Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88334
H. Mickal, H. Tappeiner
The concept referred to as a triport of a utility-interactive UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is explained. It has a simple and cost-effective structure and enables a low-cost UPS to be designed with all required UPS features, particularly for single-phase UPSs in the 1-10 kVA power range. The different features in comparison to traditional UPSs are briefly discussed, e.g. voltage and frequency tolerance and utility failures. Results and experience with field operation are illustrated by oscillograms and diagrams.<>
{"title":"Experiences with UPSes in active stand-by operation","authors":"H. Mickal, H. Tappeiner","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88334","url":null,"abstract":"The concept referred to as a triport of a utility-interactive UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is explained. It has a simple and cost-effective structure and enables a low-cost UPS to be designed with all required UPS features, particularly for single-phase UPSs in the 1-10 kVA power range. The different features in comparison to traditional UPSs are briefly discussed, e.g. voltage and frequency tolerance and utility failures. Results and experience with field operation are illustrated by oscillograms and diagrams.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122468125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88273
J. A. O'Connor
The author describes a new small DC power system that employs an aluminum air battery as an emergency standby reserve, in a dual reserve configuration. The background to the development is presented along with a simplified description of the system operation. Also considered are the influence of the aluminum air battery on the converter and the system efficiency and reliability.<>
{"title":"A new dual reserve power system for small telephone exchanges","authors":"J. A. O'Connor","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88273","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes a new small DC power system that employs an aluminum air battery as an emergency standby reserve, in a dual reserve configuration. The background to the development is presented along with a simplified description of the system operation. Also considered are the influence of the aluminum air battery on the converter and the system efficiency and reliability.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124263180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88261
M. Cadre, A. Viault
The THEBES software package was especially written to simulate air flows in electronic devices cooled by natural or forced convection, such as telecommunication racks, computers, or large electrical equipment. THEBES consists of four modules. The first module deals with management of the printed-circuit-board databank and of the fan databank while the second module is used to enter the geometrical, thermal, and hydraulic data for the equipment under study. The third module computes the 3-D Napier-Stokes equations, and the mass and energy equations, while the last module deals with the visualization of the results of simulation such as air velocity and temperature. The equipment under study is automatically meshed during the preprocessing of the data. The geometry is entered interactively through the description of 'objects' such as printed circuits boards, metal sheets, openings, fans, and 3-D obstacles. The description of the air flow in the electronic device is useful not only for comparison between different designs but also to locate hot spots or to study the impact of the modification on mechanical parts. The authors describe the capabilities of the software and its field of application. Examples of thermal optimization studies are given for a 19 inch rack and for a transmission slimrack.<>
{"title":"Thermal simulations for electronic equipment using the software package THEBES","authors":"M. Cadre, A. Viault","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88261","url":null,"abstract":"The THEBES software package was especially written to simulate air flows in electronic devices cooled by natural or forced convection, such as telecommunication racks, computers, or large electrical equipment. THEBES consists of four modules. The first module deals with management of the printed-circuit-board databank and of the fan databank while the second module is used to enter the geometrical, thermal, and hydraulic data for the equipment under study. The third module computes the 3-D Napier-Stokes equations, and the mass and energy equations, while the last module deals with the visualization of the results of simulation such as air velocity and temperature. The equipment under study is automatically meshed during the preprocessing of the data. The geometry is entered interactively through the description of 'objects' such as printed circuits boards, metal sheets, openings, fans, and 3-D obstacles. The description of the air flow in the electronic device is useful not only for comparison between different designs but also to locate hot spots or to study the impact of the modification on mechanical parts. The authors describe the capabilities of the software and its field of application. Examples of thermal optimization studies are given for a 19 inch rack and for a transmission slimrack.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124452288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88333
V. Zaltsman
With the present-day widespread use of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) in power equipment, inrush becomes a major concern since most UPSs have a limited ability to furnish high peak-current demands. The author discusses inrush current in general and presents, both conceptually and in block-diagram form, a proposal for circuitry that manages and eliminates the inductive inrush current concerns. It is established that the most important factor in identifying the influence on the UPS of a power supply connected to the UPS is the crest factor of the applied load. To control the inrush current, the preferred approach for a capacitive load is to switch a current-limited resistor temporarily into the circuit, while for an inductive load, a well-chosen critical turn-on angle of the connecting device is the most effective method.<>
