Pub Date : 2020-08-25DOI: 10.2174/1874155x02014010015
R. Kartikasari, A. Subardi, Anita Susiana
Chemical composition test results show that this alloy is high alloy steel because it contains 3.6% aluminum (Al), 13.6% manganese (Mn) and 1.1% carbon (C). Microstructures found are austenite, ferrite and kappa. EDS test results show that in the austenite phase, C decreased when hardening temperature increased. Ferrite phase contains Mn which increased when hardening temperature increased while C was the other way around. Mn is relatively stable in the kappa phase. The best wear and corrosion resistance (4.3 x 10 mm/kg and 0.00026 mm/yr) of hardened FeAl-Mn grinding ball occurred at 900C. The corrosion rate is extraordinary.
{"title":"Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Hardened Fe-Al-Mn Grinding Ball","authors":"R. Kartikasari, A. Subardi, Anita Susiana","doi":"10.2174/1874155x02014010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155x02014010015","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical composition test results show that this alloy is high alloy steel because it contains 3.6% aluminum (Al), 13.6% manganese (Mn) and 1.1% carbon (C). Microstructures found are austenite, ferrite and kappa. EDS test results show that in the austenite phase, C decreased when hardening temperature increased. Ferrite phase contains Mn which increased when hardening temperature increased while C was the other way around. Mn is relatively stable in the kappa phase. The best wear and corrosion resistance (4.3 x 10 mm/kg and 0.00026 mm/yr) of hardened FeAl-Mn grinding ball occurred at 900C. The corrosion rate is extraordinary.","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122238898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1874155x02014010001
E. Osakue, Lucky Anetor
Background: During operation, cylindrical gearset experiences tangential, radial, and axial (helical gears only) force components that induce bending, compressive, and shear stresses at the root area of the gear tooth. Accurate estimation of the effective bending stress at the gear root is a challenge. Lewis was the first person who attempted estimating the root bending stress of spur gears with some reasonable accuracy. Various gear standards and codes in use today are modifications and improvements of the Lewis model. Objective: This research aims at revising the Lewis model by making adjustments for dynamic loads, shear stresses, axial bending stress for helical gears, and stress concentration factor that is independent on the moment arm of tangential or axial force component. Methods: An analytical approach is used in formulating a modified formula for the root bending stress in cylindrical gears starting with the original Lewis model. Intermediate expressions are developed in the process and works from many previous authors are reviewed and summarized. The new model developed is used to estimate the root bending stress in four example gearsets of 0 to 41.41 helix angle and the results are compared with those of AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) formula. Results: Analysis from the examples shows that neglecting the radial compressive stress over-estimated the root bending stress by 5.27% on average. When shear stresses are ignored, the root bending stress is under-estimated by 7.49% on average. It is important, therefore, to account for both compressive and shear stresses in cylindrical gear root bending stress. When the root bending stress estimates from the revised Lewis model were compared with AGMA results, deviations in the range of -4.86% to 26.61% were observed. The stress estimates from the revised Lewis formulae were mostly higher than those of AGMA. Conclusion: The new root bending stress model uses stress concentration factors (normal and shear) that are independent of the point of load application on the gear tooth. This decoupling of stress concentration factor from the load moment arm distinguishes the new model from AGMA formula and brings bending stress analysis in gear design in line with classical bending stress analysis of straight and curved beams. The model can be used for both normal contact ratio and high contact ratio cylindrical gears.
