Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88250
F. Vaccaro, J. Klatte
The water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of three polymer resins used for battery container materials were investigated. The resins were acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polypropylene (PP). The water vapor transmission rate through each plastic was determined according to ASTM E96-80, Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. Experiments were performed at 2% relative humidity and a temperature range of 21-50 degrees C. At all temperatures PP had the lowest water vapor transmission rate, followed by PVC and finally ABS. The WVP of ABS and PVC were independent of temperature while that of PP demonstrated a temperature dependence. The activation energy determined from the rate measurements for ABS and PVC indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was diffusion-controlled. For PP, the activation energy indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was not diffusion controlled but was possibly controlled by water chemically reacting at the plastic surface. The importance of including WVP properties in the process of selecting a plastic material to contain the electrolyte-immobilized lead-acid battery is emphasized.<>
{"title":"Water vapor permeability of plastics used for electrolyte immobilized lead-acid battery containers","authors":"F. Vaccaro, J. Klatte","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88250","url":null,"abstract":"The water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of three polymer resins used for battery container materials were investigated. The resins were acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polypropylene (PP). The water vapor transmission rate through each plastic was determined according to ASTM E96-80, Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. Experiments were performed at 2% relative humidity and a temperature range of 21-50 degrees C. At all temperatures PP had the lowest water vapor transmission rate, followed by PVC and finally ABS. The WVP of ABS and PVC were independent of temperature while that of PP demonstrated a temperature dependence. The activation energy determined from the rate measurements for ABS and PVC indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was diffusion-controlled. For PP, the activation energy indicated that the process of water vapor transmission was not diffusion controlled but was possibly controlled by water chemically reacting at the plastic surface. The importance of including WVP properties in the process of selecting a plastic material to contain the electrolyte-immobilized lead-acid battery is emphasized.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114780306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88270
U. Roth
The principle of operation, design, and implementation of a modular intelligent system controller (ISC) are described. The ISC is characterized by high reliability, software and hardware modularity, and a menu-driven system control. A system of the type considered (the PSC-2000) is used in more than 40 power systems in Switzerland and the experience gained to date has been extremely encouraging.<>
{"title":"A programmable mu P controller for modular telecommunications power systems","authors":"U. Roth","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88270","url":null,"abstract":"The principle of operation, design, and implementation of a modular intelligent system controller (ISC) are described. The ISC is characterized by high reliability, software and hardware modularity, and a menu-driven system control. A system of the type considered (the PSC-2000) is used in more than 40 power systems in Switzerland and the experience gained to date has been extremely encouraging.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115862129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88325
A. Ascoli, R. Vellone
The authors review the reasons for the initial slow historical development of fuel cells and the present accelerated development and compare the features of fuel cells and conventional electrical generators. They examine the state-of-the-art throughout the world and briefly outline the European (and particularly the Italian) R&D programs in this field. The application prospects of this technology are also briefly reviewed.<>
{"title":"Fuel cells-state of the art and perspectives","authors":"A. Ascoli, R. Vellone","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88325","url":null,"abstract":"The authors review the reasons for the initial slow historical development of fuel cells and the present accelerated development and compare the features of fuel cells and conventional electrical generators. They examine the state-of-the-art throughout the world and briefly outline the European (and particularly the Italian) R&D programs in this field. The application prospects of this technology are also briefly reviewed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126897706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88286
W. Brecht, D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson
The authors discuss results of room-temperature tests at lowered float potentials on cell and battery float characteristics. Also, they describe performance results and quantify improvements achieved in actual battery reserve time, resulting from the introduction of an additional cell into an existing -48 V DC telecommunication battery plant in a working telephone central office. Finally, they discuss the significant capacity (and hence economic) benefits resulting from the introduction of an additional cell into existing telephone battery strings (24 cells per string), without significant change in overall power plant float voltages. It is shown that battery life can be enhanced as much as 25% using low-float technology, and the capacity of a 24-cell battery string can be increased up to 25% by the addition of a 25th cell.<>
{"title":"Trial results, performance and economic benefits of lowered cell float potential in a working central office environment","authors":"W. Brecht, D. Feder, J. McAndrews, A. J. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88286","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss results of room-temperature tests at lowered float potentials on cell and battery float characteristics. Also, they describe performance results and quantify improvements achieved in actual battery reserve time, resulting from the introduction of an additional cell into an existing -48 V DC telecommunication battery plant in a working telephone central office. Finally, they discuss the significant capacity (and hence economic) benefits resulting from the introduction of an additional cell into existing telephone battery strings (24 cells per string), without significant change in overall power plant float voltages. It is shown that battery life can be enhanced as much as 25% using low-float technology, and the capacity of a 24-cell battery string can be increased up to 25% by the addition of a 25th cell.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125839631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88248