{"title":"Inrush current control for equipment powered by UPSs","authors":"V. Zaltsman","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88333","url":null,"abstract":"With the present-day widespread use of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) in power equipment, inrush becomes a major concern since most UPSs have a limited ability to furnish high peak-current demands. The author discusses inrush current in general and presents, both conceptually and in block-diagram form, a proposal for circuitry that manages and eliminates the inductive inrush current concerns. It is established that the most important factor in identifying the influence on the UPS of a power supply connected to the UPS is the crest factor of the applied load. To control the inrush current, the preferred approach for a capacitive load is to switch a current-limited resistor temporarily into the circuit, while for an inductive load, a well-chosen critical turn-on angle of the connecting device is the most effective method.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131347427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88250
F. Vaccaro, J. Klatte
The water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of three polymer resins used for battery container materials were investigated. The resins were acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polypropylene (PP). The water vapor transmission rate through each plastic was determined according to ASTM E96-80, Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. Experiments were performed at 2% relative humidity and a temperature range of 21-50 degrees C. At all temperatures PP had the lowest water vapor transmission rate, followed by PVC and finally ABS. The WVP of ABS and PVC were independent of temperature while that of PP demonstrated a temperature dependence. The activation energy determined from the rate measurements for ABS and PVC indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was diffusion-controlled. For PP, the activation energy indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was not diffusion controlled but was possibly controlled by water chemically reacting at the plastic surface. The importance of including WVP properties in the process of selecting a plastic material to contain the electrolyte-immobilized lead-acid battery is emphasized.<>
{"title":"Water vapor permeability of plastics used for electrolyte immobilized lead-acid battery containers","authors":"F. Vaccaro, J. Klatte","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88250","url":null,"abstract":"The water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of three polymer resins used for battery container materials were investigated. The resins were acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polypropylene (PP). The water vapor transmission rate through each plastic was determined according to ASTM E96-80, Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. Experiments were performed at 2% relative humidity and a temperature range of 21-50 degrees C. At all temperatures PP had the lowest water vapor transmission rate, followed by PVC and finally ABS. The WVP of ABS and PVC were independent of temperature while that of PP demonstrated a temperature dependence. The activation energy determined from the rate measurements for ABS and PVC indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was diffusion-controlled. For PP, the activation energy indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was not diffusion controlled but was possibly controlled by water chemically reacting at the plastic surface. The importance of including WVP properties in the process of selecting a plastic material to contain the electrolyte-immobilized lead-acid battery is emphasized.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114780306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88248
D. Calasanzio, G. Baudo, M. Ottaviani
Positive grid corrosion is one of the major causes of lead-acid battery performance failures. This phenomenon occurs slowly under normal conditions, so that any modifications of the grid design should be undertaken only after an extended testing period. It is very desirable to accelerate simulated battery life in order to obtain data on the status of corrosion, to correct problems, and ultimately to improve the battery service life. Tests in the technical literature are discussed where temperature is used to accelerate corrosion and growth. It has been confirmed that corrosion phenomena accelerate as temperature increases and that this increase is, in the case of lead calcium alloys, proportional to the square of the number of test days. Some results of the FIAMM grid testing program are offered for evaluation and discussion. FIAMM has made significant changes to the positive grids used in its Monolite series of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. The type-S grid has been redesigned by increasing the cross-section areas of several of the horizontal and vertical ribs, which has increased the grid weight.<>
{"title":"The effects of grid design variables in valve regulated standby batteries","authors":"D. Calasanzio, G. Baudo, M. Ottaviani","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88248","url":null,"abstract":"Positive grid corrosion is one of the major causes of lead-acid battery performance failures. This phenomenon occurs slowly under normal conditions, so that any modifications of the grid design should be undertaken only after an extended testing period. It is very desirable to accelerate simulated battery life in order to obtain data on the status of corrosion, to correct problems, and ultimately to improve the battery service life. Tests in the technical literature are discussed where temperature is used to accelerate corrosion and growth. It has been confirmed that corrosion phenomena accelerate as temperature increases and that this increase is, in the case of lead calcium alloys, proportional to the square of the number of test days. Some results of the FIAMM grid testing program are offered for evaluation and discussion. FIAMM has made significant changes to the positive grids used in its Monolite series of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. The type-S grid has been redesigned by increasing the cross-section areas of several of the horizontal and vertical ribs, which has increased the grid weight.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129948456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88262
B. Ulrich
The author describes a modular liquid-cooled packaging design based primarily on heat conduction principles (abandonment of natural air convection). It is being used both in an existing Telex exchange design and in trials with a pilot AC/DC power supply system (MS 2000 with water-cooled rectifiers) using a water chiller designed according to the Ascom concept. Energy consumption measurements using the water chiller prototype show even at this early stage that this cooling concept can achieve energy savings that are far from trivial.<>
