Pub Date : 2019-07-15DOI: 10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.08H
N. Pivovarov, Fsaei He I.M. Sechenov First Msmu Moh Russia, N. P. Shok, Fsbei Fpe Rmacpe Moh Russia
This article looks at the debate in the USSR in 1935–1936 on banning abortions. This episode of Soviet history has enormous heuristic potential for researchers studying the Soviet period. At first sight, the bill to ban abortions appears simply a matter of historical medical fact, based on which we can in many ways draw conclusions about the situation in healthcare in general, and in obstetrics and gynaecology in particular. However, this small-scale episode in the history of Soviet healthcare provides scope for substantial cross-disciplinary research prospects in fields such as anthropology, sociology, political science, and so on, significantly expanding the research horizons of the Soviet past. Our analysis of the abortion ban debate draws on two groups of sources. The first comprises documents of the highest Communist Party and government bodies, stored in the thematic files of the Soviet Politburo. Particular attention is paid to the notes and marginalia made by Stalin in the drafts of the law to ban abortions. Practically all the materials in this group have been officially declassified only comparatively recently, and now being studied for the first time. The second group of sources comprises letters from members of the Soviet public to the highest organs of government and to national and local periodicals. The letters present a wide range of opinions and observations on the bill to ban abortions. Comparing these two groups of sources has allowed us to become the first Russian researchers to study the development of ethical discourse, and show the history of the emergence of bioethical discourse, in the Soviet period.
{"title":"On the history of the ban on abortion in the USSR: the views of the authorities and Soviet public opinion from the perspective of bioethics (1935–1936)","authors":"N. Pivovarov, Fsaei He I.M. Sechenov First Msmu Moh Russia, N. P. Shok, Fsbei Fpe Rmacpe Moh Russia","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.08H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.08H","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at the debate in the USSR in 1935–1936 on banning abortions. This episode of Soviet history has enormous heuristic potential for researchers studying the Soviet period. At first sight, the bill to ban abortions appears simply a matter of historical medical fact, based on which we can in many ways draw conclusions about the situation in healthcare in general, and in obstetrics and gynaecology in particular. However, this small-scale episode in the history of Soviet healthcare provides scope for substantial cross-disciplinary research prospects in fields such as anthropology, sociology, political science, and so on, significantly expanding the research horizons of the Soviet past. Our analysis of the abortion ban debate draws on two groups of sources. The first comprises documents of the highest Communist Party and government bodies, stored in the thematic files of the Soviet Politburo. Particular attention is paid to the notes and marginalia made by Stalin in the drafts of the law to ban abortions. Practically all the materials in this group have been officially declassified only comparatively recently, and now being studied for the first time. The second group of sources comprises letters from members of the Soviet public to the highest organs of government and to national and local periodicals. The letters present a wide range of opinions and observations on the bill to ban abortions. Comparing these two groups of sources has allowed us to become the first Russian researchers to study the development of ethical discourse, and show the history of the emergence of bioethical discourse, in the Soviet period.","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122293983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-15DOI: 10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.07G
T. Garmanova, Fsaei He I.M. Sechenov First Msmu Moh Russia, E. Kazachenko, N. Krylov
{"title":"History of surgery: the evolution of views on the formation of intestinal stoma","authors":"T. Garmanova, Fsaei He I.M. Sechenov First Msmu Moh Russia, E. Kazachenko, N. Krylov","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.07G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.07G","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133841078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-21DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.06F
S. A. Nekrylov, A. Stepnov, S. F. Fominykh
This article analyses reports on trips abroad made by professors, privatdozents, laboratory assistants and prosectors from the Imperial University of Tomsk to European countries in the period from 1902 to 1914. It examines the difficulties they faced on their visits “for research purposes” to Europe. It is emphasised that maintaining contacts with colleagues abroad was one of the key priorities for representatives of the pre-revolutionary academic community in Tomsk. The Russian academics’ observations also focused on the teaching methods used in the courses taught by leading professors from universities and institutes in Berlin, Breslau, Paris, Freiburg, Tübingen, Zürich, and so on, the contents of the lectures, the relationship between theory and practice in the educational process, and the comparative features of the mentality of foreigners and Russians. Following a comparative historical analysis, it is concluded that, despite the superiority of European university-level medical education in the period, Russians academics not only enjoyed successes in this field, but also took a critical view of the content of individual courses (legal medicine, the absence of toxicology in the programmes, etc.), the students’ general preparation, and the state of hospitals and individual laboratories (in particular, the physiological laboratory at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, etc.). At the same time, the reports studied represent the experience of mapping the biggest centres of science and education in the fields of hygiene and bacteriology, surgery and ophthalmology, legal medicine and pathological anatomy, and so on. They also reflect the particular features of the development of the medical systems of Russia and Europe, which were then part of a single “academic ecumene”, shown most clearly in attitudes to academic tradition and the participation of Professor Aleksei Kulyabko of the University of Tomsk in anniversary celebrations at Trinity College Dublin in 1912 and at the University of Groningen in 1914.
