Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477482
Folarin Olulana
This paper proposes a coexistence mechanism applicable to Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) networks based on Frequency Hopping with Collision Avoidance (FH/CA). FH/CA is a frequency hopping mechanism where stations choose the least congested channel using performance indicators like Packet Error Rate (PER), Link Quality Indicator (LQI) and Bit Error Rate (BER) before choosing the next channel in the hop sequence. This paper provides a brief overview of WAIC, relevant interference categories, and an analytical model of the proposed frequency hopping model. The mathematical model shows that FH/CA has significant advantages over other FH systems making it attractive for adoption in WAIC applications to manage WAIC-to-WAIC interference.
{"title":"Coexistence of Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications Networks Based on Frequency Hopping with Collision Avoidance","authors":"Folarin Olulana","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477482","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a coexistence mechanism applicable to Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) networks based on Frequency Hopping with Collision Avoidance (FH/CA). FH/CA is a frequency hopping mechanism where stations choose the least congested channel using performance indicators like Packet Error Rate (PER), Link Quality Indicator (LQI) and Bit Error Rate (BER) before choosing the next channel in the hop sequence. This paper provides a brief overview of WAIC, relevant interference categories, and an analytical model of the proposed frequency hopping model. The mathematical model shows that FH/CA has significant advantages over other FH systems making it attractive for adoption in WAIC applications to manage WAIC-to-WAIC interference.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134114947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477571
O. Yeshchenko, S. O. Polomarev, S. Malynych, Yuriy Galabura, I. Luzinov, G. Chumanov
In this paper we report on changes in the extinction spectra of a nanocomposite consisting of Ag nanoparticles arranged in 2D array and embedded into poly(glycidyl methacrylate) host matrix. Two collective surface plasmon modes denoted as P and T were identified in the spectrum. They associated with electric dipoles perpendicular and parallel to the plane of the array respectively. It was found experimentally that intensity and bandwidth of corresponding bands decrease when the nanocomposite is exposed to chloroform vapor. At the same time, both plasmon bands shift toward shorter wavelength. Those dependences can be explained by weakening of the electrodynamic coupling between LSPR in neighboring nanoparticles due to the increase of the distance between particles caused by swelling of the polymer matrix. The spectral changes are fully reversible. It was found that sensitivity of the nanocomposite sensor to chloroform vapor is 0.02 nm/ppm with the response time $t-25 text{s}$.
{"title":"Polymer/Ag Nanoparticles Composite for Chloroform Detection","authors":"O. Yeshchenko, S. O. Polomarev, S. Malynych, Yuriy Galabura, I. Luzinov, G. Chumanov","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477571","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we report on changes in the extinction spectra of a nanocomposite consisting of Ag nanoparticles arranged in 2D array and embedded into poly(glycidyl methacrylate) host matrix. Two collective surface plasmon modes denoted as P and T were identified in the spectrum. They associated with electric dipoles perpendicular and parallel to the plane of the array respectively. It was found experimentally that intensity and bandwidth of corresponding bands decrease when the nanocomposite is exposed to chloroform vapor. At the same time, both plasmon bands shift toward shorter wavelength. Those dependences can be explained by weakening of the electrodynamic coupling between LSPR in neighboring nanoparticles due to the increase of the distance between particles caused by swelling of the polymer matrix. The spectral changes are fully reversible. It was found that sensitivity of the nanocomposite sensor to chloroform vapor is 0.02 nm/ppm with the response time $t-25 text{s}$.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122322324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477462
A. Romanov, I. Romanova, A. Y. Glukhikh
In this article, the feasibility of realization of optimal circulant topologies in networks-on-chip was researched. The software for automating the synthesis of circulant topologies of various dimensions and of any number of generatrices is presented. The implemented methods to speed up the synthesis process, based on the properties of circulants, as well as improving the algorithm for calculation of the distance between nodes and caching the adjacency matrix to achieve an acceptable search speed, are proposed. The efficiency and correctness of the proposed algorithm were verified. The proposed algorithm and methods allow designing networks-on-chip with improved characteristics of diameter, average distance between nodes, edges count, and, as a result, reducing the area, occupied by network-on-chip, and other characteristics, in comparison with analogues based on other widespread regular topologies.
