Pub Date : 2016-01-18DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000215
Zhiburt Eb, Madzaev
The statistics on HIV in Russia in 2013 were studied and compared with the blood service data. It was found that among different contingents the minimum detection rate of HIV infection has been registered among blood donors. Maximum detection rate of HIV among men, who have sex with men, actualizes the need for a ban on their participation in blood donation. The detection rate of HIV among donors, as well as the ratio of detection of HIV among donors and other categories surveyed indicate a lack of efficiency of formation of donor contingent of supporters of a healthy lifestyle. A direct positive correlation of HIV was detected in blood donors and region population, the volume of blood processing, as well as all volumes of blood wastage due to markers of blood borne infections except the volume due to HBs-antigen.
{"title":"HIV Infection Among Potential Blood Donors","authors":"Zhiburt Eb, Madzaev","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000215","url":null,"abstract":"The statistics on HIV in Russia in 2013 were studied and compared with the blood service data. It was found that among different contingents the minimum detection rate of HIV infection has been registered among blood donors. Maximum detection rate of HIV among men, who have sex with men, actualizes the need for a ban on their participation in blood donation. The detection rate of HIV among donors, as well as the ratio of detection of HIV among donors and other categories surveyed indicate a lack of efficiency of formation of donor contingent of supporters of a healthy lifestyle. A direct positive correlation of HIV was detected in blood donors and region population, the volume of blood processing, as well as all volumes of blood wastage due to markers of blood borne infections except the volume due to HBs-antigen.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130764856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-11DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000214
R. Kaur, M. Dhakad, Ritu Goyal, P. Bhalla, R. Dewan
Background and Objectives: Switch of cytokines from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 is an important factor in the progression of HIV infection to AIDS. Hence, our objectives were to analyze the levels of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines and their correlation with clinical and immunological profiles in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: We studied 234 symptomatic HIV positive patients (case group) attending OPDs, ART clinic and medical wards of the Hospital. CD4+T-cell count was determined by flow cytometry using Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter Count system. Quantitative determination of cytokines (Th1 subtype: IL-2, IFN-γ and Th2 subtype: IL-4, IL-10) was done by ELISA. Results: Patients (08-68 years) had CD4+T-cell counts ranged from 16-1033 cells/μl. The median CD4+T cell count was 204.50 cells/μl and the mean was 265.48 cells/μl. The concentration of IL-2 and IFN-γ were significantly lower in case group compared to asymptomatic HIV patients (P<0.001) while the IL-4 in symptomatic HIV negative was higher than healthy controls and case group compared to asymptomatic HIV patients. Concentration of IL-10 was also higher in case group compared to asymptomatic HIV patients. A positive correlation was found between IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2 with CD4+T-cells and a negative correlation between IL-10 and CD4+T-cells among the case group. Conclusions: Hence a decline in type-1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2) and rise in type-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) was observed in symptomatic patients with HIV infection in comparison to asymptomatic HIV patients suggesting a shift from Th1 to Th2 type cytokine response.