{"title":"Revised Lewis Bending Stress Capacity Model","authors":"E. Osakue, Lucky Anetor","doi":"10.2174/1874155x02014010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155x02014010001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: During operation, cylindrical gearset experiences tangential, radial, and axial (helical gears only) force components that induce bending, compressive, and shear stresses at the root area of the gear tooth. Accurate estimation of the effective bending stress at the gear root is a challenge. Lewis was the first person who attempted estimating the root bending stress of spur gears with some reasonable accuracy. Various gear standards and codes in use today are modifications and improvements of the Lewis model. Objective: This research aims at revising the Lewis model by making adjustments for dynamic loads, shear stresses, axial bending stress for helical gears, and stress concentration factor that is independent on the moment arm of tangential or axial force component. Methods: An analytical approach is used in formulating a modified formula for the root bending stress in cylindrical gears starting with the original Lewis model. Intermediate expressions are developed in the process and works from many previous authors are reviewed and summarized. The new model developed is used to estimate the root bending stress in four example gearsets of 0 to 41.41 helix angle and the results are compared with those of AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) formula. Results: Analysis from the examples shows that neglecting the radial compressive stress over-estimated the root bending stress by 5.27% on average. When shear stresses are ignored, the root bending stress is under-estimated by 7.49% on average. It is important, therefore, to account for both compressive and shear stresses in cylindrical gear root bending stress. When the root bending stress estimates from the revised Lewis model were compared with AGMA results, deviations in the range of -4.86% to 26.61% were observed. The stress estimates from the revised Lewis formulae were mostly higher than those of AGMA. Conclusion: The new root bending stress model uses stress concentration factors (normal and shear) that are independent of the point of load application on the gear tooth. This decoupling of stress concentration factor from the load moment arm distinguishes the new model from AGMA formula and brings bending stress analysis in gear design in line with classical bending stress analysis of straight and curved beams. The model can be used for both normal contact ratio and high contact ratio cylindrical gears.","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"16 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120997860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01913010001
K. S. Sakyi, Jian-Fei Lu
On the most elementary level, you and I (human beings) were created with five main mechanisms (or parts): • A body which is termed as the main structure of the human being. • A sensory system that takes certain information around the body and the immediate environment. • A muscle system to aid the body move easily. • A control base to trigger the muscles and sensors. • A brain system that develops sensory data and tells the muscles what to do in other words the way forward. Obviously, we likewise have some imperceptible qualities, for example, intellect and ethics, among others but on an absolute corporeal level. Robots, on the other hand, can be created with five main mechanisms or more. This research aims at implementing robots in some tedious jobs that as supposed to be executed by human beings in various factories and industries. This study also presents the practical and tentative model for Extenics replications of the moveable mechanical device (robot) useful on VIPRO stage. Momentary antiquity and indication of the pertinent hypothetical ideas are provided. The intelligent boundary for drawn-out switch uses a novel element for synthetic intelligence which is drawn-out control (Extenics) to expand DHFPC switch rapid enactment of mobile robots. Applying Extenics specific methods and application in vague interplanetary result in a novel, advanced application for the VIPRO stage which can be used to feign and device innovative switch approaches of moveable robots.
{"title":"The Efficient and Tentative Model for Extenics Replications of the Moveable Robots","authors":"K. S. Sakyi, Jian-Fei Lu","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01913010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01913010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 On the most elementary level, you and I (human beings) were created with five main mechanisms (or parts):\u0000 • A body which is termed as the main structure of the human being.\u0000 • A sensory system that takes certain information around the body and the immediate environment.\u0000 • A muscle system to aid the body move easily.\u0000 • A control base to trigger the muscles and sensors.\u0000 • A brain system that develops sensory data and tells the muscles what to do in other words the way forward.\u0000 Obviously, we likewise have some imperceptible qualities, for example, intellect and ethics, among others but on an absolute corporeal level. Robots, on the other hand, can be created with five main mechanisms or more.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This research aims at implementing robots in some tedious jobs that as supposed to be executed by human beings in various factories and industries. This study also presents the practical and tentative model for Extenics replications of the moveable mechanical device (robot) useful on VIPRO stage.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Momentary antiquity and indication of the pertinent hypothetical ideas are provided. The intelligent boundary for drawn-out switch uses a novel element for synthetic intelligence which is drawn-out control (Extenics) to expand DHFPC switch rapid enactment of mobile robots.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Applying Extenics specific methods and application in vague interplanetary result in a novel, advanced application for the VIPRO stage which can be used to feign and device innovative switch approaches of moveable robots.\u0000","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127760130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-23DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010192
A. Diermeier, D. Sindersberger, L. Krenkel, X. Rosell, G. Monkman
Magneto-active Polymers (MAP) are smart materials whose mechanical characteristics, such as elastic and shear moduli, may be controllable by means of an externally applied magnetic field. Various additives may be used to influence the characteristics of the polymer matrix whilst a suspension of soft and/or hard magnetic particles determine the magnetic properties of the composite. Both pre-cure and post-cure magnetization is possible. A range of control strategies have been investigated for evaluation of the system using fluids of differing kinematic viscosity. Depending on the degree of magnetic field homogeneity, magneto-deformation and magnetostriction contribute to MAP actuation. This paper presents a novel application in the form of a peristaltic MAP tube system, applicable to flow control and pumping of hemorheological fluids in blood circulatory systems for biomedical research purposes.
