Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369375
S. Boyd, D. Dornfeld, N. Krishnan, M. Moalem
The objective of this work is to understand the materials and energy requirements, and emissions associated with new semiconductor manufacturing technology nodes. Current and near-future CMOS technologies (for the 45-nm and 32-nm nodes) are investigated using an inventory based on bottom-up process data. The process flow of the CMOS chip is modeled by updating an existing inventory analysis (for 130 nm node devices) to include strained Si channels, metal gates, 10 layers of interconnect and high-k gate dielectrics used in 45-nm and 32-nm CMOS nodes. Conclusions are made concerning emissions of new materials and trends in life cycle energy consumption of logic devices.
{"title":"Environmental Challenges for 45-nm and 32-nm node CMOS Logic","authors":"S. Boyd, D. Dornfeld, N. Krishnan, M. Moalem","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369375","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is to understand the materials and energy requirements, and emissions associated with new semiconductor manufacturing technology nodes. Current and near-future CMOS technologies (for the 45-nm and 32-nm nodes) are investigated using an inventory based on bottom-up process data. The process flow of the CMOS chip is modeled by updating an existing inventory analysis (for 130 nm node devices) to include strained Si channels, metal gates, 10 layers of interconnect and high-k gate dielectrics used in 45-nm and 32-nm CMOS nodes. Conclusions are made concerning emissions of new materials and trends in life cycle energy consumption of logic devices.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121472485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369393
Huang Haihong, Liu Guangfu, L. Zhifeng, Hongchao Zhang
It is a global tendency for manufac- hirers to be concerned about the environment, which leads to the appearance of Green Design. There exist many complicated multi-objective and multi-criteria decision making problems in the Green Design process. The framework to illustrate these problems is presented. Based on TOPSIS, the modified new method called Green Utility Similarity (GUS) is demonstrated to solve the decision-making problems. The Green Utility Similarity method incorporates the non-linear normalization different from the commonly used linear method. The case study of air-conditioner green design alternatives selection, with both GUS method and TOPSIS, shows that GUS method is feasible and effective.
{"title":"Research on Decision-making Method for Green Design based on Green Utility Similarity","authors":"Huang Haihong, Liu Guangfu, L. Zhifeng, Hongchao Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369393","url":null,"abstract":"It is a global tendency for manufac- hirers to be concerned about the environment, which leads to the appearance of Green Design. There exist many complicated multi-objective and multi-criteria decision making problems in the Green Design process. The framework to illustrate these problems is presented. Based on TOPSIS, the modified new method called Green Utility Similarity (GUS) is demonstrated to solve the decision-making problems. The Green Utility Similarity method incorporates the non-linear normalization different from the commonly used linear method. The case study of air-conditioner green design alternatives selection, with both GUS method and TOPSIS, shows that GUS method is feasible and effective.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"372 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115986966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369370
R. B. Dawson, S. D. Landry
Plastics are used in numerous electrical and electronic products that help make our lives easier and more productive. Many of these products that we use on a daily basis contain flame retardants as a passive means of fire protection to help safeguard society. In the end-use application, flame retardants delay the spread of fires or delay the time of flashover in order to enable people more time to escape the effects of the fires. The ultimate purpose of their use is to save lives, reduce injury, reduce destruction of property, and reduce local pollutants that result from fires. Research confirms that since the use of flame retardants in TV applications began, a substantial reduction in fire deaths has been achieved. The primary flame retardant resins used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) housings include HIPS, ABS, PC/ABS blends, and PPO/HIPS blends. Brominated flame retardants are utilized in EEE applications containing HIPS and ABS resins, while phosphorus flame retardants are normally utilized in PC/ABS blends and PPO/HIPS blends. The printed wiring boards in EEE applications contain a polymeric coating that typically has a flame retardant reacted into the polymer backbone. There are other flame retardant plastics contained in EEE, such as connectors and wire & cable coatings that contain a variety of flame retardants, depending on the particular resin used. Flame retardants have received a considerable amount of negative publicity due to perceived environmental and toxicological issues.