{"title":"Study of TH1/TH2 Cytokine Profiles in HIV/AIDS Patients in a TertiaryCare Hospital in India","authors":"R. Kaur, M. Dhakad, Ritu Goyal, P. Bhalla, R. Dewan","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000214","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Switch of cytokines from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 is an important factor in the progression of HIV infection to AIDS. Hence, our objectives were to analyze the levels of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines and their correlation with clinical and immunological profiles in HIV/AIDS patients. \u0000Methods: We studied 234 symptomatic HIV positive patients (case group) attending OPDs, ART clinic and medical wards of the Hospital. CD4+T-cell count was determined by flow cytometry using Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter Count system. Quantitative determination of cytokines (Th1 subtype: IL-2, IFN-γ and Th2 subtype: IL-4, IL-10) was done by ELISA. \u0000Results: Patients (08-68 years) had CD4+T-cell counts ranged from 16-1033 cells/μl. The median CD4+T cell count was 204.50 cells/μl and the mean was 265.48 cells/μl. The concentration of IL-2 and IFN-γ were significantly lower in case group compared to asymptomatic HIV patients (P<0.001) while the IL-4 in symptomatic HIV negative was higher than healthy controls and case group compared to asymptomatic HIV patients. Concentration of IL-10 was also higher in case group compared to asymptomatic HIV patients. A positive correlation was found between IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2 with CD4+T-cells and a negative correlation between IL-10 and CD4+T-cells among the case group. \u0000Conclusions: Hence a decline in type-1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2) and rise in type-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) was observed in symptomatic patients with HIV infection in comparison to asymptomatic HIV patients suggesting a shift from Th1 to Th2 type cytokine response.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"37 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132827609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-23DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000208
Y. Bano, Sajad Ahmad Lone
Brucellosis is one of the world’s major zoonosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. The world’s most widespread zoonosis affects cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals, leading to abortion, infertility, and low milk yields. Humans acquire brucellosis from direct contact with livestock or from drinking unpasteurized milk. Brucella spp. are considered as the most common laboratory-acquired pathogens. Several serological tests have been widely used for diagnosis of Brucella such are Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), Standard tube agglutination test (STAT), complement fixation test (CFT), enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Besides these, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based identification and typing, fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) are also important diagnostic tools. The worldwide economic losses due to brucellosis are extensive. Although a number of successful vaccines are being used for immunization of animals still no satisfactory vaccine against human brucellosis is available. This review shows world literature and its impact to the history, epidemiology, virulence, diagnosis along with the control measures adopted in all over the world scenario including Indian.
{"title":"Brucellosis: An Economically Important Infection","authors":"Y. Bano, Sajad Ahmad Lone","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000208","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is one of the world’s major zoonosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. The world’s most widespread zoonosis affects cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals, leading to abortion, infertility, and low milk yields. Humans acquire brucellosis from direct contact with livestock or from drinking unpasteurized milk. Brucella spp. are considered as the most common laboratory-acquired pathogens. Several serological tests have been widely used for diagnosis of Brucella such are Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), Standard tube agglutination test (STAT), complement fixation test (CFT), enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Besides these, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based identification and typing, fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) are also important diagnostic tools. The worldwide economic losses due to brucellosis are extensive. Although a number of successful vaccines are being used for immunization of animals still no satisfactory vaccine against human brucellosis is available. This review shows world literature and its impact to the history, epidemiology, virulence, diagnosis along with the control measures adopted in all over the world scenario including Indian.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132037538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-13DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000205
H. Bankolé, V. Dougnon, G. Hounmanou, Antoine Sintondji, A. Aminou, M. D. Souza, M. Boko, L. Baba-Moussa
