Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88351
K. Harada, G. Zhao
A novel interface circuit between solar cells and a commercial AC bus using Van Allen's multivibrator is presented. In this circuit, the AC source is used for the backup of solar cells, and the source and load power flow is automatically balanced by the circuit itself without any external phase control. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of the oscillator, the authors describe a novel method to control the DC power from the solar cells according to the current load conditions as well as a simple and fast optimization method to derive the maximum solar power.<>
{"title":"Controlled power-interface between solar cells and AC source","authors":"K. Harada, G. Zhao","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88351","url":null,"abstract":"A novel interface circuit between solar cells and a commercial AC bus using Van Allen's multivibrator is presented. In this circuit, the AC source is used for the backup of solar cells, and the source and load power flow is automatically balanced by the circuit itself without any external phase control. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of the oscillator, the authors describe a novel method to control the DC power from the solar cells according to the current load conditions as well as a simple and fast optimization method to derive the maximum solar power.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129391686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88362
L. Malesani
The author presents the series of SMART alternators suitable for high-reliability applications, such as for telecommunications stations. They may be equipped with a special-purpose electronic voltage regulator, the AVIR, capable of bidirectional action, which improves the alternator performance without affecting its reliability. The alternator structure is described as well as the electronic regulator. Machine behaviors with and without the regulator are illustrated. Some typical experimental results are given.<>
{"title":"SMART-a high performance high reliability alternator","authors":"L. Malesani","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88362","url":null,"abstract":"The author presents the series of SMART alternators suitable for high-reliability applications, such as for telecommunications stations. They may be equipped with a special-purpose electronic voltage regulator, the AVIR, capable of bidirectional action, which improves the alternator performance without affecting its reliability. The alternator structure is described as well as the electronic regulator. Machine behaviors with and without the regulator are illustrated. Some typical experimental results are given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129477272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88339
S. Hamada, E. Fujiwara, Y. Ogino, M. Nakaoka
The authors describe novel constant-frequency phase-shifted-mode PWM (pulse-width-modulated) DC-DC power converters that incorporate two-stage inverters with high-frequency transformer links and reactors (either saturable reactors or linear reactors). The proposed converters can perform efficient zero-voltage switching over a large load range and a wide voltage regulation range. The steady-state characteristics of the two types of converter, using either saturable or linear reactors, are compared. The steady-state characteristics are evaluated and discussed through computer-aided simulation and experimental results. The experiments were carried out with a 0.5 kW 500 kHz breadboard. It is shown that the converter using saturable reactors has more desirable characteristics.<>
{"title":"A new fixed-frequency zero-voltage switching PWM DC-DC power converter using multi-stage inverter and reactor","authors":"S. Hamada, E. Fujiwara, Y. Ogino, M. Nakaoka","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88339","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe novel constant-frequency phase-shifted-mode PWM (pulse-width-modulated) DC-DC power converters that incorporate two-stage inverters with high-frequency transformer links and reactors (either saturable reactors or linear reactors). The proposed converters can perform efficient zero-voltage switching over a large load range and a wide voltage regulation range. The steady-state characteristics of the two types of converter, using either saturable or linear reactors, are compared. The steady-state characteristics are evaluated and discussed through computer-aided simulation and experimental results. The experiments were carried out with a 0.5 kW 500 kHz breadboard. It is shown that the converter using saturable reactors has more desirable characteristics.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128745810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88338
I. Lee, D.Y. Chen, Y. Wu, C. Jamerson
Small-signal control models are presented for a magamp switching-mode post regulator. Two commonly used current reset schemes are considered: an external reset scheme and a self-reset scheme. Models for both continuous and discontinuous modes of operation are presented. It is mathematically shown that the open-loop gain is a two-pole, single-zero transfer function for continuous-mode operation and a single-pole function for discontinuous-mode operation. The equations for predicting the loop gains for both types of reset circuits are derived and verified experimentally. It is shown that the loop gain characteristics of a magamp regulator depend on power circuit parameters, the reset circuit parameters, and the saturable reactor parameters. Therefore, in a normal design procedure of a magamp, if the design parameters of the saturable reactor are changed, a corresponding change of the compensation network must be made to optimize the control performance. The models presented provide the designer with a tool to facilitate the feedback loop design of a voltage-mode magamp post regulator.<>
