Using 2010–2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings.
{"title":"Differences in Labour Market Outcomes between Natives, Refugees and Other Migrants in the UK","authors":"Isabel Ruiz, Carlos Vargas‐Silva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2920574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2920574","url":null,"abstract":"Using 2010–2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115849227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the dynamics driving and some of the legal implications of illegal migration along the U.S.-Canada border in 2017-2018.
本文研究了2017-2018年美国-加拿大边境非法移民的动态驱动和一些法律含义。
{"title":"The Challenge of Asylum Seekers Along the U.S.-Canada Border","authors":"A. Yoshida","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926220","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the dynamics driving and some of the legal implications of illegal migration along the U.S.-Canada border in 2017-2018.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128018786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Existing research has shown how easily individuals are moved to harbor exclusionary attitudes toward out-group members. Can we foster inclusion instead? This paper leverages the ongoing Syrian refugee crisis – one of the most significant humanitarian crises of our time – to test whether and under what conditions American citizens adopt more inclusionary attitudes and behaviors toward Syrian refugees. We conduct a nationally representative survey of American citizens in the weeks leading up to the 2016 presidential election and experimentally test two mechanisms hypothesized to promote inclusion: information and empathy. We examine attitudinal measures of acceptance of refugees, as well as a substantively important behavioral measure – writing a letter to the 45th president of the United States in support of refugees. Our results unveil significant effects on attitudes and behavior of both empathy and information treatments that are mediated by partisanship. The empathy treatment resulted in an increase in the likelihood of writing a letter in support of refugees. An examination of heterogeneous effects by party reveals that the empathy treatment engendered inclusionary attitudes among Independents, and the increase in letter writing was driven primarily by Democrats, whose underlying attitudes did not change, but also by Republicans. The information treatment, on the other hand, did not robustly improve attitudes or behavior of Democrats or Independents, and may have induced a backlash among Republicans. We discuss implications for understanding what kinds of interventions increase inclusion and which create backlash.
{"title":"Engendering Empathy, Begetting Backlash: American Attitudes toward Syrian Refugees","authors":"Claire L. Adida, Adeline Lo, Melina R. Platas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2978183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2978183","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research has shown how easily individuals are moved to harbor exclusionary attitudes toward out-group members. Can we foster inclusion instead? This paper leverages the ongoing Syrian refugee crisis – one of the most significant humanitarian crises of our time – to test whether and under what conditions American citizens adopt more inclusionary attitudes and behaviors toward Syrian refugees. We conduct a nationally representative survey of American citizens in the weeks leading up to the 2016 presidential election and experimentally test two mechanisms hypothesized to promote inclusion: information and empathy. We examine attitudinal measures of acceptance of refugees, as well as a substantively important behavioral measure – writing a letter to the 45th president of the United States in support of refugees. Our results unveil significant effects on attitudes and behavior of both empathy and information treatments that are mediated by partisanship. The empathy treatment resulted in an increase in the likelihood of writing a letter in support of refugees. An examination of heterogeneous effects by party reveals that the empathy treatment engendered inclusionary attitudes among Independents, and the increase in letter writing was driven primarily by Democrats, whose underlying attitudes did not change, but also by Republicans. The information treatment, on the other hand, did not robustly improve attitudes or behavior of Democrats or Independents, and may have induced a backlash among Republicans. We discuss implications for understanding what kinds of interventions increase inclusion and which create backlash.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133298100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the effects of asylum policy on asylum flows. The policy changes are examined both with regard to their direct effect on the flows to the country that made the changes, and with regard to their impact on the inflows to other countries. Finally, we analyse the effect of policy on the total outflow from the sending countries. The findings clearly suggest that both a direct effect and a deflection effect are at work. The results also indicate that stricter asylum policies in the destination clusters reduce the total outflow of asylum seekers.