{"title":"Electrical & Electronic Equipment: Flame Retardant Regulatory Issues","authors":"R. B. Dawson, S. D. Landry","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369370","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics are used in numerous electrical and electronic products that help make our lives easier and more productive. Many of these products that we use on a daily basis contain flame retardants as a passive means of fire protection to help safeguard society. In the end-use application, flame retardants delay the spread of fires or delay the time of flashover in order to enable people more time to escape the effects of the fires. The ultimate purpose of their use is to save lives, reduce injury, reduce destruction of property, and reduce local pollutants that result from fires. Research confirms that since the use of flame retardants in TV applications began, a substantial reduction in fire deaths has been achieved. The primary flame retardant resins used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) housings include HIPS, ABS, PC/ABS blends, and PPO/HIPS blends. Brominated flame retardants are utilized in EEE applications containing HIPS and ABS resins, while phosphorus flame retardants are normally utilized in PC/ABS blends and PPO/HIPS blends. The printed wiring boards in EEE applications contain a polymeric coating that typically has a flame retardant reacted into the polymer backbone. There are other flame retardant plastics contained in EEE, such as connectors and wire & cable coatings that contain a variety of flame retardants, depending on the particular resin used. Flame retardants have received a considerable amount of negative publicity due to perceived environmental and toxicological issues.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128813953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369094
M. Tsuda, K.I. Takahashi, M. Hara, Y. Nemoto, J. Nakamura, S. Nishi, M. Takaoka
A new index is developed for evaluating the contribution of ICT services to the realization of a sustainability society. This new index, named the gross social feel-good (GSF) index", allows us to evaluate both the positive and negative effects of ICT services in terms of their environmental, social and economic influences. In addition, the GSF index includes a happiness index that indicates people's feelings with ICT services. We proposed a method for evaluating the happiness index that is based on the results of questionnaires about the necessity, usability and impression of ICT services.
{"title":"New Index for Social Impact Assessment of ICT Services","authors":"M. Tsuda, K.I. Takahashi, M. Hara, Y. Nemoto, J. Nakamura, S. Nishi, M. Takaoka","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369094","url":null,"abstract":"A new index is developed for evaluating the contribution of ICT services to the realization of a sustainability society. This new index, named the gross social feel-good (GSF) index\", allows us to evaluate both the positive and negative effects of ICT services in terms of their environmental, social and economic influences. In addition, the GSF index includes a happiness index that indicates people's feelings with ICT services. We proposed a method for evaluating the happiness index that is based on the results of questionnaires about the necessity, usability and impression of ICT services.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"632 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125742996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369404
Hao Liu, Jinhui Li, X. Wen, Xiaohua Zhou
Although formal facilities for recycling and disposal of e- waste have been being built for environmental protection and resource-save, there is no integrated and effective reverse collection system of domestic e-waste in China which meets the needs to waste supply for facilities. Based on case investigation of Beijing, this paper presents existed collection system spontaneously formed by market effect in the recycling chain of discarded typical e-product in urban China and finds out how to effectively act and flows, and analyzes collection mode of domestic e-waste for facilities in urban China competing with existed collection system.
{"title":"Investigation on Collection Mode of Domestic E-waste in Urban China: the Case of Beijing","authors":"Hao Liu, Jinhui Li, X. Wen, Xiaohua Zhou","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369404","url":null,"abstract":"Although formal facilities for recycling and disposal of e- waste have been being built for environmental protection and resource-save, there is no integrated and effective reverse collection system of domestic e-waste in China which meets the needs to waste supply for facilities. Based on case investigation of Beijing, this paper presents existed collection system spontaneously formed by market effect in the recycling chain of discarded typical e-product in urban China and finds out how to effectively act and flows, and analyzes collection mode of domestic e-waste for facilities in urban China competing with existed collection system.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133659210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369399
J. Gregory, R. Kirchain
A framework for evaluating the economic performance of a recycling system is proposed and data from four electronics recycling systems in North America (Alberta, California, Maine, and Maryland) that use different operating models are used as a preliminary test of the framework. The framework is built around a hierarchy of descriptors that clarify the function of the system components under consideration and the activities, cash flow elements, and resources within those functions; costs are incurred by specific stakeholders. Data from each system on fee and mass collection amounts and collection, processing, and management costs are used to create a matrix of several net costs for stakeholders within each system. The framework and the net cost matrices add clarity to the way stakeholders economically interact in a recycling system, the types of costs they incur, and the activities that drive those costs. Although all four systems are relatively new, thereby making data collection a challenge, some preliminary insights can be gleaned from comparing the systems. Processing costs vary significantly in the four systems, with Alberta and California having the highest reimbursement rates for processing. Alberta and California also have relatively high system management costs, but processors are generally quite satisfied with the systems. Maine has an additional cost for consolidation that is an implicit management cost because of the need to count incoming products by manufacturer.