{"title":"Modeling of control loop behavior of magamp post regulators","authors":"I. Lee, D.Y. Chen, Y. Wu, C. Jamerson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88338","url":null,"abstract":"Small-signal control models are presented for a magamp switching-mode post regulator. Two commonly used current reset schemes are considered: an external reset scheme and a self-reset scheme. Models for both continuous and discontinuous modes of operation are presented. It is mathematically shown that the open-loop gain is a two-pole, single-zero transfer function for continuous-mode operation and a single-pole function for discontinuous-mode operation. The equations for predicting the loop gains for both types of reset circuits are derived and verified experimentally. It is shown that the loop gain characteristics of a magamp regulator depend on power circuit parameters, the reset circuit parameters, and the saturable reactor parameters. Therefore, in a normal design procedure of a magamp, if the design parameters of the saturable reactor are changed, a corresponding change of the compensation network must be made to optimize the control performance. The models presented provide the designer with a tool to facilitate the feedback loop design of a voltage-mode magamp post regulator.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128660533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88296
H. Hintz
A testing procedure is proposed that is based on the dependability, KU, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the safety-specific failure state probability of the safety-relevant components. In order not to exceed a negligibly low risk of accident, the safety-relevant components must have a reliability that increases with the magnitude of the contact voltages or currents. The main task of safety approval is to verify that the dependability of the safety-relevant components meets the specified values. The dependability of the safety-relevant components normally depends on the load. This load can be increased by other components in the failing circuit. Although such critical combinations of such component failures are rare events, they have to be taken into account to a certain degree lest the risk assume inadmissibly high values. In additional test step it is therefore verified that the dependabilities of the individual safety-relevant component do not fall below a specified value. The fact that the KU values of the components must be known does not put additional requirements on the procedure. The proposed procedure is also suitable for safety approval with respect to risk other than electrical shocks, such an excessive heating or flammability.<>
{"title":"Safety model for electrical equipment","authors":"H. Hintz","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88296","url":null,"abstract":"A testing procedure is proposed that is based on the dependability, KU, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the safety-specific failure state probability of the safety-relevant components. In order not to exceed a negligibly low risk of accident, the safety-relevant components must have a reliability that increases with the magnitude of the contact voltages or currents. The main task of safety approval is to verify that the dependability of the safety-relevant components meets the specified values. The dependability of the safety-relevant components normally depends on the load. This load can be increased by other components in the failing circuit. Although such critical combinations of such component failures are rare events, they have to be taken into account to a certain degree lest the risk assume inadmissibly high values. In additional test step it is therefore verified that the dependabilities of the individual safety-relevant component do not fall below a specified value. The fact that the KU values of the components must be known does not put additional requirements on the procedure. The proposed procedure is also suitable for safety approval with respect to risk other than electrical shocks, such an excessive heating or flammability.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126718254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88350
J. Edgar
The results of fire detector testing carried out in the Bell-Northern Research's Environmental Test Facility in Ottawa, and the results of fire extinguishment testing carried out in the Factory Mutual Research's Fire Test Center in Rhode Island, are discussed. The objective of the fire detection tests was to evaluate the performance of several types of fire detection system under the variety of air flow conditions found in the ambient environment of central offices housing electronic switching systems. The fire extinguishment tests confirmed various design parameters related to the fire sprinkler protection of digital telecommunications equipment in support of Bell Canada's proposed program to equip key central offices with automatic fire sprinkler systems. From the extinguishment point of view, fire sprinklers have been shown to be an effective way of preventing the spread of flame beyond the frame of fire origin.<>
{"title":"The effectiveness of fire detection and fire sprinkler systems in the central office environment","authors":"J. Edgar","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88350","url":null,"abstract":"The results of fire detector testing carried out in the Bell-Northern Research's Environmental Test Facility in Ottawa, and the results of fire extinguishment testing carried out in the Factory Mutual Research's Fire Test Center in Rhode Island, are discussed. The objective of the fire detection tests was to evaluate the performance of several types of fire detection system under the variety of air flow conditions found in the ambient environment of central offices housing electronic switching systems. The fire extinguishment tests confirmed various design parameters related to the fire sprinkler protection of digital telecommunications equipment in support of Bell Canada's proposed program to equip key central offices with automatic fire sprinkler systems. From the extinguishment point of view, fire sprinklers have been shown to be an effective way of preventing the spread of flame beyond the frame of fire origin.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123163124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88313
S. Baratka, M. Ružinský, L. Lukáč, S. Trantalic
The authors present an electronic regulator unit for small remote 50 W photovoltaic systems that can automatically and autonomously control energy and power for telecommunications systems of 12 V nominal DC voltage. The electronic control unit employs dual voltage operation, temperature compensation, and other circuits required for long-period work. The basic technical regulator data are maximal current of 4 A, disconnecting load current of 4.8 A, regulation accuracy of 1%, and working temperature range of -25 to +65 degrees C.<>