{"title":"Reduction or Deflection? The Effect of Policy on Interconnected Asylum Flows","authors":"J. Brekke, M. Røed, Pål Schøne","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2753100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2753100","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effects of asylum policy on asylum flows. The policy changes are examined both with regard to their direct effect on the flows to the country that made the changes, and with regard to their impact on the inflows to other countries. Finally, we analyse the effect of policy on the total outflow from the sending countries. The findings clearly suggest that both a direct effect and a deflection effect are at work. The results also indicate that stricter asylum policies in the destination clusters reduce the total outflow of asylum seekers.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123033865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the refugee crisis deepens and more migrants and refugees arrive each day, political policies and economic discussion becomes more complex and relevant to states’ local and national agendas. Compounding the practical difficulties associated with this influx, terrorist attacks in Paris, unequal refugee and migrant diffusion throughout the European Union, and economic imbalance among member states in general has provoked nationalist rhetoric within different far-right movements and parties. This paper identifies common problems among EU member states in regards to their handling of the refugee crisis. Particularly, it considers the rise of far-right movements in Poland, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Secondly, by analyzing the situation, this paper offers a policy recommendation which proposes a new type of institution that would enhance the way that European Union member states respond to refugee/migration crises. This type of institution would help member states in registering, categorizing, and providing refugees and migrants with adequate access to healthcare, education and other social services required by them. However, member states would be required to delegate more power or allow more authority to this European Union sub-committee to respond to the crisis on behalf of member states – which represents one of the biggest political challenges. Thirdly, this paper examines the financial and political implications of the creation of this sub-committee and proposes a strategy on how the challenges faced in forming said committee can be overcome.
{"title":"How is the Influx of Migrants and Refugees into the European Union Straining European Cooperation?","authors":"Fatlum Gashi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2890992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2890992","url":null,"abstract":"As the refugee crisis deepens and more migrants and refugees arrive each day, political policies and economic discussion becomes more complex and relevant to states’ local and national agendas. Compounding the practical difficulties associated with this influx, terrorist attacks in Paris, unequal refugee and migrant diffusion throughout the European Union, and economic imbalance among member states in general has provoked nationalist rhetoric within different far-right movements and parties. This paper identifies common problems among EU member states in regards to their handling of the refugee crisis. Particularly, it considers the rise of far-right movements in Poland, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Secondly, by analyzing the situation, this paper offers a policy recommendation which proposes a new type of institution that would enhance the way that European Union member states respond to refugee/migration crises. This type of institution would help member states in registering, categorizing, and providing refugees and migrants with adequate access to healthcare, education and other social services required by them. However, member states would be required to delegate more power or allow more authority to this European Union sub-committee to respond to the crisis on behalf of member states – which represents one of the biggest political challenges. Thirdly, this paper examines the financial and political implications of the creation of this sub-committee and proposes a strategy on how the challenges faced in forming said committee can be overcome.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130965224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the 1990s, the northwestern region of Tanzania experienced a large inflow of refugees. Using panel data (pre- and post-refugee inflow), we estimate the labour market consequences of hosting those refugees. Results are consistent with immigration affecting the allocation of natives across economic activities. Greater exposure to the refugee shock resulted in Tanzanians having a higher likelihood of working in household shambas or caring for household livestock and a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees. The latter effect was particularly strong for Tanzanians doing casual work before the shock. This coincides with anecdotal evidence of refugees concentrating in casual waged work in Tanzania and competing directly with Tanzanians for those jobs.
{"title":"The Labor Market Consequences of Hosting Refugees","authors":"Isabel Ruiz, Carlos Vargas‐Silva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2596514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2596514","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1990s, the northwestern region of Tanzania experienced a large inflow of refugees. Using panel data (pre- and post-refugee inflow), we estimate the labour market consequences of hosting those refugees. Results are consistent with immigration affecting the allocation of natives across economic activities. Greater exposure to the refugee shock resulted in Tanzanians having a higher likelihood of working in household shambas or caring for household livestock and a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees. The latter effect was particularly strong for Tanzanians doing casual work before the shock. This coincides with anecdotal evidence of refugees concentrating in casual waged work in Tanzania and competing directly with Tanzanians for those jobs.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127541214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We exploit a 1991–2010 Tanzanian household panel to assess the effects of the temporary refugee inflows originating from Burundi (1993) and Rwanda (1994). We find that the refugee presence has had a persistent and positive impact on the welfare of the local population. We investigate the possible channels of transmission, underscoring the importance of a decrease in transport costs as a key driver of this persistent change in welfare. We interpret these findings as the ability of a temporary shock to induce a persistent shift in the equilibrium through subsequent investments rather than a switch to a new equilibrium in a multiple-equilibrium setting.