Introduction: Laboratory associated infections are serious occupational hazards for laboratory workers who are exposed through various routes. The present study aimed to compare the bacteriological risks encountered at diagnostic laboratories in public and private hospitals in Southern Benin. Methodology: A scorecard of laboratory practices was developed based on WHO laboratory inspection checklist. The private laboratory was split into two sections B1 and B2 and the public in C1 to C5. A total of 125 swabs from hand, cell phones, work surfaces and door knobs were collected from all laboratories and submitted to bacteriological analyses. Results: Apart from some sections of the public laboratories where poor sanitation was noticed, the overall hygiene level are satisfactory in both hospitals even though the private laboratories were significantly safer (p<0.05) than the public ones (68.55% and 55.81% respectively). Bacteriological investigations showed that mobile phones were the most contaminated items in the private labs while work surfaces harboured more germs in the public laboratories. Although private laboratories were contaminated by over 11 bacteria species against 5 from the public labs, coagulase negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent isolated organisms from both hospitals. All the isolated bacteria form public and private laboratories were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: Though the hygiene level in the private labs was better than in public labs, the risk of lobaratory associated infections is rampant in both areas with respect to isolated organisms. Serious safety instructions and monitoring must be set to avoid worse situations.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Infectious Risks in Diagnostic Laboratories between Public and Private Hospitals in Benin","authors":"H. Bankolé, V. Dougnon, G. Hounmanou, Antoine Sintondji, A. Aminou, M. D. Souza, M. Boko, L. Baba-Moussa","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000205","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Laboratory associated infections are serious occupational hazards for laboratory workers who are exposed through various routes. The present study aimed to compare the bacteriological risks encountered at diagnostic laboratories in public and private hospitals in Southern Benin. Methodology: A scorecard of laboratory practices was developed based on WHO laboratory inspection checklist. The private laboratory was split into two sections B1 and B2 and the public in C1 to C5. A total of 125 swabs from hand, cell phones, work surfaces and door knobs were collected from all laboratories and submitted to bacteriological analyses. Results: Apart from some sections of the public laboratories where poor sanitation was noticed, the overall hygiene level are satisfactory in both hospitals even though the private laboratories were significantly safer (p<0.05) than the public ones (68.55% and 55.81% respectively). Bacteriological investigations showed that mobile phones were the most contaminated items in the private labs while work surfaces harboured more germs in the public laboratories. Although private laboratories were contaminated by over 11 bacteria species against 5 from the public labs, coagulase negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent isolated organisms from both hospitals. All the isolated bacteria form public and private laboratories were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: Though the hygiene level in the private labs was better than in public labs, the risk of lobaratory associated infections is rampant in both areas with respect to isolated organisms. Serious safety instructions and monitoring must be set to avoid worse situations.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114314565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-04DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000209
S. Negi, Barde Pv, R. Pathak, U. Gaikwad, P. Das, A. Bhargav
Study Background: An unprecedented outbreak of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis erupted in Raipur between April-June, 2014 claiming lives of 23 persons including 8 pregnant women. It was investigated by serological, biochemical and molecular methods to reveal its etiological agent, prevalence and genotype responsible for the outbreak. Methods: A total of one hundred six (106) blood samples from equal number of suspected cases of acute hepatitis cases presented in AIIMS Raipur for treatment were investigated for Anti-HEV IgM, Anti-HAV IgM, LFT, RT-PCR and sequencing. Results: Serological analysis incriminated HEV as the chief causative agent of this outbreak with attack rate of 68.8% followed by HAV (9.4%) while dual infection was noted in 2 cases (1.8%). Mortality rate of 2.87 per 10,000 population and incidence rate of 1.7% were recorded. In comparison to children and elderly cases, adults age group were more affected with men had higher attack rate than women and children (p<0.01). 98% cases had moderate to severely deranged LFT level. nRT-PCR and sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of HEV genotype 1a. Conclusion: Contamination of municipal water pipelines by sewage drain had triggered this outbreak caused predominantly by HEV genotype 1a with few HAV cases. This warranted the health and municipal authorities to change the defaulted water pipeline and segregate it from sewage drain resulting in progressive decline of this ill feted outbreak.