D. Calasanzio, G. Baudo, M. Ottaviani
Positive grid corrosion is one of the major causes of lead-acid battery performance failures. This phenomenon occurs slowly under normal conditions, so that any modifications of the grid design should be undertaken only after an extended testing period. It is very desirable to accelerate simulated battery life in order to obtain data on the status of corrosion, to correct problems, and ultimately to improve the battery service life. Tests in the technical literature are discussed where temperature is used to accelerate corrosion and growth. It has been confirmed that corrosion phenomena accelerate as temperature increases and that this increase is, in the case of lead calcium alloys, proportional to the square of the number of test days. Some results of the FIAMM grid testing program are offered for evaluation and discussion. FIAMM has made significant changes to the positive grids used in its Monolite series of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. The type-S grid has been redesigned by increasing the cross-section areas of several of the horizontal and vertical ribs, which has increased the grid weight.<>
{"title":"The effects of grid design variables in valve regulated standby batteries","authors":"D. Calasanzio, G. Baudo, M. Ottaviani","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88248","url":null,"abstract":"Positive grid corrosion is one of the major causes of lead-acid battery performance failures. This phenomenon occurs slowly under normal conditions, so that any modifications of the grid design should be undertaken only after an extended testing period. It is very desirable to accelerate simulated battery life in order to obtain data on the status of corrosion, to correct problems, and ultimately to improve the battery service life. Tests in the technical literature are discussed where temperature is used to accelerate corrosion and growth. It has been confirmed that corrosion phenomena accelerate as temperature increases and that this increase is, in the case of lead calcium alloys, proportional to the square of the number of test days. Some results of the FIAMM grid testing program are offered for evaluation and discussion. FIAMM has made significant changes to the positive grids used in its Monolite series of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. The type-S grid has been redesigned by increasing the cross-section areas of several of the horizontal and vertical ribs, which has increased the grid weight.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129948456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88348
L. Bjorkqvist, T. Lavi
When new digital telephone exchanges are installed in old telecommunications buildings, many different problems arise regarding the DC power supply of the new exchanges. The authors describe technical and economic considerations necessary to achieve optimal solutions. Based on a comparison between the use of adaptation systems and a modern power supply system, it is concluded that there are considerable benefits from the use of modern power supply systems together with modern electronic telephone exchanges, and that this solution should therefore be thoroughly considered. In general, the choice is made to replace old electromechanical telephone exchanges, it is advisable to replace the old power supply system as well. In connection with this, it is also important to consider overall operational economy, such as spare parts routines, maintenance, recruiting personnel, and energy costs.<>
{"title":"Modern digital exchanges in old telecom power environment","authors":"L. Bjorkqvist, T. Lavi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88348","url":null,"abstract":"When new digital telephone exchanges are installed in old telecommunications buildings, many different problems arise regarding the DC power supply of the new exchanges. The authors describe technical and economic considerations necessary to achieve optimal solutions. Based on a comparison between the use of adaptation systems and a modern power supply system, it is concluded that there are considerable benefits from the use of modern power supply systems together with modern electronic telephone exchanges, and that this solution should therefore be thoroughly considered. In general, the choice is made to replace old electromechanical telephone exchanges, it is advisable to replace the old power supply system as well. In connection with this, it is also important to consider overall operational economy, such as spare parts routines, maintenance, recruiting personnel, and energy costs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122164545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88360
P. A. Allen
British Telecom cooling system are now based on highly standardized, modular cooling units which use fresh air as the principal cooling medium and incorporate the refrigeration plant. A ventilated ceiling is normally used to deliver air to the room but a downflow unit for use with raised modular floors is also available. More recently a unit incorporating a dry cooler has been introduced. For small rural exchanges, total fresh air units are used. The units are all sited in the exchange room, and each requires only a single hole through an outside wall. The control system is standardized and has recently been redesigned to incorporate remote diagnostic facilities. The approach adopted has been highly successful. Over 3000 units are now in use, and there have been no instances of service failure due to loss of environmental control.<>
{"title":"The development of high reliability modular cooling system in British Telecom","authors":"P. A. Allen","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88360","url":null,"abstract":"British Telecom cooling system are now based on highly standardized, modular cooling units which use fresh air as the principal cooling medium and incorporate the refrigeration plant. A ventilated ceiling is normally used to deliver air to the room but a downflow unit for use with raised modular floors is also available. More recently a unit incorporating a dry cooler has been introduced. For small rural exchanges, total fresh air units are used. The units are all sited in the exchange room, and each requires only a single hole through an outside wall. The control system is standardized and has recently been redesigned to incorporate remote diagnostic facilities. The approach adopted has been highly successful. Over 3000 units are now in use, and there have been no instances of service failure due to loss of environmental control.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132277988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88333