{"title":"Controllable Magnetoactive Polymer Conduit","authors":"A. Diermeier, D. Sindersberger, L. Krenkel, X. Rosell, G. Monkman","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010192","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Magneto-active Polymers (MAP) are smart materials whose mechanical characteristics, such as elastic and shear moduli, may be controllable by means of an externally applied magnetic field.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Various additives may be used to influence the characteristics of the polymer matrix whilst a suspension of soft and/or hard magnetic particles determine the magnetic properties of the composite. Both pre-cure and post-cure magnetization is possible.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A range of control strategies have been investigated for evaluation of the system using fluids of differing kinematic viscosity.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Depending on the degree of magnetic field homogeneity, magneto-deformation and magnetostriction contribute to MAP actuation. This paper presents a novel application in the form of a peristaltic MAP tube system, applicable to flow control and pumping of hemorheological fluids in blood circulatory systems for biomedical research purposes. \u0000","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114682251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010175
S. Yousefi, M. Zohoor
Hard turning in dry condition using cubic boron nitride tools, as an alternative of traditional grinding operation, is an advanced machining operation in which hardened steel with the hardness greater than 46 HRc is machined without the use of any coolant. In the hard turning process, due to its hard nature, usually the cutting depth is selected lower than or equal to the nose radius, and the cutting zone is mainly limited within the tool nose area. Thus, unlike the traditional turning, the effect of the nose radius on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy becomes more complicated. Therefore, in this paper, firstly, the effect of processing parameters such as nose radius on the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy is investigated. Then, the relationship between the surface finish and dimensional accuracy variations with vibration, cutting forces, and tool wear is studied experimentally. The results revealed that feed rate is the most important factor influencing the surface roughness, whereas spindle speed and cutting depth are insignificant factors. On the other hand, cutting depth and spindle speed have the greatest effect on the dimensional accuracy, while nose radius has no significant effect. The vibration and wear analysis revealed that compared with the vibration, the tool wear has no considerable effect on the dimensional accuracy. It was also observed that the spindle speed has a contradictory effect on the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. The best dimensional accuracy is obtained at 500 rpm, while the best surface quality is achieved at 2000 rpm. The obtained results also showed that increasing the feed rate from a particular value not only leads to no significant changes in the surface roughness value but in some cases can also decrease the surface roughness. According to the analysis results, the lowest cutting depth, the moderate feed rate, and the speed lower than 1100 rpm provide the best dimensional accuracy. Compared with carbides and ceramics, cubic boron nitride tools produce a better surface roughness at both higher cutting depth and speed. 0.202 µm is the best surface roughness that was obtained at rε = 1.2 mm, N = 2000 rpm, f = 0.08 mm/rev, d = 0.5 mm which is comparable with the surface quality obtained by the conventional grinding operation.
