Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88357
D. Mayer, S. Biscaglia
A model of the lead-acid battery is presented based on a simple description of electrochemical reactions. Models of the electromotive force, the internal resistance, and the gassing phenomenon are detailed. Good agreement between simulation and measurement has led to the validation of a model for discharge and for the charge preceding gassing at constant temperature. As regards the calculation of the state of charge, modeling of the gas emission is necessary to minimize drift over a long period of operation.<>
{"title":"Modelling and analysis of lead acid battery operation","authors":"D. Mayer, S. Biscaglia","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88357","url":null,"abstract":"A model of the lead-acid battery is presented based on a simple description of electrochemical reactions. Models of the electromotive force, the internal resistance, and the gassing phenomenon are detailed. Good agreement between simulation and measurement has led to the validation of a model for discharge and for the charge preceding gassing at constant temperature. As regards the calculation of the state of charge, modeling of the gas emission is necessary to minimize drift over a long period of operation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121864333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88320
E. Banfi, P. Maranesi, G. Volpi
A DC/DC converter for space applications is described whose switching cell can be varied by means of two jumpers on the printed board. When the minimization of the conducted emission is a primary requirements and the avionic bus (i.e. 28 V DC) is used, the boost plus push-pull configuration will be preferred; if the voltage source is much higher, for instance 150 V DC, and excellent audio susceptibility over a wide frequency range is required, then the complementary buck plus push-pull configuration is best suited. Exact dynamic models of both switching converters are given in the Z-transform domain; their good compliance with actual conditions is demonstrated by experimental frequency-response plots.<>
描述了一种用于空间应用的DC/DC变换器，其开关单元可以通过印制板上的两个跳线来改变。当最小化传导发射是主要要求，并使用航空电子总线(即28 V DC)时，将优先考虑升压加推挽配置;如果电压源要高得多，例如150 V DC，并且需要在宽频率范围内具有出色的音频敏感性，那么互补降压加推挽配置是最合适的。给出了两种开关变换器在z变换域的精确动态模型;实验频率响应图证明了它们与实际情况的良好吻合。
{"title":"Boost/complementary buck DC/DC converter for space applications","authors":"E. Banfi, P. Maranesi, G. Volpi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88320","url":null,"abstract":"A DC/DC converter for space applications is described whose switching cell can be varied by means of two jumpers on the printed board. When the minimization of the conducted emission is a primary requirements and the avionic bus (i.e. 28 V DC) is used, the boost plus push-pull configuration will be preferred; if the voltage source is much higher, for instance 150 V DC, and excellent audio susceptibility over a wide frequency range is required, then the complementary buck plus push-pull configuration is best suited. Exact dynamic models of both switching converters are given in the Z-transform domain; their good compliance with actual conditions is demonstrated by experimental frequency-response plots.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122310455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88314
N. Dieye, C. Lishou, G. Sow, L. Protin, G. Fleury
The authors describe the real-time energy management of a multigenerator micro-power station which is intended to supply an isolated village in Senegal using wind and solar power. Laboratory studies have led to a complete understanding of the windmill potential in Dakar, of the functioning and optimization of each generator, and of the transfer of available energy to the receptors. The preliminary studies showed that the structure is feasible and reliable. The architecture developed is modular and extensible, with efficiency and maintenance taken into consideration.<>
{"title":"Multiprocessor control of a renewable energy micro-power station","authors":"N. Dieye, C. Lishou, G. Sow, L. Protin, G. Fleury","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88314","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the real-time energy management of a multigenerator micro-power station which is intended to supply an isolated village in Senegal using wind and solar power. Laboratory studies have led to a complete understanding of the windmill potential in Dakar, of the functioning and optimization of each generator, and of the transfer of available energy to the receptors. The preliminary studies showed that the structure is feasible and reliable. The architecture developed is modular and extensible, with efficiency and maintenance taken into consideration.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"747 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124187329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88327
W. O'callaghan, N. Fitzpatrick, K. Peters
An aluminum-air battery has been developed that can be stored for extended periods in the reserve condition and will provide over 360 Wh/Kg (>350 Wh/dm/sup 3/) when discharged at a power output in the 1 kW range. Its rated power is developed within 30 minutes of activation. In combination with a sealed rechargeable lead-acid battery, the aluminum-air battery provides an emergency power supply that will function automatically for several days. The lead-acid battery supplies the power during mains outages lasting a few hours, with the aluminum-air battery taking over if the emergency is protracted. The exceptionally high energy density for this battery owes much to the development of a highly efficient aluminum anode alloy and to an electrolyte lifetime. A low-cost proprietary cathode makes this battery an economical attractive source of extended power supply. The described combination of rechargeable and reserve batteries is thought to be especially suitable as a source of emergency power for telecommunications systems to cover short or extended power failures.<>