V. Zaltsman
With the present-day widespread use of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) in power equipment, inrush becomes a major concern since most UPSs have a limited ability to furnish high peak-current demands. The author discusses inrush current in general and presents, both conceptually and in block-diagram form, a proposal for circuitry that manages and eliminates the inductive inrush current concerns. It is established that the most important factor in identifying the influence on the UPS of a power supply connected to the UPS is the crest factor of the applied load. To control the inrush current, the preferred approach for a capacitive load is to switch a current-limited resistor temporarily into the circuit, while for an inductive load, a well-chosen critical turn-on angle of the connecting device is the most effective method.<>
{"title":"Inrush current control for equipment powered by UPSs","authors":"V. Zaltsman","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88333","url":null,"abstract":"With the present-day widespread use of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) in power equipment, inrush becomes a major concern since most UPSs have a limited ability to furnish high peak-current demands. The author discusses inrush current in general and presents, both conceptually and in block-diagram form, a proposal for circuitry that manages and eliminates the inductive inrush current concerns. It is established that the most important factor in identifying the influence on the UPS of a power supply connected to the UPS is the crest factor of the applied load. To control the inrush current, the preferred approach for a capacitive load is to switch a current-limited resistor temporarily into the circuit, while for an inductive load, a well-chosen critical turn-on angle of the connecting device is the most effective method.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131347427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88312
M. Ferranti, P. Ferraris, A. Fratta, F. Profumo
The authors consider end-user energy transformation in standby solar energy power plants and analyze various possible solutions for utilizing the energy stored in the battery to supply electrical motors, lights, etc. The conversion efficiency and the reliability of the whole system are among the parameters selected to define the optimum system design. Both solar and wind energy conversion technologies and end-user energy transformation are efficiency-dependent. The results obtained based on a lossless step-up chopper and six-step inverter seem to be very attractive from the efficiency point of view and also with regard to ruggedness and reliability, very important quality factors owing to the probable locations of the systems under examination.<>
{"title":"Solar energy supply system for induction motors and various loads","authors":"M. Ferranti, P. Ferraris, A. Fratta, F. Profumo","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88312","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider end-user energy transformation in standby solar energy power plants and analyze various possible solutions for utilizing the energy stored in the battery to supply electrical motors, lights, etc. The conversion efficiency and the reliability of the whole system are among the parameters selected to define the optimum system design. Both solar and wind energy conversion technologies and end-user energy transformation are efficiency-dependent. The results obtained based on a lossless step-up chopper and six-step inverter seem to be very attractive from the efficiency point of view and also with regard to ruggedness and reliability, very important quality factors owing to the probable locations of the systems under examination.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131958708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-15DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88274
A. Cinquemani, A. Lamartina, L. Salari
The authors illustrate the application of quality methodologies and tools to the power systems designed and manufactured by Italtel, mainly operating as power supplies for the company's digital switching system. Some examples describe the quality results obtained in each product life-cycle phase, from design to operation in the field, by means of: reliability and availability predictions needed to define the best system architecture and the most reliable technology; reliability growing methods, prototype environmental stress tests, and maintainability demonstration test, aimed at verifying that the target quality levels are reached in each development step; and the Quality Information System (SIQ), a tool designed to manage quality improvement during manufacturing and operation in the field.<>
{"title":"Design and management of reliability and availability of power systems for telecommunications","authors":"A. Cinquemani, A. Lamartina, L. Salari","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1989.88274","url":null,"abstract":"The authors illustrate the application of quality methodologies and tools to the power systems designed and manufactured by Italtel, mainly operating as power supplies for the company's digital switching system. Some examples describe the quality results obtained in each product life-cycle phase, from design to operation in the field, by means of: reliability and availability predictions needed to define the best system architecture and the most reliable technology; reliability growing methods, prototype environmental stress tests, and maintainability demonstration test, aimed at verifying that the target quality levels are reached in each development step; and the Quality Information System (SIQ), a tool designed to manage quality improvement during manufacturing and operation in the field.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":272740,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings., Eleventh International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133254388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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