Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369388
Junbeum Kim, B. Allenby
This research is about development of a set of models and tools collectively based on, and illustrating, a new competency we call "sustainability network theory" or "SNT". SNT intends to reflect and model complex aspects of industrial networks, including interconnections between environmental, economic and social aspects, in order to support identification of causal loops, help prioritize conflicting factors, and facilitate intervention at the right levels. SNT, in turn, is based on our evolving understanding of underlying network system concepts and science. In addition to theoretical development, a SNT model will be developed for the electronics/information and communications technology ("ICT") industry with the goal of understanding how regional policies and incentive programs can affect the global sustainability performance (environment and social) of the industry.
{"title":"Development of Sustainability Network Theory (SNT) and Model for Managing Electronics Industrial System","authors":"Junbeum Kim, B. Allenby","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369388","url":null,"abstract":"This research is about development of a set of models and tools collectively based on, and illustrating, a new competency we call \"sustainability network theory\" or \"SNT\". SNT intends to reflect and model complex aspects of industrial networks, including interconnections between environmental, economic and social aspects, in order to support identification of causal loops, help prioritize conflicting factors, and facilitate intervention at the right levels. SNT, in turn, is based on our evolving understanding of underlying network system concepts and science. In addition to theoretical development, a SNT model will be developed for the electronics/information and communications technology (\"ICT\") industry with the goal of understanding how regional policies and incentive programs can affect the global sustainability performance (environment and social) of the industry.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116618828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369383
F. Magalini, J. Huisman
The paper points out the current status of the implementation of the WEEE directive across the EU. It analyzes those aspects that are currently leading to differences and asymmetry across different stakeholders. The main differences in National approaches are addressed to provide a general overview across the EU. The main aspects that could lead to a better implementation of the WEEE directive are discussed and insights on cost models and how the basic principles of the WEEE directive were enforced are provided. It is based on the key question for setting up take-back systems for discarded electronic equipments: how to organize take-back and recycling in order to align all stakeholder interests and positions in a practical way?
{"title":"Management of WEEE & Cost Models across the EU Could the EPR principle lead US to a better Environmental Policy?","authors":"F. Magalini, J. Huisman","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369383","url":null,"abstract":"The paper points out the current status of the implementation of the WEEE directive across the EU. It analyzes those aspects that are currently leading to differences and asymmetry across different stakeholders. The main differences in National approaches are addressed to provide a general overview across the EU. The main aspects that could lead to a better implementation of the WEEE directive are discussed and insights on cost models and how the basic principles of the WEEE directive were enforced are provided. It is based on the key question for setting up take-back systems for discarded electronic equipments: how to organize take-back and recycling in order to align all stakeholder interests and positions in a practical way?","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123876185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369372
Z. Ok, J. Benneyan, J. Isaacs
A Monte Carlo cost model was developed to assess production costs of alternate manufacturing processes (HiPco, arc ablation, chemical vapor deposition) for single wall carbon nanotubes, given considerable uncertainty about occupational risk and future potential environmental health and safety (EHS) standards. Various assumptions regarding levels and implementation rates of EHA requirements were modeled as stochastic events and examined for their impact on the production cost expected values, variances, and probability distributions. Preliminary results suggest that in some cases voluntarily adopting higher standards than initially required can lead to lowest expected cost with the least uncertainty.
{"title":"Modeling Production Costs for SWNT Manufacturing Given Uncertain Health and Safety Standards","authors":"Z. Ok, J. Benneyan, J. Isaacs","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369372","url":null,"abstract":"A Monte Carlo cost model was developed to assess production costs of alternate manufacturing processes (HiPco, arc ablation, chemical vapor deposition) for single wall carbon nanotubes, given considerable uncertainty about occupational risk and future potential environmental health and safety (EHS) standards. Various assumptions regarding levels and implementation rates of EHA requirements were modeled as stochastic events and examined for their impact on the production cost expected values, variances, and probability distributions. Preliminary results suggest that in some cases voluntarily adopting higher standards than initially required can lead to lowest expected cost with the least uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"753-755 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127627152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369396
T. Higgs
The need for platforms with the right type of compute power and performance will continue to escalate over time. The capabilities that users expect of PCs are certain to accelerate as dramatically. The phenomenal growth in world data will continue to spur growth in the number of servers and data centers. Already total server numbers have increased approximately 150 times in less than a decade (1990s). At the same time, the demand for smaller, more powerful, more versatile mobile devices with longer battery lives will continue to grow - especially as the maturation of the wireless infrastructure and services will further fuel people's desire to carry their computing and communications devices with them wherever they go.
