate","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study enhanced the hydration of steel slag (SS) by the synergistic chemical activation of triisopropanolamine (TIPA) and sulfite/sulfate. Adding 0.2% TIPA into a cementitious material consisting of 62.5% SS and 37.5% desulfurization ash (DA) increased the 3-days and 120-days compressive strength by 9.59 times and 1.78 times, respectively. This enhancement was due to the accelerated dissolution of C<sub>2</sub>S and C<sub>2</sub>F facilitated by DA and TIPA. The complexation between TIPA and Fe accelerated the consumption of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, thereby promoted the generation of Fe-containing hydrates such as C<sub>2</sub>(F, A)<sub>3</sub>S<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub> and FeSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O, significantly refining the pore structure. The TIPA-Fe complex also contributed to C-(F)-S-H gels formation, shifting hydration exothermal peak from 4.8 h to 1.1 h, with the peak value rising from 0.90 J/(g·h) to 57.07 J/(g·h). The Fe evolution even induced a colour change in the matrix. These insights contribute valuable perspectives for utilizing Fe-rich solid-wastes in cementitious materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107620
The hydration and pore structure of hardened cement pastes containing various amounts of alkali and hexylene glycol -a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA)- are studied. Until three months, SRA retards cement paste hydration regardless of alkali content; after seven days at most, this retardation diminishes with time. Alkalis increase the hydration degree at early ages for all pastes. The pore structure coarsens with the SRA: both the specific surface area and the volume of pores with a 5 nm entry size decrease in the presence of the SRA. The magnitude by which the SRA impacts the pore structure reduces with alkali.
In alkali media, the C-S-H gel uptakes alkalis and aluminum; modifying the C-S-H structure, the gel pore volume, and the interlayer space. The SRA depletes the alkalis from the solution and may increase the C-S-H alkali uptake, which could lead to changes in the gel pore volume and specific surface area.
{"title":"Impact of alkalis and shrinkage-reducing admixtures on hydration and pore structure of hardened cement pastes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The hydration and pore structure of hardened cement pastes containing various amounts of alkali and hexylene glycol -a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA)- are studied. Until three months, SRA retards cement paste hydration regardless of alkali content; after seven days at most, this retardation diminishes with time. Alkalis increase the hydration degree at early ages for all pastes. The pore structure coarsens with the SRA: both the specific surface area and the volume of pores with a 5 nm entry size decrease in the presence of the SRA. The magnitude by which the SRA impacts the pore structure reduces with alkali.</p><p>In alkali media, the C-S-H gel uptakes alkalis and aluminum; modifying the C-S-H structure, the gel pore volume, and the interlayer space. The SRA depletes the alkalis from the solution and may increase the C-S-H alkali uptake, which could lead to changes in the gel pore volume and specific surface area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141769034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107618
Hydration of a commercial white calcium aluminate cement (CAC) at 23 °C was modified by silica fume (SF) addition in varying amounts. The process was followed by heat flow calorimetry, quantitative in-situ XRD analysis and Gillmore needle experiments supplemented by pore solution analysis, thermodynamic modelling, and 1H-TD-NMR measurements. Lower SF/cement ratios accelerate the hydration of CAC. Higher ratios trigger an intermediate heat flow event, which is correlated to increased setting rates. This intermediate event (IE) initiates an induction period of constant duration, which appears later with increasing SF/cement ratios. Results show the IE is caused by an initially hindered CA dissolution, in which dissolved silicon provided by SF plays a crucial role. Increasing the [Si] concentration in the pore solution leads to a further retardation of the IE and eventually prevents the entire hydration reaction if a critical amount is reached. A detailed model explaining the observed behavior is proposed.