{"title":"Medical education and academic traditions in universities and institutes of European countries through the eyes of professors, teachers and staff of the Imperial Tomsk University (1902–1914)","authors":"S. A. Nekrylov, A. Stepnov, S. F. Fominykh","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.06F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.06F","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses reports on trips abroad made by professors, privatdozents, laboratory assistants and prosectors from the Imperial University of Tomsk to European countries in the period from 1902 to 1914. It examines the difficulties they faced on their visits “for research purposes” to Europe. It is emphasised that maintaining contacts with colleagues abroad was one of the key priorities for representatives of the pre-revolutionary academic community in Tomsk. The Russian academics’ observations also focused on the teaching methods used in the courses taught by leading professors from universities and institutes in Berlin, Breslau, Paris, Freiburg, Tübingen, Zürich, and so on, the contents of the lectures, the relationship between theory and practice in the educational process, and the comparative features of the mentality of foreigners and Russians. Following a comparative historical analysis, it is concluded that, despite the superiority of European university-level medical education in the period, Russians academics not only enjoyed successes in this field, but also took a critical view of the content of individual courses (legal medicine, the absence of toxicology in the programmes, etc.), the students’ general preparation, and the state of hospitals and individual laboratories (in particular, the physiological laboratory at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, etc.). At the same time, the reports studied represent the experience of mapping the biggest centres of science and education in the fields of hygiene and bacteriology, surgery and ophthalmology, legal medicine and pathological anatomy, and so on. They also reflect the particular features of the development of the medical systems of Russia and Europe, which were then part of a single “academic ecumene”, shown most clearly in attitudes to academic tradition and the participation of Professor Aleksei Kulyabko of the University of Tomsk in anniversary celebrations at Trinity College Dublin in 1912 and at the University of Groningen in 1914.","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116054753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-21DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.05E
V. Tikhonov
This article identifies and analyses the historical, sociocultural and political background to the establishment of the Russian National Committee on Bioethics. Soviet society was dominated by “scientific optimism”. While bioethics in the West was institutionalised as a distinct area of research as the downsides of progress in science and technology were recognised, in the USSR this was impeded by ideological constraints. Nevertheless, Ivan Frolov and Boris Yudin worked on problems of the impact of science and technology on society from the perspective of bioethics. In the years of perestroika, against the backdrop of a change in the ideological and intellectual atmosphere, problems including environmental issues and those directly related to bioethics were discussed in public more and more. At the same time, bioethics was being institutionalised. For example, the International Association of Bioethics was established in 1990, and Soviet scientists were invited to join it. This required establishing a Soviet national committee, which Frolov set about organising. On the basis of archive material, this article provides a detailed analysis of a meeting of the Presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences on 29 October 1991, which proved to be a landmark event in the history of bioethics in Russia. This meeting revealed two things: that the Presidium’s scientists were poorly informed about bioethical issues, and that public interest in such issues was growing. As such, general trends in the development of science, and an understanding of the social and humanitarian challenges went hand in hand with the emergence of a more questioning society and political liberalisation in the wake of perestroika. In terms of the social history of science, the crisis of consciousness in Soviet society in the late 1980s, when it became possible to speak of its backwardness in many areas of life, including those directly related to bioethics, also played a certain role. In addition, the development of the field of bioethics in Russia was due in no small part to the initiative shown by Academician Frolov.