使用立方氮化硼刀具在干燥条件下进行硬车削，作为传统磨削操作的替代方法，是一种先进的加工操作，在不使用任何冷却剂的情况下加工硬度大于46 HRc的硬化钢。在硬车削过程中，由于其硬性，通常选择切削深度低于或等于刀头半径，切削区域主要限制在刀头区域内。因此，与传统车削不同，机头半径对表面光洁度和尺寸精度的影响变得更加复杂。因此，本文首先研究了机头半径等加工参数对表面粗糙度和尺寸精度的影响。然后，实验研究了振动、切削力和刀具磨损对表面光洁度和尺寸精度变化的影响。结果表明，进给速度是影响表面粗糙度的最重要因素，主轴转速和切削深度对表面粗糙度影响较小。另一方面，切削深度和主轴转速对尺寸精度的影响最大，而机头半径对尺寸精度的影响不显著。振动和磨损分析表明，与振动相比，刀具磨损对尺寸精度的影响不大。主轴转速对表面粗糙度和尺寸精度的影响是相互矛盾的。最佳尺寸精度在500转/分时获得，而最佳表面质量在2000转/分时获得。结果还表明，在一定的进给量基础上增加进给量不仅不会导致表面粗糙度值的显著变化，而且在某些情况下还会降低表面粗糙度。分析结果表明，切削深度最小、进给速度适中、转速低于1100rpm时尺寸精度最佳。与碳化物和陶瓷刀具相比，在更高的切削深度和切削速度下，立方氮化硼刀具具有更好的表面粗糙度。在rε = 1.2 mm, N = 2000 rpm, f = 0.08 mm/rev, d = 0.5 mm的条件下，得到的表面粗糙度最佳为0.202µm，与常规磨削得到的表面质量相当。
{"title":"Experimental Studying of the Variations of Surface Roughness and Dimensional Accuracy in Dry Hard Turning Operation","authors":"S. Yousefi, M. Zohoor","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010175","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Hard turning in dry condition using cubic boron nitride tools, as an alternative of traditional grinding operation, is an advanced machining operation in which hardened steel with the hardness greater than 46 HRc is machined without the use of any coolant. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In the hard turning process, due to its hard nature, usually the cutting depth is selected lower than or equal to the nose radius, and the cutting zone is mainly limited within the tool nose area. Thus, unlike the traditional turning, the effect of the nose radius on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy becomes more complicated. Therefore, in this paper, firstly, the effect of processing parameters such as nose radius on the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy is investigated. Then, the relationship between the surface finish and dimensional accuracy variations with vibration, cutting forces, and tool wear is studied experimentally. The results revealed that feed rate is the most important factor influencing the surface roughness, whereas spindle speed and cutting depth are insignificant factors. On the other hand, cutting depth and spindle speed have the greatest effect on the dimensional accuracy, while nose radius has no significant effect. The vibration and wear analysis revealed that compared with the vibration, the tool wear has no considerable effect on the dimensional accuracy. It was also observed that the spindle speed has a contradictory effect on the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. The best dimensional accuracy is obtained at 500 rpm, while the best surface quality is achieved at 2000 rpm. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The obtained results also showed that increasing the feed rate from a particular value not only leads to no significant changes in the surface roughness value but in some cases can also decrease the surface roughness.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 According to the analysis results, the lowest cutting depth, the moderate feed rate, and the speed lower than 1100 rpm provide the best dimensional accuracy. Compared with carbides and ceramics, cubic boron nitride tools produce a better surface roughness at both higher cutting depth and speed. 0.202 µm is the best surface roughness that was obtained at rε = 1.2 mm, N = 2000 rpm, f = 0.08 mm/rev, d = 0.5 mm which is comparable with the surface quality obtained by the conventional grinding operation. \u0000","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122172231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-31DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010164
E. Adiutori
This article proposes an alternate view of dimensional homogeneity that greatly simplifies the solution of nonlinear engineering problems.The conventional view of dimensional homogeneity is generally credited to Fourier (1822).The objectives of this article are to describe the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity and to demonstrate its application to practical engineering problems.By presenting the solution of several nonlinear engineering problems, this article compares solutions based on the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity with solutions based on the conventional view.Example problems demonstrate that nonlinear engineering problems are much easier to solve if the solutions are based on the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity rather than the conventional view. The relative simplicity results because the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity reduces the number of variables in nonlinear problems.The widely accepted view of dimensional homogeneity should be replaced by the alternate view because the solution of nonlinear engineering problems is greatly simplified.