{"title":"Energy Efficient Computing","authors":"T. Higgs","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369396","url":null,"abstract":"The need for platforms with the right type of compute power and performance will continue to escalate over time. The capabilities that users expect of PCs are certain to accelerate as dramatically. The phenomenal growth in world data will continue to spur growth in the number of servers and data centers. Already total server numbers have increased approximately 150 times in less than a decade (1990s). At the same time, the demand for smaller, more powerful, more versatile mobile devices with longer battery lives will continue to grow - especially as the maturation of the wireless infrastructure and services will further fuel people's desire to carry their computing and communications devices with them wherever they go.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121323254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369377
M. Kent, M. Corbett, M. Glavin
Electronic scrap contains potentially hazardous metals that may become airborne during the recycling process. Occupational exposures to airborne metals created by cellular phone recycling operations are not well characterized in the scientific literature, leaving risk assessors and policy creators little evidence upon which to base electronic scrap management decisions. A quantitative airborne metal exposure survey was conducted on workers shredding, roasting, milling, and assaying recycled cellular phones. Aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc were all well below the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PEL) for shredding, roasting and alloying operations. Based on their percent exceedance values, airborne silver exposure results for all four operations are expected to be above the OSHA PEL (0.01 mg/m3) greater than five percent of the time. When compared to the more toxicologically relevant exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m3, the percent exceedance values for shredding, roasting, and alloying operations are less than 1.0 percent, although milling remains greater than 5.0 percent. Milling results were above the OSHA PEL for copper and lead more than five percent of the time. Operator tasks required to respond to atypical milling and screening equipment malfunctions significantly influenced their exposures. Shredding, roasting and alloying operations with work practice and ventilation controls, as is described in this study, represent a minimal inhalation hazard regarding silver and no inhalation hazard to the operators for all other metals studied.
电子废料中含有潜在的有害金属，在回收过程中可能会通过空气传播。科学文献没有很好地描述手机回收作业产生的空气中金属的职业暴露情况，因此风险评估人员和政策制定者几乎没有证据可以作为电子废料管理决策的基础。对切碎、烘烤、碾磨和分析回收手机的工人进行了定量的空气金属暴露调查。铝、砷、铍、镉、铬、铜、铁、铅、锰、镍、硒和锌都远远低于职业安全与健康管理局(OSHA)对粉碎、烘烤和合金化操作的允许暴露限值(PEL)。根据其超出百分比值，所有四种操作的空气中银暴露结果预计将超过OSHA PEL (0.01 mg/m3)的5%以上。与毒性更强的接触限值0.1 mg/m3相比，粉碎、烘烤和合金化操作的超出百分比值小于1.0%，尽管研磨仍然大于5.0%。铜和铅的铣削结果超过OSHA PEL的5%以上。对非典型碾磨和筛分设备故障做出反应的操作人员任务显著影响了他们的暴露。如本研究所述，在工作实践和通风控制下进行粉碎、烘烤和合金化操作，对银的吸入危害最小，对所研究的所有其他金属的操作人员没有吸入危害。
{"title":"Characterization and Analysis of Airborne Metal Exposures among Workers Recycling Cellular Phones","authors":"M. Kent, M. Corbett, M. Glavin","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369377","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic scrap contains potentially hazardous metals that may become airborne during the recycling process. Occupational exposures to airborne metals created by cellular phone recycling operations are not well characterized in the scientific literature, leaving risk assessors and policy creators little evidence upon which to base electronic scrap management decisions. A quantitative airborne metal exposure survey was conducted on workers shredding, roasting, milling, and assaying recycled cellular phones. Aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc were all well below the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PEL) for shredding, roasting and alloying operations. Based on their percent exceedance values, airborne silver exposure results for all four operations are expected to be above the OSHA PEL (0.01 mg/m3) greater than five percent of the time. When compared to the more toxicologically relevant exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m3, the percent exceedance values for shredding, roasting, and alloying operations are less than 1.0 percent, although milling remains greater than 5.0 percent. Milling results were above the OSHA PEL for copper and lead more than five percent of the time. Operator tasks required to respond to atypical milling and screening equipment malfunctions significantly influenced their exposures. Shredding, roasting and alloying operations with work practice and ventilation controls, as is described in this study, represent a minimal inhalation hazard regarding silver and no inhalation hazard to the operators for all other metals studied.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130872634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369098
Xiaohua Zhou, X. Wen, Jinhui Li, Hao Liu
China faces great challenge on e-waste problems. Lacking of controllable collection system and compatible management measures, advanced recycling technologies and effective technology policies has resulted in out-of-order flow of e-waste and serious environmental pollution during disassembly and recycling. How to constitute scientifically decision-making technical policies of e-waste treatment and disposal becomes a significant topic in terms of constructing a resource saving and environmentally sound society in China. In this paper, waste PCs were selected as the tracer and possible collection routes and recycling methods of waste PCs were designed. A new method of material flow analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of PCs was created and a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization in the constraints of environmental sound handling of waste PCs was established. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various technologies from collection, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of waste PCs, the economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technical step was evaluated economically. The optimal treatment/ disposal technology proposed was the ones with high possibilities in the model calibration results. Results showed that operation life span plays the key role. The model supports the process of maintenance for the short lasting PCs. For the long lasting PCs, following recycling and disposal technologies combinations are recommended: mechanical recycling for waste plastics, electronic wire heater method to separate panel glass and cone glass, panel glass recycling as panel glass raw material, cone glass recycling as cone glass raw material". Results also showed that for waste printed circuit boards, content of noble metals is the key factor for selection of mechanical treatment technology. When Au content is below 1 g/t, "wet shredding + water table separation " is an optimal flowsheet; when Au content is above 1 g/t, "dry shedding +electrostatic separation +centrifugal separation " is the best choice.