{"title":"An Outbreak of Hepatitis E Virus in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India in 2014: A Conventional and Genetic Analysis","authors":"S. Negi, Barde Pv, R. Pathak, U. Gaikwad, P. Das, A. Bhargav","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000209","url":null,"abstract":"Study Background: An unprecedented outbreak of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis erupted in Raipur between April-June, 2014 claiming lives of 23 persons including 8 pregnant women. It was investigated by serological, biochemical and molecular methods to reveal its etiological agent, prevalence and genotype responsible for the outbreak. Methods: A total of one hundred six (106) blood samples from equal number of suspected cases of acute hepatitis cases presented in AIIMS Raipur for treatment were investigated for Anti-HEV IgM, Anti-HAV IgM, LFT, RT-PCR and sequencing. Results: Serological analysis incriminated HEV as the chief causative agent of this outbreak with attack rate of 68.8% followed by HAV (9.4%) while dual infection was noted in 2 cases (1.8%). Mortality rate of 2.87 per 10,000 population and incidence rate of 1.7% were recorded. In comparison to children and elderly cases, adults age group were more affected with men had higher attack rate than women and children (p<0.01). 98% cases had moderate to severely deranged LFT level. nRT-PCR and sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of HEV genotype 1a. Conclusion: Contamination of municipal water pipelines by sewage drain had triggered this outbreak caused predominantly by HEV genotype 1a with few HAV cases. This warranted the health and municipal authorities to change the defaulted water pipeline and segregate it from sewage drain resulting in progressive decline of this ill feted outbreak.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116244329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-20DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000207
Hylemariam Mihiretie, Kassu Desta
The consumption of fruits and fruit juices could have both positive and negative effect on the part of consumers. Fruits and fruit juices processed under hygienic condition could play important role in enhancing consumersâ health through inhibition of breast cancer, congestive heart failure (CHF), and urinary tract infection. In absence of good manufacturing practice; however, the nutritional richness of fruits and fruit juices makes the product good medium for microbial growth, vehicle of foodborne pathogens and associated complications. Although scanty on Ethiopian side, some countries of the world have set standards for the maximum permissible level of microbes in fruits, fruit juices and related products. The quality of fruits and juices is strictly maintained in developed countries under some law and regulation but in many developing countries where Ethiopia is not an exception; the manufacturer is not concerned about the microbiological safety and hygiene of fruits and juices because of negligence of law.
{"title":"Microbiological Criteria and Quality of Fruits and Fruit Juices in Ethiopiaand International Experience","authors":"Hylemariam Mihiretie, Kassu Desta","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000207","url":null,"abstract":"The consumption of fruits and fruit juices could have both positive and negative effect on the part of consumers. Fruits and fruit juices processed under hygienic condition could play important role in enhancing consumersâ health through inhibition of breast cancer, congestive heart failure (CHF), and urinary tract infection. In absence of good manufacturing practice; however, the nutritional richness of fruits and fruit juices makes the product good medium for microbial growth, vehicle of foodborne pathogens and associated complications. Although scanty on Ethiopian side, some countries of the world have set standards for the maximum permissible level of microbes in fruits, fruit juices and related products. The quality of fruits and juices is strictly maintained in developed countries under some law and regulation but in many developing countries where Ethiopia is not an exception; the manufacturer is not concerned about the microbiological safety and hygiene of fruits and juices because of negligence of law.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128933254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-19DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000203
R. Sullivan, D. Schaus, Michael A. John, J. Delport
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases are enzymes that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring of Beta-lactam antibiotics rendering the organism resistant. ESBL prevalence is still increasing across the globe and have been implicated in hospital acquired infections and complicated urinary tract infections in Canada. TEM, SHV and CTX-M are becoming more common with CTX-M becoming more of importance as it is associated with complicated urinary tract infections. A variety of detection methods can be used including phenotypical methods, molecular methods and automated methods. Several automated instruments are commercially available to detect phenotypic resistance, recently the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute has altered their breakpoints negating the necessity to perform confirmatory tests. Unfortunately not all of the commercial panels have the ability to detect lower breakpoints. Due to the importance of ESBL producing organisms in both hospital and community acquired infections, the associated increase in cost treating this infections and expanding spread across the globe, there is a need for further research into these enzymes.