{"title":"An Alternate View of Dimensional Homogeneity, and Its Impact on Engineering Science","authors":"E. Adiutori","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010164","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an alternate view of dimensional homogeneity that greatly simplifies the solution of nonlinear engineering problems.The conventional view of dimensional homogeneity is generally credited to Fourier (1822).The objectives of this article are to describe the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity and to demonstrate its application to practical engineering problems.By presenting the solution of several nonlinear engineering problems, this article compares solutions based on the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity with solutions based on the conventional view.Example problems demonstrate that nonlinear engineering problems are much easier to solve if the solutions are based on the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity rather than the conventional view. The relative simplicity results because the alternate view of dimensional homogeneity reduces the number of variables in nonlinear problems.The widely accepted view of dimensional homogeneity should be replaced by the alternate view because the solution of nonlinear engineering problems is greatly simplified.","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116137401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-21DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010151
G. Canale, S. Andrews, F. Rubino, A. Maligno, R. Citarella, P. Weaver
A procedure to optimise the stacking sequence of a composite fan blade-like structure is proposed in this article. The aim of the optimisation is to minimise weight when respecting deformation, frequency and strain constraints. The literature often deals with stacking sequence optimisation of airplane wings or wind turbine blades whilst less attention has been dedicated to aero-engines fan blades, the objective of the present paper. The manufacturing constraints are also implemented in the optimisation process in order to obtain a manufacturable structure.Stacking sequence of composite laminates can be tailored to drive the deformation towards the desired shape (potentially exploiting unbalanced laminates and their anisotropy). When optimising the stacking sequence (including blending/tapering) of an aero-engine fan blade-like structure, manufacturing constraints must be included in order to apply the results of the optimisation procedure into a “Real World” design.To define an engineering procedure able to provide a good design point to minimise the weight of a fan blade-like structure subjected to deformation (tip extension and untwist), frequency and strain constraints.A two-level optimisation procedure is proposed. At the first level, the stacking sequence is optimised in such a way to maximise stiffness (and therefore to minimise deformation). Less stringent limits are applied to the constraints of such a level 1 optimisation. In the second step of the optimisation, the blending/tapering of each ply of the stacking sequence is searched.The fan blade-like structure is loaded only with a centrifugal load (the main load acting on this kind of components). The stacking sequence obtained to minimise the weight contains 42.3% of 0 degrees fibres, 19.25% of 45 degrees fibres, 19.25% of -45 degrees fibres and 19.2% of 90 degrees fibres. Blending in terms of width and length of each layer is given in the numerical results section.When the fan blade-like structure is loaded with a centrifugal force only, in order to minimise weight by respecting untwist, tip extension, frequency and integrity constraints, no unbalance in the laminate has been found necessary. An “Optimum” point has been found after a two steps optimisation. This design point is claimed as a good industrial design point rather than as “optimum” in the mathematical sense. Such a “Best Solution” design point has been verified by exploring the design space near it. All the performance of the neighbour points has been found worse. A comparison between a quasi-isotropic laminate and a zero degreed dominated laminate has been also performed.