{"title":"The Development Push of Refugees: Evidence from Tanzania","authors":"Jean-François Maystadt, G. Duranton","doi":"10.1093/JEG/LBY020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JEG/LBY020","url":null,"abstract":"We exploit a 1991–2010 Tanzanian household panel to assess the effects of the temporary refugee inflows originating from Burundi (1993) and Rwanda (1994). We find that the refugee presence has had a persistent and positive impact on the welfare of the local population. We investigate the possible channels of transmission, underscoring the importance of a decrease in transport costs as a key driver of this persistent change in welfare. We interpret these findings as the ability of a temporary shock to induce a persistent shift in the equilibrium through subsequent investments rather than a switch to a new equilibrium in a multiple-equilibrium setting.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116369603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Migration induced by climate change or other environmental factors has been constructed in recent years as a challenge for international governance. My paper develops a critical perspective on the governance proposals relating to environmental migration. A first section relates to the impossibility of identifying environmental or climate ‘refugees’ (or ‘migrants’) as a workable legal category because of the complex and indirect causation of migration: often, environmental factors are only one in a cluster of causes. Considering that governance may do without a legally enforceable definition of individual ‘environmental migrants’, the second section argues that the ethical arguments used to justify environmental migration governance proposals on the basis of distributive or corrective justice fail to single out environmental migration as a specific normative issue. Solidarity-based narratives, for instance, would justify a protection of all forced migrants, rather than of the sole climate migrants. Lastly, a third section discusses the phenomenon through which environmental and climate migration were suddenly discovered as a global, normative issue. I argue that the ‘exceptionalization’ of environmental migration should be understood in the dialectic of domination and emancipation.
{"title":"‘Environmental Refugees’?: A Critical Perspective on the Normative Discourse","authors":"B. Mayer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2111825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2111825","url":null,"abstract":"Migration induced by climate change or other environmental factors has been constructed in recent years as a challenge for international governance. My paper develops a critical perspective on the governance proposals relating to environmental migration. A first section relates to the impossibility of identifying environmental or climate ‘refugees’ (or ‘migrants’) as a workable legal category because of the complex and indirect causation of migration: often, environmental factors are only one in a cluster of causes. Considering that governance may do without a legally enforceable definition of individual ‘environmental migrants’, the second section argues that the ethical arguments used to justify environmental migration governance proposals on the basis of distributive or corrective justice fail to single out environmental migration as a specific normative issue. Solidarity-based narratives, for instance, would justify a protection of all forced migrants, rather than of the sole climate migrants. Lastly, a third section discusses the phenomenon through which environmental and climate migration were suddenly discovered as a global, normative issue. I argue that the ‘exceptionalization’ of environmental migration should be understood in the dialectic of domination and emancipation.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127014021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The international debate on refugee issues is in flux and has been influenced by a number of factors including post-cold war disinterest in refugees, the media, extraordinary humanitarian crises, and shifting attitudes among policy makers and the public. Over the last decade in particular, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been given the task of providing protection and relief in large-scale humanitarian operations, some of which are unprecedented in size, level of conflict, and categories of persons provided assistance. In the new millennium and under new leadership, will get back to “the basics of protection,” or will it continue to be asked to respond to humanitarian crises in the absence of other action by the international community? These are serious policy questions facing the Office.