{"title":"Development of a Universal Adaptive Fast Algorithm for the Synthesis of Circulant Topologies for Networks-on-Chip Implementations","authors":"A. Romanov, I. Romanova, A. Y. Glukhikh","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477462","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the feasibility of realization of optimal circulant topologies in networks-on-chip was researched. The software for automating the synthesis of circulant topologies of various dimensions and of any number of generatrices is presented. The implemented methods to speed up the synthesis process, based on the properties of circulants, as well as improving the algorithm for calculation of the distance between nodes and caching the adjacency matrix to achieve an acceptable search speed, are proposed. The efficiency and correctness of the proposed algorithm were verified. The proposed algorithm and methods allow designing networks-on-chip with improved characteristics of diameter, average distance between nodes, edges count, and, as a result, reducing the area, occupied by network-on-chip, and other characteristics, in comparison with analogues based on other widespread regular topologies.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117311008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477438
S. P. Pimentel, O. Husev, S. Stepenko, D. Vinnikov, C. Roncero‐Clemente, Elena Makovenko
This paper proposes a control tuning method to regulate the average dc-link voltage from a symmetrical quasi-Z-source (qZS) topology connected to a single-phase three-level (3L) neutral-point-clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter. A case study of a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system and its control methods are analyzed. An ac small-signal model from a 3L qZS topology was proposed and applied for selecting a suitable operational point of a feedback control system based on initial design requirements and analytical equations. The proposed method does not directly adjust the shoot-through duty cycle that could be determined by an external MPPT algorithm. It is based on the power flow control between grid-utility and PV array. Simulation results obtained from a PSCAD/EMTDC model to different controller settings are discussed. Considering its simplicity, the proposed voltage control tuning method for a single-phase 3L qZS-based NPC inverter PV grid-connected systems could be extended to other topologies (like three-phase applications).
{"title":"Voltage Control Tuning of a Single-Phase Grid-Connected 3L qZS-Based Inverter for PV Application","authors":"S. P. Pimentel, O. Husev, S. Stepenko, D. Vinnikov, C. Roncero‐Clemente, Elena Makovenko","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477438","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a control tuning method to regulate the average dc-link voltage from a symmetrical quasi-Z-source (qZS) topology connected to a single-phase three-level (3L) neutral-point-clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter. A case study of a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system and its control methods are analyzed. An ac small-signal model from a 3L qZS topology was proposed and applied for selecting a suitable operational point of a feedback control system based on initial design requirements and analytical equations. The proposed method does not directly adjust the shoot-through duty cycle that could be determined by an external MPPT algorithm. It is based on the power flow control between grid-utility and PV array. Simulation results obtained from a PSCAD/EMTDC model to different controller settings are discussed. Considering its simplicity, the proposed voltage control tuning method for a single-phase 3L qZS-based NPC inverter PV grid-connected systems could be extended to other topologies (like three-phase applications).","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129241424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477498
V. Chumakov, A. Taranchuk, V. Stetsiuk, V. Michan
The technology of bactericidal and sterilizing processing of Koch's Bacillus on the basis of pulsed electromagnetic ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been proposed. This technology is based on the pulse method of bactericidal processing of objects with low-temperature plasma using pulse sterilizer developed by the authors. The mathematical model of generating broadband pulsed radiation by the source of powerful optical radiation, based on the technique of charged particles accelerator, has been developed. The structure of the electromagnetic radiation source of the high-intensity optical range has been presented. The research of the bactericidal effect of pulsed UV radiation on Koch's bacillus has been conducted.
{"title":"A New Technology of Bactericidal Processing of Koch's Bacillus on the Basis of Pulsed Electromagnetic Radiation","authors":"V. Chumakov, A. Taranchuk, V. Stetsiuk, V. Michan","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477498","url":null,"abstract":"The technology of bactericidal and sterilizing processing of Koch's Bacillus on the basis of pulsed electromagnetic ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been proposed. This technology is based on the pulse method of bactericidal processing of objects with low-temperature plasma using pulse sterilizer developed by the authors. The mathematical model of generating broadband pulsed radiation by the source of powerful optical radiation, based on the technique of charged particles accelerator, has been developed. The structure of the electromagnetic radiation source of the high-intensity optical range has been presented. The research of the bactericidal effect of pulsed UV radiation on Koch's bacillus has been conducted.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131927351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477533
Y. Sokol, V. Zamaruiev, V. Ivakhno, B. Styslo
The pulsating mode of the power consumption in the railroad power supply network is the cause of the occurrence of voltage pulsations in the contact network. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the energy system. To compensate power fluctuations in the electric power supply network of the railway, it is proposed to use hybrid electric energy storage devices. The use of two-channel additional traction power station with an appropriate control system was proposed. The basis of the mathematical model is the data of real measurements.
{"title":"Improving the Quality of Electrical Energy in the Railway Power Supply System","authors":"Y. Sokol, V. Zamaruiev, V. Ivakhno, B. Styslo","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477533","url":null,"abstract":"The pulsating mode of the power consumption in the railroad power supply network is the cause of the occurrence of voltage pulsations in the contact network. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the energy system. To compensate power fluctuations in the electric power supply network of the railway, it is proposed to use hybrid electric energy storage devices. The use of two-channel additional traction power station with an appropriate control system was proposed. The basis of the mathematical model is the data of real measurements.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116073973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477519
O. Bauzha, I.V. Gavrylchenko, S. Zagorodnyuk
The theoretical calculations of dependences of energy levels and absorption spectra of electrons in the quantum ring by a quasi-parabolic shape on the applied external magnetic field were carried out. The influence of spin-orbit interaction was taken into account in these calculations. Spin-orbit interaction leads to appearance of change in the dependence of absorption frequency of quantum rings on applied magnetic field.