{"title":"A Comparison of North American Electronics Recycling Systems","authors":"J. Gregory, R. Kirchain","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369399","url":null,"abstract":"A framework for evaluating the economic performance of a recycling system is proposed and data from four electronics recycling systems in North America (Alberta, California, Maine, and Maryland) that use different operating models are used as a preliminary test of the framework. The framework is built around a hierarchy of descriptors that clarify the function of the system components under consideration and the activities, cash flow elements, and resources within those functions; costs are incurred by specific stakeholders. Data from each system on fee and mass collection amounts and collection, processing, and management costs are used to create a matrix of several net costs for stakeholders within each system. The framework and the net cost matrices add clarity to the way stakeholders economically interact in a recycling system, the types of costs they incur, and the activities that drive those costs. Although all four systems are relatively new, thereby making data collection a challenge, some preliminary insights can be gleaned from comparing the systems. Processing costs vary significantly in the four systems, with Alberta and California having the highest reimbursement rates for processing. Alberta and California also have relatively high system management costs, but processors are generally quite satisfied with the systems. Maine has an additional cost for consolidation that is an implicit management cost because of the need to count incoming products by manufacturer.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"202 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131894520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369386
W. Rifer, J. Katz, J. Omelchuck, V. Salazar
The current paper identifies the importance of electronic product reuse, dismantling and component recovery for an environmentally preferable end-of life management system. The optimal system would integrate product design and end- of-life management. The paper identified how European eco-label systems reinforced these important elements through design requirements that support deep disassembly. However, recycling systems have migrated to automated processing that does not take advantage of the design for disassembly features. The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) adopted criteria that support both shredding and deep disassembly. The paper concludes by noting that in the U.S. the recycling infrastructure is still largely dependant for its economic sustainability on reuse and component recovery, which does rely on the ability to efficiently disassemble products.
{"title":"Conceptualizing an Optimal Electronic Product Design and End-of-Life Management System","authors":"W. Rifer, J. Katz, J. Omelchuck, V. Salazar","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369386","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper identifies the importance of electronic product reuse, dismantling and component recovery for an environmentally preferable end-of life management system. The optimal system would integrate product design and end- of-life management. The paper identified how European eco-label systems reinforced these important elements through design requirements that support deep disassembly. However, recycling systems have migrated to automated processing that does not take advantage of the design for disassembly features. The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) adopted criteria that support both shredding and deep disassembly. The paper concludes by noting that in the U.S. the recycling infrastructure is still largely dependant for its economic sustainability on reuse and component recovery, which does rely on the ability to efficiently disassemble products.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"248 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129684437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369401
Robert J. Meyers, Eric Williams, H. S. Matthews
This scoping study takes a broad look at how Information Technology-enabled monitoring and control systems in residences could play a role in mitigating energy use. Managing the residential sector is an important priority for addressing energy use, as use in homes represents 21% of US total energy demand, up 16% from 1994. Much energy is apparently wasted in delivering energy services not actually used by residents. These include heating/cooling of unoccupied houses and rooms, overheating or overcooling to make up for temperature variations, leakage current due to appliances in standby or off mode, and purchase of needlessly energy intensive models of appliances. The results of our initial rough estimate is that around 40% residential energy use is used to deliver these types of "unused" energy services. IT-enabled monitoring and control technologies have played an important role in eliminating similar kinds of waste in other sectors, so it is natural to think that these systems could have an important role in the home as well. The technology level of energy control in homes is at least 20 years old, with simple programmable thermostats still in only about a quarter of US homes. Networked thermostats, power meters and switches, and zone heating are technologies that can provide information on energy use and allow energy use to be controlled for distribution only when needed. We estimate that monitoring and control systems could save from 3-26% of residential energy use. The lower end corresponds to use of a programmable thermostat and the upper to an integrated system including monitoring and control of appliances, plus zone heating/cooling. We propose that these results provide renewed motivation to investigate the promotion of smart home energy technologies.