{"title":"The aluminum-air reserve battery-a power supply for prolonged emergencies","authors":"W. O'callaghan, N. Fitzpatrick, K. Peters","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88327","url":null,"abstract":"An aluminum-air battery has been developed that can be stored for extended periods in the reserve condition and will provide over 360 Wh/Kg (>350 Wh/dm/sup 3/) when discharged at a power output in the 1 kW range. Its rated power is developed within 30 minutes of activation. In combination with a sealed rechargeable lead-acid battery, the aluminum-air battery provides an emergency power supply that will function automatically for several days. The lead-acid battery supplies the power during mains outages lasting a few hours, with the aluminum-air battery taking over if the emergency is protracted. The exceptionally high energy density for this battery owes much to the development of a highly efficient aluminum anode alloy and to an electrolyte lifetime. A low-cost proprietary cathode makes this battery an economical attractive source of extended power supply. The described combination of rechargeable and reserve batteries is thought to be especially suitable as a source of emergency power for telecommunications systems to cover short or extended power failures.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130396114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88363
P. Bhatnagar, K. Jain
Results are presented which indicate that the metal wave function penetration effect cannot be neglected in calculating accurate I-V characteristics. The authors show a comparison between the variations of potential with x/d for different values of oxide layer thickness with and without considering the effect of metal wave penetration. On calculating the change in V/sub oc/ for delta =10 A/sup 0/ for a typical MOS solar cell it is observed that delta V/sub oc/ comes out to be 20.1/sup 8/ mV, which is approximately 4% of the total V/sub oc/. This points to a significant mutual wave function effect.<>
{"title":"Effect of metal wave function on the IV characteristics of MOS solar cell","authors":"P. Bhatnagar, K. Jain","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88363","url":null,"abstract":"Results are presented which indicate that the metal wave function penetration effect cannot be neglected in calculating accurate I-V characteristics. The authors show a comparison between the variations of potential with x/d for different values of oxide layer thickness with and without considering the effect of metal wave penetration. On calculating the change in V/sub oc/ for delta =10 A/sup 0/ for a typical MOS solar cell it is observed that delta V/sub oc/ comes out to be 20.1/sup 8/ mV, which is approximately 4% of the total V/sub oc/. This points to a significant mutual wave function effect.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129753861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88287
W. Brecht, D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson
For pt.I see ibid., p.124-131 (1988). Results of accelerated tests of the effect of positive polarization on grid growth at 160 degrees F are presented, along with new data at 147 degrees F and 120 degrees F. It is shown that minimal growth occurs at 40 mV, rather than at the 50-100 mV values previously considered optimal. Growth at 20 mV and below is well behaved and not catastrophically rapid, as previously believed. At >100 mV, a value often used in float service, growth is greatly accelerated and is significantly greater than 20 mV and below. Capacity falloff with aging is primarily a function of grid growth, without regard to the polarization which produced it.<>
{"title":"The effect of positive polarization on grid growth, cell performance and life. II","authors":"W. Brecht, D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88287","url":null,"abstract":"For pt.I see ibid., p.124-131 (1988). Results of accelerated tests of the effect of positive polarization on grid growth at 160 degrees F are presented, along with new data at 147 degrees F and 120 degrees F. It is shown that minimal growth occurs at 40 mV, rather than at the 50-100 mV values previously considered optimal. Growth at 20 mV and below is well behaved and not catastrophically rapid, as previously believed. At >100 mV, a value often used in float service, growth is greatly accelerated and is significantly greater than 20 mV and below. Capacity falloff with aging is primarily a function of grid growth, without regard to the polarization which produced it.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127996076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88321
P.L. Buldini, A. Laghi, P. Saxena, J. L. Sharma, A. Toponi
The authors describe a study of impurities in the electrolytes of lead-acid storage batteries for solar photovoltaic power systems. They concentrate on the determination of copper, cadmium, lead, silicate, phosphate, acetate, arsenate, chloride, formate, and nitrate in the lead-acid battery electrolytes after a known number of charging/discharges cycles. Different experimental techniques were used to analyze the various ionic species present in the battery electrolytic.<>
{"title":"The influence of traces of impurities in the lead-acid battery electrolytes","authors":"P.L. Buldini, A. Laghi, P. Saxena, J. L. Sharma, A. Toponi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88321","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe a study of impurities in the electrolytes of lead-acid storage batteries for solar photovoltaic power systems. They concentrate on the determination of copper, cadmium, lead, silicate, phosphate, acetate, arsenate, chloride, formate, and nitrate in the lead-acid battery electrolytes after a known number of charging/discharges cycles. Different experimental techniques were used to analyze the various ionic species present in the battery electrolytic.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121556867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88342