{"title":"Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamases: A Minireview of Clinical Relevant Groups","authors":"R. Sullivan, D. Schaus, Michael A. John, J. Delport","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000203","url":null,"abstract":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamases are enzymes that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring of Beta-lactam antibiotics rendering the organism resistant. ESBL prevalence is still increasing across the globe and have been implicated in hospital acquired infections and complicated urinary tract infections in Canada. TEM, SHV and CTX-M are becoming more common with CTX-M becoming more of importance as it is associated with complicated urinary tract infections. A variety of detection methods can be used including phenotypical methods, molecular methods and automated methods. Several automated instruments are commercially available to detect phenotypic resistance, recently the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute has altered their breakpoints negating the necessity to perform confirmatory tests. Unfortunately not all of the commercial panels have the ability to detect lower breakpoints. Due to the importance of ESBL producing organisms in both hospital and community acquired infections, the associated increase in cost treating this infections and expanding spread across the globe, there is a need for further research into these enzymes.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130398384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-19DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000201
Charles Sailey, J. Neary, Angie Rounsavall, G. Woods
Background: Pediatric Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been steadily rising over the past decade and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Rapid and accurate diagnostic testing is important in medical management. Due to the low sensitivity of enzyme immunoassays, and the complexity of culture based methods, many labs are utilizing newer molecular techniques for direct detection of nucleic acid in stool. Methods: 59 prospective stool specimens from 57 pediatric patients (aged 4 months to 19 years) with suspected CDI were tested over a 4 month period. Three FDA-cleared molecular platforms, Meridian Illumigene, Nanosphere Verigene, and Quidel AmpliVue, were compared. All samples had a consistency rating (CR) from 1 - 5 (watery - solid) assigned and were refrigerated prior to testing. Those with a CR=5 were excluded. Six positive specimens were frozen for 3 months then retested, and two of those were serially frozen, thawed, and retested 5 more times over 5 months. Results: All 3 platforms agreed for 55 (93%) specimens. There were 17 positive and 38 negative results. Five positive specimens were called BI/NAP1/027 by Verigene. Of the 4 discrepant results, 3 (2 CR=3, 1 CR=2) were invalid by Illumigene and negative by the other platforms. One sample (CR=4) was Verigene indeterminate, Illumigene positive, and AmpliVue negative. All frozen specimens gave correct results on all platforms. Conclusions: These data suggest that each platform offers a viable solution for rapid diagnosis of CDI in children. Additionally, long term frozen samples can be tested reliably.
{"title":"Comparison of Illumigene, Verigene, and Amplivue for Rapid Molecular Detection of Clostridium difficile in Pediatric Stool Specimens","authors":"Charles Sailey, J. Neary, Angie Rounsavall, G. Woods","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000201","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pediatric Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been steadily rising over the past decade and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Rapid and accurate diagnostic testing is important in medical management. Due to the low sensitivity of enzyme immunoassays, and the complexity of culture based methods, many labs are utilizing newer molecular techniques for direct detection of nucleic acid in stool. Methods: 59 prospective stool specimens from 57 pediatric patients (aged 4 months to 19 years) with suspected CDI were tested over a 4 month period. Three FDA-cleared molecular platforms, Meridian Illumigene, Nanosphere Verigene, and Quidel AmpliVue, were compared. All samples had a consistency rating (CR) from 1 - 5 (watery - solid) assigned and were refrigerated prior to testing. Those with a CR=5 were excluded. Six positive specimens were frozen for 3 months then retested, and two of those were serially frozen, thawed, and retested 5 more times over 5 months. Results: All 3 platforms agreed for 55 (93%) specimens. There were 17 positive and 38 negative results. Five positive specimens were called BI/NAP1/027 by Verigene. Of the 4 discrepant results, 3 (2 CR=3, 1 CR=2) were invalid by Illumigene and negative by the other platforms. One sample (CR=4) was Verigene indeterminate, Illumigene positive, and AmpliVue negative. All frozen specimens gave correct results on all platforms. Conclusions: These data suggest that each platform offers a viable solution for rapid diagnosis of CDI in children. Additionally, long term frozen samples can be tested reliably.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123698417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-18DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.1000198
T. Sini, Zhakom Ponfa Nden, Jonah Clement Livinus, Kumbish Peterside Rinle, Okewole Philip Ademola, Ahmed Mohammed Sani
Rabies is a fatal disease of mammals, including man, caused by rabies virus. It is usually transmitted via saliva of infected animals, especially dogs. Human exposure to dog rabies occurred on January 1, 2015 involving a 60 year old woman who received first aid treatment and post exposure prophylaxis, but survived exposure to the deadly virus without immunoglobulin.