{"title":"Methodological Study and Application on Technology Policies of PCs Recycling in China","authors":"Xiaohua Zhou, X. Wen, Jinhui Li, Hao Liu","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369098","url":null,"abstract":"China faces great challenge on e-waste problems. Lacking of controllable collection system and compatible management measures, advanced recycling technologies and effective technology policies has resulted in out-of-order flow of e-waste and serious environmental pollution during disassembly and recycling. How to constitute scientifically decision-making technical policies of e-waste treatment and disposal becomes a significant topic in terms of constructing a resource saving and environmentally sound society in China. In this paper, waste PCs were selected as the tracer and possible collection routes and recycling methods of waste PCs were designed. A new method of material flow analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of PCs was created and a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization in the constraints of environmental sound handling of waste PCs was established. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various technologies from collection, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of waste PCs, the economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technical step was evaluated economically. The optimal treatment/ disposal technology proposed was the ones with high possibilities in the model calibration results. Results showed that operation life span plays the key role. The model supports the process of maintenance for the short lasting PCs. For the long lasting PCs, following recycling and disposal technologies combinations are recommended: mechanical recycling for waste plastics, electronic wire heater method to separate panel glass and cone glass, panel glass recycling as panel glass raw material, cone glass recycling as cone glass raw material\". Results also showed that for waste printed circuit boards, content of noble metals is the key factor for selection of mechanical treatment technology. When Au content is below 1 g/t, \"wet shredding + water table separation \" is an optimal flowsheet; when Au content is above 1 g/t, \"dry shedding +electrostatic separation +centrifugal separation \" is the best choice.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128440573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369395
P. Tanskanen, E. Butler
Takeback of obsolete electronics products has been in the focus of the environmental discussions for nearly 10 years. The European Union has published the WEEE directive which is implemented now in nearly all EU27 countries. In addition to The EU, the State of California has passed similar legislation with 34 additional states considering take back legislation. The trend continues in Canada, China and Latin America. The driving force for this is the increasing amount of consumer electronic products in the world and the desire to direct those products at the end of life to responsible recycling instead of landfill. Mobile phones are rich in metals and other natural resources allowing for economically viable recycling capturing resources such as gold, platinum, palladium and copper. One of the bottlenecks in the recycling chain has been the low return rates of the used products at the end of useful life. Consumers tend to want to keep the old products or are unaware of the take back vehicles available to them. This paper presents case studies from two countries where a variety of take back initiatives for mobile phones are in place. Raising awareness and providing easy take back options are explored as key factors in increasing the return rate of used electronics devices.