{"title":"Realistic Stacking Sequence Optimisation of an Aero-Engine Fan Blade-Like Structure Subjected to Frequency, Deformation and Manufacturing Constraints","authors":"G. Canale, S. Andrews, F. Rubino, A. Maligno, R. Citarella, P. Weaver","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010151","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure to optimise the stacking sequence of a composite fan blade-like structure is proposed in this article. The aim of the optimisation is to minimise weight when respecting deformation, frequency and strain constraints. The literature often deals with stacking sequence optimisation of airplane wings or wind turbine blades whilst less attention has been dedicated to aero-engines fan blades, the objective of the present paper. The manufacturing constraints are also implemented in the optimisation process in order to obtain a manufacturable structure.Stacking sequence of composite laminates can be tailored to drive the deformation towards the desired shape (potentially exploiting unbalanced laminates and their anisotropy). When optimising the stacking sequence (including blending/tapering) of an aero-engine fan blade-like structure, manufacturing constraints must be included in order to apply the results of the optimisation procedure into a “Real World” design.To define an engineering procedure able to provide a good design point to minimise the weight of a fan blade-like structure subjected to deformation (tip extension and untwist), frequency and strain constraints.A two-level optimisation procedure is proposed. At the first level, the stacking sequence is optimised in such a way to maximise stiffness (and therefore to minimise deformation). Less stringent limits are applied to the constraints of such a level 1 optimisation. In the second step of the optimisation, the blending/tapering of each ply of the stacking sequence is searched.The fan blade-like structure is loaded only with a centrifugal load (the main load acting on this kind of components). The stacking sequence obtained to minimise the weight contains 42.3% of 0 degrees fibres, 19.25% of 45 degrees fibres, 19.25% of -45 degrees fibres and 19.2% of 90 degrees fibres. Blending in terms of width and length of each layer is given in the numerical results section.When the fan blade-like structure is loaded with a centrifugal force only, in order to minimise weight by respecting untwist, tip extension, frequency and integrity constraints, no unbalance in the laminate has been found necessary. An “Optimum” point has been found after a two steps optimisation. This design point is claimed as a good industrial design point rather than as “optimum” in the mathematical sense. Such a “Best Solution” design point has been verified by exploring the design space near it. All the performance of the neighbour points has been found worse. A comparison between a quasi-isotropic laminate and a zero degreed dominated laminate has been also performed.","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133794352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010138
G. Canale, P. Weaver, F. Rubino, A. Maligno, R. Citarella
Composite materials are widely used in the aerospace, marine and automotive industries. One of their main advantages is that their stacking sequence can be tailored to maximise/minimise a specific structural performance. Efficient and non-computational-expensive algorithms are always needed to find the optimum stacking sequence of a composite laminate whose thickness is either to be minimised or may be kept constant (i.e.the thickness and the plies orientation percentages are pre-determined; the problem of the optimisation is therefore permutational).A modified branch and bound algorithm is proposed here and used to determine the stacking sequence for single and multi-objective optimisation problems. Laminate thickness and orientation percentages are either variables or determined a priori (the optimisation problem is therefore permutational). Computational time is drastically reduced when compared with other meta-heuristic techniques.The proposed method is a branch and bound algorithm, modified from the original work proposed by Kim and Hwang [10]. The main novelty is the starting point of the optimisation sequence: a laminate formed by “Ideal” layers, described in this paper.The modified branch and bound has been first tested with a laminate having fixed thickness and a fixed percentage of layer orientation. Three different problems have been investigated: maximisation of natural frequencies, minimisation of tip deflection and maximisation of buckling critical load. The algorithm has been also tested, secondly, for a problem of weight minimisation subjected to buckling and strength constraints.The MBB has been shown to give good fidelity and significant computational advantages compared with a GA. Despite the simplicity of the structures in the numerical examples, it is anticipated that the MBB can be used to determine lay-ups in multi-part structures. The method was used to determine stacking sequences for several problems. The modified branch and bound method was shown to determine good laminate designs and offer significant efficiency savings.A “Good Design” is here defined as a solution producing “Near Global Optima” fitness values by minimising the computational effort. It was shown that for a single objective without ply competition, global optima were obtained.