H. Hino, T. Hatakeyama, T. Kawase, M. Nakaoka
The authors describe a resonant PWM (pulse-width-modulated) inverter-linked DC-DC converter which uses the high-voltage transformer parasitic LC circuit parameters as resonant components and the high-voltage cable input capacitance as smoothing filter. Theoretical results obtained by computer-aided simulation and experimental results obtained by a test circuit including prototype transformers are illustrated and discussed from a practical point of view. The phase-shift PWM control for adjusting the DC output voltage of the resonant converter is presented. One of the advantages of this converter is minimization of circuit components; this kind of circuit topology can minimize the size and weight of power supply systems and can be applied to the filament heating circuit connected to the cathode of the X-ray tube.<>
{"title":"High-frequency parallel resonant converter for X-ray generator utilizing parasitic circuit constants of high voltage-transformer and -cables","authors":"H. Hino, T. Hatakeyama, T. Kawase, M. Nakaoka","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88342","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe a resonant PWM (pulse-width-modulated) inverter-linked DC-DC converter which uses the high-voltage transformer parasitic LC circuit parameters as resonant components and the high-voltage cable input capacitance as smoothing filter. Theoretical results obtained by computer-aided simulation and experimental results obtained by a test circuit including prototype transformers are illustrated and discussed from a practical point of view. The phase-shift PWM control for adjusting the DC output voltage of the resonant converter is presented. One of the advantages of this converter is minimization of circuit components; this kind of circuit topology can minimize the size and weight of power supply systems and can be applied to the filament heating circuit connected to the cathode of the X-ray tube.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117313203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88263
L. Brunelli
The features of passive and semipassive ambient conditioning systems inside a telephone shelter are described. Passive systems do not require the use of moving mechanical parts. They are based on the structural features of the shelter itself and on static components which do not require power to operate. Semi-passive systems limit the use of electromechanical components (small blowers and pumps) and can provide a performance range that existing passive systems cannot yet meet. These systems are based essentially on three principles: thermal filter, temperature shift, and thermal diode. Particular emphasis is given to the operating principles of the semipassive system. System reliability is discussed, and energy savings for passive systems are examined.<>
{"title":"Passive ambient conditioning systems for telecommunications systems","authors":"L. Brunelli","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88263","url":null,"abstract":"The features of passive and semipassive ambient conditioning systems inside a telephone shelter are described. Passive systems do not require the use of moving mechanical parts. They are based on the structural features of the shelter itself and on static components which do not require power to operate. Semi-passive systems limit the use of electromechanical components (small blowers and pumps) and can provide a performance range that existing passive systems cannot yet meet. These systems are based essentially on three principles: thermal filter, temperature shift, and thermal diode. Particular emphasis is given to the operating principles of the semipassive system. System reliability is discussed, and energy savings for passive systems are examined.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130282998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88253
M. E. Fiorino, V. Edwards
The authors discuss the design and application of a multifactor experiment using orthogonal arrays to assess the cause of off-target and highly variable levels of free lead in initially full charged negative plates which have been dried in an inert atmosphere. The robust multifactor experiment was used to isolate the source of the problem in the drying process. The same technique can be used to design robust manufacturing processes whose outputs are both on target and resistant to input variability.<>
{"title":"Application of quality concepts and experimental design to processing of negative plates for valve-regulated sealed lead acid batteries","authors":"M. E. Fiorino, V. Edwards","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88253","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss the design and application of a multifactor experiment using orthogonal arrays to assess the cause of off-target and highly variable levels of free lead in initially full charged negative plates which have been dried in an inert atmosphere. The robust multifactor experiment was used to isolate the source of the problem in the drying process. The same technique can be used to design robust manufacturing processes whose outputs are both on target and resistant to input variability.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"30 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120911969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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