{"title":"Mobile phone take back learning's from various initiatives","authors":"P. Tanskanen, E. Butler","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369395","url":null,"abstract":"Takeback of obsolete electronics products has been in the focus of the environmental discussions for nearly 10 years. The European Union has published the WEEE directive which is implemented now in nearly all EU27 countries. In addition to The EU, the State of California has passed similar legislation with 34 additional states considering take back legislation. The trend continues in Canada, China and Latin America. The driving force for this is the increasing amount of consumer electronic products in the world and the desire to direct those products at the end of life to responsible recycling instead of landfill. Mobile phones are rich in metals and other natural resources allowing for economically viable recycling capturing resources such as gold, platinum, palladium and copper. One of the bottlenecks in the recycling chain has been the low return rates of the used products at the end of useful life. Consumers tend to want to keep the old products or are unaware of the take back vehicles available to them. This paper presents case studies from two countries where a variety of take back initiatives for mobile phones are in place. Raising awareness and providing easy take back options are explored as key factors in increasing the return rate of used electronics devices.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131410601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369387
Wei Tu
This paper examines the substitution of information for energy in the U.S. regional economy during the 1990s using input-output (IO)-based methods. On the basis of the analyses of three-segment 10 models for the years 1990, 1995, and 2000 at three levels of geographic scales, it was found that: 1) the Information segment grew much faster than the other two segments, 2) as input factors for production, energy became more dependent on information while information became less dependent on energy, and 3) U.S. regional economies experienced a marked informatization1 process in the 1990s, especially in the Sun Belt. More studies at a variety of spatial and temporal scales are needed to comprehend the trend, mechanism, and policy implications of this informatization process.
{"title":"Substitution of Information for Energy: An Empirical Investigation using Input-Output Analysis for the U.S. Regional Economy","authors":"Wei Tu","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369387","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the substitution of information for energy in the U.S. regional economy during the 1990s using input-output (IO)-based methods. On the basis of the analyses of three-segment 10 models for the years 1990, 1995, and 2000 at three levels of geographic scales, it was found that: 1) the Information segment grew much faster than the other two segments, 2) as input factors for production, energy became more dependent on information while information became less dependent on energy, and 3) U.S. regional economies experienced a marked informatization1 process in the 1990s, especially in the Sun Belt. More studies at a variety of spatial and temporal scales are needed to comprehend the trend, mechanism, and policy implications of this informatization process.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115219210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369392
J. Lincoln, J. Earthman, O. Ogunseitan, J. Saphores, A. Shapiro
Printed wiring boards (PWBs), also known as printed circuit boards, represent the prevailing interconnect technology for electronics and a key opportunity for making significant environmental improvements. Materials presently used in PWBs may negatively impact human health and the environment - during manufacturing and electronic waste disposal. We propose a more sustainable design based on renewable resources. For material selection we considered environmental issues and industry-standard criteria for cost, performance, and reliability. A matrix formulation based on biological resins and environmentally-benign additives was optimized using experimental design techniques. Flax fibers were impregnated with the optimized matrix formulation based on industry- standard coating techniques. Prototype PWB laminates were manufactured from the pre-impregnated fibers. The resulting PWB design is a viable alternative with potentially lower environmental impacts and costs than currently used PWBs.
{"title":"Renewable-resource Printed Wiring Board Design using Natural Fibers and a Bio-based Thermosetting Matrix","authors":"J. Lincoln, J. Earthman, O. Ogunseitan, J. Saphores, A. Shapiro","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369392","url":null,"abstract":"Printed wiring boards (PWBs), also known as printed circuit boards, represent the prevailing interconnect technology for electronics and a key opportunity for making significant environmental improvements. Materials presently used in PWBs may negatively impact human health and the environment - during manufacturing and electronic waste disposal. We propose a more sustainable design based on renewable resources. For material selection we considered environmental issues and industry-standard criteria for cost, performance, and reliability. A matrix formulation based on biological resins and environmentally-benign additives was optimized using experimental design techniques. Flax fibers were impregnated with the optimized matrix formulation based on industry- standard coating techniques. Prototype PWB laminates were manufactured from the pre-impregnated fibers. The resulting PWB design is a viable alternative with potentially lower environmental impacts and costs than currently used PWBs.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128948822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369368
A. Torabkhani, J. Isaacs, J. Benneyan
A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to provide tradeoff information about environmental issues and production costs after students play an educational game managing a simplified automobile supply chain. Two performance measures are tracked in the model, total production cost and an environmental green score. Results help students understand the effects of different management approaches to environmentally conscious manufacturing decisions. The simulation was run for a range of management philosophies and results analyzed for potential value to improve learning experiences.
{"title":"Embedded Simulation Models in Educational Games on Environmental Issues for Engineering Students","authors":"A. Torabkhani, J. Isaacs, J. Benneyan","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369368","url":null,"abstract":"A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to provide tradeoff information about environmental issues and production costs after students play an educational game managing a simplified automobile supply chain. Two performance measures are tracked in the model, total production cost and an environmental green score. Results help students understand the effects of different management approaches to environmentally conscious manufacturing decisions. The simulation was run for a range of management philosophies and results analyzed for potential value to improve learning experiences.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129746337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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