{"title":"Influence of Spin-Orbit Interaction on the Magneto-Optical Spectra of InSb Quantum Rings","authors":"O. Bauzha, I.V. Gavrylchenko, S. Zagorodnyuk","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477519","url":null,"abstract":"The theoretical calculations of dependences of energy levels and absorption spectra of electrons in the quantum ring by a quasi-parabolic shape on the applied external magnetic field were carried out. The influence of spin-orbit interaction was taken into account in these calculations. Spin-orbit interaction leads to appearance of change in the dependence of absorption frequency of quantum rings on applied magnetic field.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123535923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477501
A. Druzhinin, Y. Khoverko, I. Ostrovskii, N. Liakh-Kaguy
Temperature dependencies of the n-type conductivity Bi2Se3 whiskers doped with palladium Pd dopant to the concentration of $(1div 2)times 10^{19}text{cm}^{-3}$ which correspond to the metal side of the metal-insulator transition (MIT) were studied at low temperatures down to 1.5 K. The sharp drop was revealed on the temperature dependencies of the whiskers resistance at temperature of 5.3 K. The contribution of some effects as an electron localization, Kondo effect and the superconductivity were observed in the temperature range $1.5div 77text{K}$. The magnetoresistance in the n-type conductivity Bi2Se3 whiskers doped with different Pd concentration were measured in the magnetic field $0div 10text{T}$ and the same temperature range. The weak antilocalization model was considered as result of the magnetoconductance studies due to surface spin-orbit interaction in the n-type conductivity Bi2Se3 whiskers.
{"title":"Weak Antilocalization Model of N-Type Bi2Se3 Whiskers","authors":"A. Druzhinin, Y. Khoverko, I. Ostrovskii, N. Liakh-Kaguy","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477501","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature dependencies of the n-type conductivity Bi2Se3 whiskers doped with palladium Pd dopant to the concentration of $(1div 2)times 10^{19}text{cm}^{-3}$ which correspond to the metal side of the metal-insulator transition (MIT) were studied at low temperatures down to 1.5 K. The sharp drop was revealed on the temperature dependencies of the whiskers resistance at temperature of 5.3 K. The contribution of some effects as an electron localization, Kondo effect and the superconductivity were observed in the temperature range $1.5div 77text{K}$. The magnetoresistance in the n-type conductivity Bi2Se3 whiskers doped with different Pd concentration were measured in the magnetic field $0div 10text{T}$ and the same temperature range. The weak antilocalization model was considered as result of the magnetoconductance studies due to surface spin-orbit interaction in the n-type conductivity Bi2Se3 whiskers.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117084142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477569
V. Melikyan, A. Mkhitaryan, A. Hayrapetyan, Zaven M. Avetisyan, Artur A. Petrosyan, Shavarsh V. Melikyan
This paper proposes a method of voltage overshoot correction during the load switching-off in the integrated circuits (ICs) where the negative feedback voltage regulators are used. Method uses fictive dynamic load to compensate the fast switching-off process of the actual load. The effect occurs in all regulators where the settling time of voltage regulators is larger compared with the switching time of the actual load. The proposed method gives a chance to the negative feedback regulator to keep the output voltage within a safe range and keep the thin gate low voltage transistors in safe operating mode.
{"title":"High Overshoot Correction Method in Voltage Regulators","authors":"V. Melikyan, A. Mkhitaryan, A. Hayrapetyan, Zaven M. Avetisyan, Artur A. Petrosyan, Shavarsh V. Melikyan","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477569","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a method of voltage overshoot correction during the load switching-off in the integrated circuits (ICs) where the negative feedback voltage regulators are used. Method uses fictive dynamic load to compensate the fast switching-off process of the actual load. The effect occurs in all regulators where the settling time of voltage regulators is larger compared with the switching time of the actual load. The proposed method gives a chance to the negative feedback regulator to keep the output voltage within a safe range and keep the thin gate low voltage transistors in safe operating mode.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114138335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477490
V. Skryshevsky, Oleksandr Kostiukcvych, I. Ivanov
The measurements of capacitance-voltage characteristics and capacitance kinetics were applied for investigation of physical principle of sensor response in the ITO – nanostructured titanium dioxide heterojunction. The studies were fulfilled for ethanol, acetone and water vapor under various frequencies of probing signal. It was shown that processes of surface states recharging are making the most significant contribution to the total capacitance of the studied heterojunction and playing a major role in forming of sensor response to the molecules of the used analytes.
{"title":"ITO-Nano-Titania Gas Sensors at Adsorption of Ethanol, Acetone and Water Molecules","authors":"V. Skryshevsky, Oleksandr Kostiukcvych, I. Ivanov","doi":"10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477490","url":null,"abstract":"The measurements of capacitance-voltage characteristics and capacitance kinetics were applied for investigation of physical principle of sensor response in the ITO – nanostructured titanium dioxide heterojunction. The studies were fulfilled for ethanol, acetone and water vapor under various frequencies of probing signal. It was shown that processes of surface states recharging are making the most significant contribution to the total capacitance of the studied heterojunction and playing a major role in forming of sensor response to the molecules of the used analytes.","PeriodicalId":269665,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO)","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116630758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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