{"title":"The origins of the Russian National Committee on Bioethics: historical, sociocultural and political contexts","authors":"V. Tikhonov","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.05E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.05E","url":null,"abstract":"This article identifies and analyses the historical, sociocultural and political background to the establishment of the Russian National Committee on Bioethics. Soviet society was dominated by “scientific optimism”. While bioethics in the West was institutionalised as a distinct area of research as the downsides of progress in science and technology were recognised, in the USSR this was impeded by ideological constraints. Nevertheless, Ivan Frolov and Boris Yudin worked on problems of the impact of science and technology on society from the perspective of bioethics. In the years of perestroika, against the backdrop of a change in the ideological and intellectual atmosphere, problems including environmental issues and those directly related to bioethics were discussed in public more and more. At the same time, bioethics was being institutionalised. For example, the International Association of Bioethics was established in 1990, and Soviet scientists were invited to join it. This required establishing a Soviet national committee, which Frolov set about organising. On the basis of archive material, this article provides a detailed analysis of a meeting of the Presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences on 29 October 1991, which proved to be a landmark event in the history of bioethics in Russia. This meeting revealed two things: that the Presidium’s scientists were poorly informed about bioethical issues, and that public interest in such issues was growing. As such, general trends in the development of science, and an understanding of the social and humanitarian challenges went hand in hand with the emergence of a more questioning society and political liberalisation in the wake of perestroika. In terms of the social history of science, the crisis of consciousness in Soviet society in the late 1980s, when it became possible to speak of its backwardness in many areas of life, including those directly related to bioethics, also played a certain role. In addition, the development of the field of bioethics in Russia was due in no small part to the initiative shown by Academician Frolov.","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133310033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.01a
K. Vasyliev, Y. Vasyliev
{"title":"The development of the teaching of Medical Police at higher medical schools in the Russian Empire","authors":"K. Vasyliev, Y. Vasyliev","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.01a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.01a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124975045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.09i
A. Smirnov
{"title":"Ilya Buyalsky, professor in the Department of Anatomy at the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy","authors":"A. Smirnov","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.09i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.09i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126077489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.12l
D. Balalykin
{"title":"Boorse and Galen: an overlooked connection","authors":"D. Balalykin","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.12l","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.t7.1.2021.12l","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122347811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.02b
M. Sergeeva, E. Panova
{"title":"Blood transfusions for the wounded: promising method of battlefield surgery or utopia of the mid-1870s?","authors":"M. Sergeeva, E. Panova","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.02b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.02b","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122637043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.08h
V. Bobinov, S. Goroshchenko, L. Rozhchenko, K. Samochernykh, A. Petrov
{"title":"Historical aspects of microsurgical treatment of brain aneurysms","authors":"V. Bobinov, S. Goroshchenko, L. Rozhchenko, K. Samochernykh, A. Petrov","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.08h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.08h","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121631421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.17720/2409-5583.T6.2.2019.03C
Сергей Павлович Морозов, Антон Вячеславович Владзимирский
{"title":"The use of telemedicine in radiodiagnosis in the 1920–1980s","authors":"Сергей Павлович Морозов, Антон Вячеславович Владзимирский","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.T6.2.2019.03C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.T6.2.2019.03C","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274992,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya meditsiny","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116319551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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