{"title":"Scoping the potential of monitoring and control technologies to reduce energy use in homes","authors":"Robert J. Meyers, Eric Williams, H. S. Matthews","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369401","url":null,"abstract":"This scoping study takes a broad look at how Information Technology-enabled monitoring and control systems in residences could play a role in mitigating energy use. Managing the residential sector is an important priority for addressing energy use, as use in homes represents 21% of US total energy demand, up 16% from 1994. Much energy is apparently wasted in delivering energy services not actually used by residents. These include heating/cooling of unoccupied houses and rooms, overheating or overcooling to make up for temperature variations, leakage current due to appliances in standby or off mode, and purchase of needlessly energy intensive models of appliances. The results of our initial rough estimate is that around 40% residential energy use is used to deliver these types of \"unused\" energy services. IT-enabled monitoring and control technologies have played an important role in eliminating similar kinds of waste in other sectors, so it is natural to think that these systems could have an important role in the home as well. The technology level of energy control in homes is at least 20 years old, with simple programmable thermostats still in only about a quarter of US homes. Networked thermostats, power meters and switches, and zone heating are technologies that can provide information on energy use and allow energy use to be controlled for distribution only when needed. We estimate that monitoring and control systems could save from 3-26% of residential energy use. The lower end corresponds to use of a programmable thermostat and the upper to an integrated system including monitoring and control of appliances, plus zone heating/cooling. We propose that these results provide renewed motivation to investigate the promotion of smart home energy technologies.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123587442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369380
V. Khanna, B. Bakshi, L. Lee
Life cycle assessment of nanotechnology has been suggested to evaluate claims about the potential benefits of this emerging technology. This paper presents one of the first LCAs and life cycle energy analysis of vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNF) synthesis. Life cycle inventory data is compiled with data reported in the open literature. CNFs are compared with traditional materials on an equal mass basis to quantify the life cycle energy intensity and environmental burden. The results of the study indicate significantly higher life cycle energy requirements and higher environmental impact of CNFs as compared to traditional materials like aluminum, steel and polypropylene. Savings in life cycle energy consumption and possibly a reduction in environmental burden are envisaged if higher process yields of these fibers can be achieved in continuous operations. Since the comparisons are performed on an equal mass basis, these results cannot be generalized for CNF based nanoproducts and quantity of their use may decide their cradle to grave impact. Specific CNF based applications need to be studied to evaluate their environmental performance and are the topics of future work.
{"title":"Life Cycle Energy Analysis and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Nanofibers Production","authors":"V. Khanna, B. Bakshi, L. Lee","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369380","url":null,"abstract":"Life cycle assessment of nanotechnology has been suggested to evaluate claims about the potential benefits of this emerging technology. This paper presents one of the first LCAs and life cycle energy analysis of vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNF) synthesis. Life cycle inventory data is compiled with data reported in the open literature. CNFs are compared with traditional materials on an equal mass basis to quantify the life cycle energy intensity and environmental burden. The results of the study indicate significantly higher life cycle energy requirements and higher environmental impact of CNFs as compared to traditional materials like aluminum, steel and polypropylene. Savings in life cycle energy consumption and possibly a reduction in environmental burden are envisaged if higher process yields of these fibers can be achieved in continuous operations. Since the comparisons are performed on an equal mass basis, these results cannot be generalized for CNF based nanoproducts and quantity of their use may decide their cradle to grave impact. Specific CNF based applications need to be studied to evaluate their environmental performance and are the topics of future work.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114175501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2007.369389
C. Weber, H. Scott Matthews, J. Corbett, E. Williams
Due to increased international trade over the past decade, the global carbon footprint of the US has been expanding. Electronics are a major driver in this trend, as they are both heavily imported and energy intensive. We estimate that the embodied emissions in electronic goods imported to the US has increased from ~170 Mmt CO2 in 1997 to ~470 Mmt CO2 in 2004, primarily driven by increased consumption of computers and peripherals, audio/video equipment, wireless communications equipment, and various components. Two usually ignored portions of the supply chain, international transport and wholesaling/retailing, represent further emissions of 4-10 Mmt CO2 and ~33 Mmt CO2 respectively, showing the importance of including them in life cycle inventories of electronics.
{"title":"Carbon Emissions Embodied in Importation, Transport and Retail of Electronics in the U.S.: A Growing Global Issue","authors":"C. Weber, H. Scott Matthews, J. Corbett, E. Williams","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2007.369389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2007.369389","url":null,"abstract":"Due to increased international trade over the past decade, the global carbon footprint of the US has been expanding. Electronics are a major driver in this trend, as they are both heavily imported and energy intensive. We estimate that the embodied emissions in electronic goods imported to the US has increased from ~170 Mmt CO2 in 1997 to ~470 Mmt CO2 in 2004, primarily driven by increased consumption of computers and peripherals, audio/video equipment, wireless communications equipment, and various components. Two usually ignored portions of the supply chain, international transport and wholesaling/retailing, represent further emissions of 4-10 Mmt CO2 and ~33 Mmt CO2 respectively, showing the importance of including them in life cycle inventories of electronics.","PeriodicalId":275164,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116127828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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