{"title":"Lay-up Optimization of Laminated Composites Using a Modified Branch and Bound Method","authors":"G. Canale, P. Weaver, F. Rubino, A. Maligno, R. Citarella","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010138","url":null,"abstract":"Composite materials are widely used in the aerospace, marine and automotive industries. One of their main advantages is that their stacking sequence can be tailored to maximise/minimise a specific structural performance. Efficient and non-computational-expensive algorithms are always needed to find the optimum stacking sequence of a composite laminate whose thickness is either to be minimised or may be kept constant (i.e.the thickness and the plies orientation percentages are pre-determined; the problem of the optimisation is therefore permutational).A modified branch and bound algorithm is proposed here and used to determine the stacking sequence for single and multi-objective optimisation problems. Laminate thickness and orientation percentages are either variables or determined a priori (the optimisation problem is therefore permutational). Computational time is drastically reduced when compared with other meta-heuristic techniques.The proposed method is a branch and bound algorithm, modified from the original work proposed by Kim and Hwang [10]. The main novelty is the starting point of the optimisation sequence: a laminate formed by “Ideal” layers, described in this paper.The modified branch and bound has been first tested with a laminate having fixed thickness and a fixed percentage of layer orientation. Three different problems have been investigated: maximisation of natural frequencies, minimisation of tip deflection and maximisation of buckling critical load. The algorithm has been also tested, secondly, for a problem of weight minimisation subjected to buckling and strength constraints.The MBB has been shown to give good fidelity and significant computational advantages compared with a GA. Despite the simplicity of the structures in the numerical examples, it is anticipated that the MBB can be used to determine lay-ups in multi-part structures. The method was used to determine stacking sequences for several problems. The modified branch and bound method was shown to determine good laminate designs and offer significant efficiency savings.A “Good Design” is here defined as a solution producing “Near Global Optima” fitness values by minimising the computational effort. It was shown that for a single objective without ply competition, global optima were obtained.","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132353144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010124
Avijit Mallik, Arman Arefin
Received: November 20, 2017 Revised: April 26, 2018 Accepted: April 27, 2018 Abstract: Background: Auto rickshaws are compact, three-wheeled vehicles which are normally used altogether in numerous Asian nations (i.e. China, Japan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and so forth) for transportation of people and products. The vehicles are little and have simple transportability in occupied Asian cities. In Bangladesh, auto rickshaws/simple bicycles regularly offer their taxi services, as they are fantastically reasonable to work. Simultaneously, these three-wheelers running on fuel cause extreme air-pollution and create impressive measures of greenhouse gasses (i.e. Carbon dioxide).
{"title":"Micro Hybridized Auto-rickshaw for Bangladesh: A Solution to Green Energy Vehicle","authors":"Avijit Mallik, Arman Arefin","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010124","url":null,"abstract":"Received: November 20, 2017 Revised: April 26, 2018 Accepted: April 27, 2018 Abstract: Background: Auto rickshaws are compact, three-wheeled vehicles which are normally used altogether in numerous Asian nations (i.e. China, Japan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and so forth) for transportation of people and products. The vehicles are little and have simple transportability in occupied Asian cities. In Bangladesh, auto rickshaws/simple bicycles regularly offer their taxi services, as they are fantastically reasonable to work. Simultaneously, these three-wheelers running on fuel cause extreme air-pollution and create impressive measures of greenhouse gasses (i.e. Carbon dioxide).","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126032722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-30DOI: 10.2174/1874155X01812010108
Alexander Bernstein, R. Rand, R. Meller
RESEARCH ARTICLE The Dynamics of One Way Coupling in a System of Nonlinear Mathieu Equations Alexander Bernstein, Richard Rand and Robert Meller Center for Applied Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Dept. of Mathematics and Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Cornell Lab for Accelerator-based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
{"title":"The Dynamics of One Way Coupling in a System of Nonlinear Mathieu Equations","authors":"Alexander Bernstein, R. Rand, R. Meller","doi":"10.2174/1874155X01812010108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874155X01812010108","url":null,"abstract":"RESEARCH ARTICLE The Dynamics of One Way Coupling in a System of Nonlinear Mathieu Equations Alexander Bernstein, Richard Rand and Robert Meller Center for Applied Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Dept. of Mathematics and Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Cornell Lab for Accelerator-based Sciences and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA","PeriodicalId":267392,"journal":{"name":"The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116984310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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