{"title":"An advanced telecom packaging concept ensuring higher reliability and low cooling energy costs","authors":"B. Ulrich","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88262","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes a modular liquid-cooled packaging design based primarily on heat conduction principles (abandonment of natural air convection). It is being used both in an existing Telex exchange design and in trials with a pilot AC/DC power supply system (MS 2000 with water-cooled rectifiers) using a water chiller designed according to the Ascom concept. Energy consumption measurements using the water chiller prototype show even at this early stage that this cooling concept can achieve energy savings that are far from trivial.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130081853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88312
M. Ferranti, P. Ferraris, A. Fratta, F. Profumo
The authors consider end-user energy transformation in standby solar energy power plants and analyze various possible solutions for utilizing the energy stored in the battery to supply electrical motors, lights, etc. The conversion efficiency and the reliability of the whole system are among the parameters selected to define the optimum system design. Both solar and wind energy conversion technologies and end-user energy transformation are efficiency-dependent. The results obtained based on a lossless step-up chopper and six-step inverter seem to be very attractive from the efficiency point of view and also with regard to ruggedness and reliability, very important quality factors owing to the probable locations of the systems under examination.<>
{"title":"Solar energy supply system for induction motors and various loads","authors":"M. Ferranti, P. Ferraris, A. Fratta, F. Profumo","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88312","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider end-user energy transformation in standby solar energy power plants and analyze various possible solutions for utilizing the energy stored in the battery to supply electrical motors, lights, etc. The conversion efficiency and the reliability of the whole system are among the parameters selected to define the optimum system design. Both solar and wind energy conversion technologies and end-user energy transformation are efficiency-dependent. The results obtained based on a lossless step-up chopper and six-step inverter seem to be very attractive from the efficiency point of view and also with regard to ruggedness and reliability, very important quality factors owing to the probable locations of the systems under examination.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131958708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88274
A. Cinquemani, A. Lamartina, L. Salari
The authors illustrate the application of quality methodologies and tools to the power systems designed and manufactured by Italtel, mainly operating as power supplies for the company's digital switching system. Some examples describe the quality results obtained in each product life-cycle phase, from design to operation in the field, by means of: reliability and availability predictions needed to define the best system architecture and the most reliable technology; reliability growing methods, prototype environmental stress tests, and maintainability demonstration test, aimed at verifying that the target quality levels are reached in each development step; and the Quality Information System (SIQ), a tool designed to manage quality improvement during manufacturing and operation in the field.<>
{"title":"Design and management of reliability and availability of power systems for telecommunications","authors":"A. Cinquemani, A. Lamartina, L. Salari","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88274","url":null,"abstract":"The authors illustrate the application of quality methodologies and tools to the power systems designed and manufactured by Italtel, mainly operating as power supplies for the company's digital switching system. Some examples describe the quality results obtained in each product life-cycle phase, from design to operation in the field, by means of: reliability and availability predictions needed to define the best system architecture and the most reliable technology; reliability growing methods, prototype environmental stress tests, and maintainability demonstration test, aimed at verifying that the target quality levels are reached in each development step; and the Quality Information System (SIQ), a tool designed to manage quality improvement during manufacturing and operation in the field.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133254388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88360
P. A. Allen
British Telecom cooling system are now based on highly standardized, modular cooling units which use fresh air as the principal cooling medium and incorporate the refrigeration plant. A ventilated ceiling is normally used to deliver air to the room but a downflow unit for use with raised modular floors is also available. More recently a unit incorporating a dry cooler has been introduced. For small rural exchanges, total fresh air units are used. The units are all sited in the exchange room, and each requires only a single hole through an outside wall. The control system is standardized and has recently been redesigned to incorporate remote diagnostic facilities. The approach adopted has been highly successful. Over 3000 units are now in use, and there have been no instances of service failure due to loss of environmental control.<>
{"title":"The development of high reliability modular cooling system in British Telecom","authors":"P. A. Allen","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88360","url":null,"abstract":"British Telecom cooling system are now based on highly standardized, modular cooling units which use fresh air as the principal cooling medium and incorporate the refrigeration plant. A ventilated ceiling is normally used to deliver air to the room but a downflow unit for use with raised modular floors is also available. More recently a unit incorporating a dry cooler has been introduced. For small rural exchanges, total fresh air units are used. The units are all sited in the exchange room, and each requires only a single hole through an outside wall. The control system is standardized and has recently been redesigned to incorporate remote diagnostic facilities. The approach adopted has been highly successful. Over 3000 units are now in use, and there have been no instances of service failure due to loss of environmental control.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132277988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：