通过添加不同量的硅灰(SF),改变了商用白色铝酸钙水泥(CAC)在 23 °C 下的水化过程。通过热流量热仪、定量原位 XRD 分析和 Gillmore 针实验,并辅以孔溶液分析、热力学建模和 H-TD-NMR 测量,对这一过程进行了跟踪研究。较低的 SF/cement 比率会加速 CAC 的水化。较高的比率会引发中间热流事件,这与凝结速率的增加有关。这种中间事件(IE)会引发一个持续时间不变的诱导期,随着 SF/ 水泥比率的增加,诱导期会推迟出现。结果表明,IE 是由最初受阻的 CA 溶解引起的,其中 SF 提供的溶解硅起了关键作用。增加孔隙溶液中的[Si]浓度会进一步延缓 IE,如果达到临界量,最终会阻止整个水化反应。本文提出了解释观察到的行为的详细模型。
{"title":"Influence of silica fume addition and content on the early hydration of calcium aluminate cement – The role of soluble silicon","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydration of a commercial white calcium aluminate cement (CAC) at 23 °C was modified by silica fume (SF) addition in varying amounts. The process was followed by heat flow calorimetry, quantitative in-situ XRD analysis and Gillmore needle experiments supplemented by pore solution analysis, thermodynamic modelling, and <sup>1</sup>H-TD-NMR measurements. Lower SF/cement ratios accelerate the hydration of CAC. Higher ratios trigger an intermediate heat flow event, which is correlated to increased setting rates. This intermediate event (IE) initiates an induction period of constant duration, which appears later with increasing SF/cement ratios. Results show the IE is caused by an initially hindered CA dissolution, in which dissolved silicon provided by SF plays a crucial role. Increasing the [Si] concentration in the pore solution leads to a further retardation of the IE and eventually prevents the entire hydration reaction if a critical amount is reached. A detailed model explaining the observed behavior is proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884624001996/pdfft?md5=1459afaa21d66e912fdb00c5863430eb&pid=1-s2.0-S0008884624001996-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141769035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107615
A binder mix consisting of CAC, calcite and H2O was investigated to clarify the influence of the addition of low amounts of calcium sulfate in the form of gypsum, hemihydrate or anhydrite on the hydration at 23 °C. Based on experimental data, a model for the hydration of CAC + calcite in the presence of sulfate ions could be developed. Using heat flow calorimetry at 23 °C, it was shown that hydration is accelerated depending on the solubility rates of the different sulfates. In addition, early hydration is characterized by a sequential reaction in which the calcium sulfate must be consumed completely from the pore solution by the precipitation of ettringite before the already known course of CAC + Cc hydration can occur. Monocarbonate and AH3 precipitate as the stable dominant hydrate phases during the main reaction, but conversion-sensitive hydrate phases such as CAH10 are not stable.
研究了一种由 CAC、方解石和 HO 组成的粘结剂混合物,以明确添加少量石膏、半水合物或无水石膏形式的硫酸钙对 23 °C 下水合作用的影响。根据实验数据,可以建立 CAC + 方解石在硫酸根离子存在下的水合模型。利用 23 °C 下的热流量热法,结果表明水化加速取决于不同硫酸盐的溶解速率。此外,早期水化的特点是顺序反应,即在已知的 CAC + Cc 水化过程发生之前,孔隙溶液中的硫酸钙必须通过乙长石的沉淀完全消耗掉。在主要反应过程中,单碳酸盐和 AH 沉淀为稳定的主要水合物相,但 CAH 等对转化敏感的水合物相并不稳定。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107610
The influence of triethanolamine (TEA) on the hydration of cement-based materials is closely linked to its adsorption behavior in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). This study investigated the adsorption process and mechanism of TEA on OPC and pure mineral phases—alite, gypsum, aluminate+gypsum, and calcium hydroxide (CH)—in the first 8 h. The results revealed that in all single phases, TEA adsorption was associated with alite and CH. The crystal structure of CH did not change during adsorption, likely due to the physical adsorption of TEA. During OPC hydration, the adsorption of TEA was primarily associated with the hydration of alite. In the initial hydration stage, only CH served as the main adsorption receptor, which was supported by adsorption energy simulations using molecular dynamics. As alite hydration progresses, the role of the receptor may shift toward calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), as indicated by the calculated adsorption limit of CH. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) demonstrated that TEACa2+ has the lowest complexation energy when the ligand-to-metal ratio is 1:1 and becomes even more stable when the ligand-to-metal ratio is 2:1.
{"title":"New insights in the adsorption behavior of triethanolamine on OPC by experimental and theoretical study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of triethanolamine (TEA) on the hydration of cement-based materials is closely linked to its adsorption behavior in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). This study investigated the adsorption process and mechanism of TEA on OPC and pure mineral phases—alite, gypsum, aluminate+gypsum, and calcium hydroxide (CH)—in the first 8 h. The results revealed that in all single phases, TEA adsorption was associated with alite and CH. The crystal structure of CH did not change during adsorption, likely due to the physical adsorption of TEA. During OPC hydration, the adsorption of TEA was primarily associated with the hydration of alite. In the initial hydration stage, only CH served as the main adsorption receptor, which was supported by adsorption energy simulations using molecular dynamics. As alite hydration progresses, the role of the receptor may shift toward calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), as indicated by the calculated adsorption limit of CH. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) demonstrated that TEA<img>Ca<sup>2+</sup> has the lowest complexation energy when the ligand-to-metal ratio is 1:1 and becomes even more stable when the ligand-to-metal ratio is 2:1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}