{"title":"Shifting Priorities, Attitudes and Institutional Change: Reflections on UNHCR at the Crossroads","authors":"B. Gorlick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2745884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2745884","url":null,"abstract":"The international debate on refugee issues is in flux and has been influenced by a number of factors including post-cold war disinterest in refugees, the media, extraordinary humanitarian crises, and shifting attitudes among policy makers and the public. Over the last decade in particular, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been given the task of providing protection and relief in large-scale humanitarian operations, some of which are unprecedented in size, level of conflict, and categories of persons provided assistance. In the new millennium and under new leadership, will get back to “the basics of protection,” or will it continue to be asked to respond to humanitarian crises in the absence of other action by the international community? These are serious policy questions facing the Office.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124576984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jayesh Rathod, Dennis Stinchcomb, María De Luna, Ricardo Castaneda, Jonathan Menkos, Juan Urbina, LaSarah Pillado
Spanish Abstract: El 9 de marzo del 2001, el gobierno de los EE. UU. anuncio la designacion del Estatus de Proteccion Temporal (TPS) para El Salvador. Esta designacion se baso en las interrupciones y danos significativos causados por dos terremotos que golpearon a El Salvador en enero y febrero de 2001. El TPS se ha extendido varias veces hasta el presente. La extension mas reciente de TPS para El Salvador se anuncio el 8 de julio del 2016, por un periodo de 18 meses desde el 10 de septiembre del 2016 hasta el 9 de marzo del 2018. En el momento politico actual, existe una gran especulacion sobre si el TPS se extendera mas alla de marzo de 2018 para El Salvador. Una revision detallada de las notificaciones del Registro Federal desde 2001 hasta el presente revela que el gobierno de EE. UU. ha considerado una gran gama de factores al analizar las condiciones en El Salvador, y la capacidad del gobierno de El Salvador de manejar el regreso de sus ciudadanos. Estos factores pueden agruparse en seis amplias categorias: clima y medio ambiente, economia, infraestructura, salud publica, seguridad y gobernanza. Una revision actualizada de estos mismos factores lleva a la conclusion que el TPS para El Salvador deberia extenderse. English Abstract: In March 2001, the U.S. government announced the designation of El Salvador for Temporary Protected Status (TPS). This designation was premised on the significant disruptions and damage caused by two earthquakes that had ravaged El Salvador in January and February 2001. TPS for El Salvador has been extended over the years, and the current period of designation is set to expire in early March 2018. In the current political moment, there is concern about whether this TPS designation will be extended once again. A detailed review of Federal Register notices from 2001 to the present reveals that the U.S. government has considered a broad range of factors when analyzing conditions in El Salvador and the ability of the Salvadoran government to handle the return of its nationals. These factors can be grouped into six broad categories: climate and environment, economy, infrastructure, public health, safety and security, and governance. A present-day examination of these same factors compels the conclusion that TPS for El Salvador should be extended.
{"title":"Extender El Estatus De Protección Temporal Para Honduras: Condiciones De País Y Requisitos Legales Del Gobierno De EE. UU. [Extending Temporary Protected Status for Honduras: Country Conditions and U.S. Legal Requirements]","authors":"Jayesh Rathod, Dennis Stinchcomb, María De Luna, Ricardo Castaneda, Jonathan Menkos, Juan Urbina, LaSarah Pillado","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3129118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3129118","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El 9 de marzo del 2001, el gobierno de los EE. UU. anuncio la designacion del Estatus de Proteccion Temporal (TPS) para El Salvador. Esta designacion se baso en las interrupciones y danos significativos causados por dos terremotos que golpearon a El Salvador en enero y febrero de 2001. El TPS se ha extendido varias veces hasta el presente. La extension mas reciente de TPS para El Salvador se anuncio el 8 de julio del 2016, por un periodo de 18 meses desde el 10 de septiembre del 2016 hasta el 9 de marzo del 2018. En el momento politico actual, existe una gran especulacion sobre si el TPS se extendera mas alla de marzo de 2018 para El Salvador. \u0000Una revision detallada de las notificaciones del Registro Federal desde 2001 hasta el presente revela que el gobierno de EE. UU. ha considerado una gran gama de factores al analizar las condiciones en El Salvador, y la capacidad del gobierno de El Salvador de manejar el regreso de sus ciudadanos. Estos factores pueden agruparse en seis amplias categorias: clima y medio ambiente, economia, infraestructura, salud publica, seguridad y gobernanza. Una revision actualizada de estos mismos factores lleva a la conclusion que el TPS para El Salvador deberia extenderse. \u0000English Abstract: In March 2001, the U.S. government announced the designation of El Salvador for Temporary Protected Status (TPS). This designation was premised on the significant disruptions and damage caused by two earthquakes that had ravaged El Salvador in January and February 2001. TPS for El Salvador has been extended over the years, and the current period of designation is set to expire in early March 2018. In the current political moment, there is concern about whether this TPS designation will be extended once again. \u0000A detailed review of Federal Register notices from 2001 to the present reveals that the U.S. government has considered a broad range of factors when analyzing conditions in El Salvador and the ability of the Salvadoran government to handle the return of its nationals. These factors can be grouped into six broad categories: climate and environment, economy, infrastructure, public health, safety and security, and governance. A present-day examination of these same factors compels the conclusion that TPS for El Salvador should be extended.","PeriodicalId":270162,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Refugees (Migration) (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123794885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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