{"title":"50 W photovoltaic system electronic control unit","authors":"S. Baratka, M. Ružinský, L. Lukáč, S. Trantalic","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88313","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present an electronic regulator unit for small remote 50 W photovoltaic systems that can automatically and autonomously control energy and power for telecommunications systems of 12 V nominal DC voltage. The electronic control unit employs dual voltage operation, temperature compensation, and other circuits required for long-period work. The basic technical regulator data are maximal current of 4 A, disconnecting load current of 4.8 A, regulation accuracy of 1%, and working temperature range of -25 to +65 degrees C.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126536594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88317
A. Fausti, R. Lelli, G. Mesini
The authors consider remote powered data transmission system issues. In the systems under consideration, two stations, one at the beginning and one at the end, provide energy and regenerate the signal; several peripheral stations are serially powered along the line. Particular attention is given to energy problems, cable and operator safety, and noise generation. The objective is to ensure a low BER transmission. The systems examined are well suited for use on roads and highways where they replace traditional devices that can be used to call for emergency assistance. In fact these systems not only send calls for help to the central host but also manage and transmit digital signals (vehicle identification contacts) and analog signals (coming from wind speed meters, ice sensors, or gas density sensors), improving the general control of a highway network.<>
{"title":"Remote powered data transmission system","authors":"A. Fausti, R. Lelli, G. Mesini","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88317","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider remote powered data transmission system issues. In the systems under consideration, two stations, one at the beginning and one at the end, provide energy and regenerate the signal; several peripheral stations are serially powered along the line. Particular attention is given to energy problems, cable and operator safety, and noise generation. The objective is to ensure a low BER transmission. The systems examined are well suited for use on roads and highways where they replace traditional devices that can be used to call for emergency assistance. In fact these systems not only send calls for help to the central host but also manage and transmit digital signals (vehicle identification contacts) and analog signals (coming from wind speed meters, ice sensors, or gas density sensors), improving the general control of a highway network.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126563382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88345
M. Hiraki, T. Kano, H. Kizu, H. Satoh, S. Yamashita, K. Kobayashi, H. Tanaka, Y. Arai, K. Satoh, K. Fuchigami
The authors describe a novel water-cooled switching power supply that is one-third of the size of the conventional air-cooled 2.2 kW power supply. A size reduction of one-third makes it possible to locate the supply nearer the logic circuits. To achieve this size reduction: (1) the size of the output filter was reduced and a forward two-phase switching PWM (pulse width modulation) topology with a switching frequency of 200 kHz was used; and (2) the main switching elements and output diodes are water-cooled using the same coolant that is used for the logic circuits. Since these elements account for as much as 70% of the overall losses in a switching power supply, this technique resulted in a better than 83% reduction in the volume of the heat sink. The performance of the switching power supply is described, with emphasis on the circuit and the cooling system.<>
{"title":"Water-cooled switching power supply","authors":"M. Hiraki, T. Kano, H. Kizu, H. Satoh, S. Yamashita, K. Kobayashi, H. Tanaka, Y. Arai, K. Satoh, K. Fuchigami","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88345","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe a novel water-cooled switching power supply that is one-third of the size of the conventional air-cooled 2.2 kW power supply. A size reduction of one-third makes it possible to locate the supply nearer the logic circuits. To achieve this size reduction: (1) the size of the output filter was reduced and a forward two-phase switching PWM (pulse width modulation) topology with a switching frequency of 200 kHz was used; and (2) the main switching elements and output diodes are water-cooled using the same coolant that is used for the logic circuits. Since these elements account for as much as 70% of the overall losses in a switching power supply, this technique resulted in a better than 83% reduction in the volume of the heat sink. The performance of the switching power supply is described, with emphasis on the circuit and the cooling system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123888650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88344
T. Nishimura, P. Maranesi
The authors describe an ultrasonic PWM (pulse-width modulated) carrier-frequency current sourced power converter employing IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) with a self-aligned DMOS structure. The sinusoidal waveform (rather than the ultrasonic corrected triangular waveform) method is employed for the PWM pulse pattern to operate the converter. Because of the ultrasonic PWM carrier frequency, the converter changes the AC line current waveform to a sinusoidal waveform; thus, the convertor's filter can be small, and its displacement factor is improved.<>
{"title":"Ultrasonic carrier PWM converter employing IGBT in the near future","authors":"T. Nishimura, P. Maranesi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88344","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe an ultrasonic PWM (pulse-width modulated) carrier-frequency current sourced power converter employing IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) with a self-aligned DMOS structure. The sinusoidal waveform (rather than the ultrasonic corrected triangular waveform) method is employed for the PWM pulse pattern to operate the converter. Because of the ultrasonic PWM carrier frequency, the converter changes the AC line current waveform to a sinusoidal waveform; thus, the convertor's filter can be small, and its displacement factor is improved.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"351 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133522713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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