{"title":"Human Exposure to Dog Rabies in Rural Africa","authors":"T. Sini, Zhakom Ponfa Nden, Jonah Clement Livinus, Kumbish Peterside Rinle, Okewole Philip Ademola, Ahmed Mohammed Sani","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000198","url":null,"abstract":"Rabies is a fatal disease of mammals, including man, caused by rabies virus. It is usually transmitted via saliva of infected animals, especially dogs. Human exposure to dog rabies occurred on January 1, 2015 involving a 60 year old woman who received first aid treatment and post exposure prophylaxis, but survived exposure to the deadly virus without immunoglobulin.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"73 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130768293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2161-0703.S5-005
R. Monno, L. Fumarola, Carmen Capolongo, C. Calia, C. Pazzani, E. Ierardi, G. Miragliotta
Background: H. pylori antibiotic resistance is an important factor in the treatment failure, therefore is important to know the local pattern of this resistance. Material and Methods: A total of 111 patients were studied. Ninety- one H. pylori strains isolated from patients, including 12 from children, having previous repeated treatment failure and 20 strains were isolated from naive patients, were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility including those to tigecycline, was determinated by E-Test. Results: In treated adult and children patients the resistance rates were respectively 81% and 91.6% for clarithromycin; 27.8% and 41% for amoxicillin; 67.1% and 16.7% for metronidazole; 38% and 8.3% for levofloxacin; 5.1% and 0% for tetracycline. Primary resistance, in naive adult patients was 50% for clarithromycin, 10% for amoxicillin, 20% for metronidazole, 30% for levofloxacin and 0% for tetracycline. Tigecycline has shown good activity, in vitro, against H. pylori (MIC90 = 0.064 mg/L). Conclusion: The resistance rates found in H. pylori, in our area, are very high both in naive and treated patients. Few papers have reported the tigecycline susceptibility in H. pylori. The good activity and the lack of resistance to tigecycline found in our study, may consider this antibiotic a “rescue” therapy, saving the use of other antibiotics such as rifabutin, a drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to Antibiotics Including Tigecycline","authors":"R. Monno, L. Fumarola, Carmen Capolongo, C. Calia, C. Pazzani, E. Ierardi, G. Miragliotta","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.S5-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.S5-005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: H. pylori antibiotic resistance is an important factor in the treatment failure, therefore is important to know the local pattern of this resistance. \u0000Material and Methods: A total of 111 patients were studied. Ninety- one H. pylori strains isolated from patients, including 12 from children, having previous repeated treatment failure and 20 strains were isolated from naive patients, were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility including those to tigecycline, was determinated by E-Test. \u0000Results: In treated adult and children patients the resistance rates were respectively 81% and 91.6% for clarithromycin; 27.8% and 41% for amoxicillin; 67.1% and 16.7% for metronidazole; 38% and 8.3% for levofloxacin; 5.1% and 0% for tetracycline. Primary resistance, in naive adult patients was 50% for clarithromycin, 10% for amoxicillin, 20% for metronidazole, 30% for levofloxacin and 0% for tetracycline. Tigecycline has shown good activity, in vitro, against H. pylori (MIC90 = 0.064 mg/L). \u0000Conclusion: The resistance rates found in H. pylori, in our area, are very high both in naive and treated patients. Few papers have reported the tigecycline susceptibility in H. pylori. The good activity and the lack of resistance to tigecycline found in our study, may consider this antibiotic a “rescue” therapy, saving the use of other antibiotics such as rifabutin, a drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132685874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：