The story of Panzer V can be used as a warning to all of those who want to implement the modernisation of the machinery park during the total war – hastily and under pressure. The tank itself did not achieve what was expected, and as a result became a very expensive mistake to Wehrmacht, the value the of the weapon is based mainly on its effectiveness and the effectiveness is measured in three dimensions: tactical, operational and strategic. A tank itself is an entirely tactical tool, however actions taken by army using the tanks belong to operational and the effectiveness of the military can be assessed at a strategic level. Even though there has been a myth around Panzer V tanks and their crews who in 1943–1945 destroyed thousands of enemies’ tankawe need to remember that Germans did not win any battles at an operational level even though they were armed with Panzer V.
{"title":"Panther – the worst or the best tank of World War II?","authors":"J. Kosik","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.09","url":null,"abstract":"The story of Panzer V can be used as a warning to all of those who want to implement the modernisation of the machinery park during the total war – hastily and under pressure. The tank itself did not achieve what was expected, and as a result became a very expensive mistake to Wehrmacht, the value the of the weapon is based mainly on its effectiveness and the effectiveness is measured in three dimensions: tactical, operational and strategic. A tank itself is an entirely tactical tool, however actions taken by army using the tanks belong to operational and the effectiveness of the military can be assessed at a strategic level. Even though there has been a myth around Panzer V tanks and their crews who in 1943–1945 destroyed thousands of enemies’ tankawe need to remember that Germans did not win any battles at an operational level even though they were armed with Panzer V.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131251707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political effects of military involvement of Poland in Iraq in years 2003–2008","authors":"Mateusz Walentek","doi":"10.16926/rp.2019.11.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2019.11.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114801396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sprawozdanie z V Konferencji Naukowej z cyklu „Bezpieczeństwo Polski w XX i XXI wieku. Dyplomacja w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa” Częstochowa 25–26 października 2022 r.","authors":"Dariusz Gregorczyk","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126163412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of crime in the current world is taking unprecedented proportions. This is the reason why in our article we want to point out which types of crime have been developing and affecting the countries of Europe and the educational process particularly of the young generation in them. At the same time, we are focusing on the ways by which prevention of organized crime should be developed and how helpful bringing up and education of young people – e.g. in the field of Ethical Education, but also Lifelong Learning of people can be. Through Ethical Education we point out to the fact how much bringing up and education should influence the young generation and its preparation for life.
{"title":"The development of crime and its impact on the educational and ethical processes in Europe","authors":"Bohumír Hulan, Jana Dzuriaková","doi":"10.16926/rp.2020.12.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2020.12.06","url":null,"abstract":"The development of crime in the current world is taking unprecedented proportions. This is the reason why in our article we want to point out which types of crime have been developing and affecting the countries of Europe and the educational process particularly of the young generation in them. At the same time, we are focusing on the ways by which prevention of organized crime should be developed and how helpful bringing up and education of young people – e.g. in the field of Ethical Education, but also Lifelong Learning of people can be. Through Ethical Education we point out to the fact how much bringing up and education should influence the young generation and its preparation for life.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128841274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outbreak of World War II marked the beginning of a tragic period in history that determined the fate of Polish Jews. From its first days, the German terror was not only remembered as a prelude to the Holocaust, but also as the beginning of the end of synagogue architecture in Poland. The iconography presented in the article draws attention to the burning synagogues and, at the same time, the end of a world that was indisputably part of the culture, art and identity of Poland before 1939.In the landscape of Poland it constituted a kind of individuality, which in the vocabulary of the Third Reich was perceived as: “Jewish culture and architecture” (Judische Kultur und Architektur), “Jewishtypes” (Judische Typen), “subhumans” (Untermenschen). This is the vocabulary of the German soldier who has occupied Poland since September 1939. And although some of them had already become familiar with this world during the First World War, it was mostly the young recruit born between1920 and 1922 who perceived it in an alien way, unprecedented for him. Convinced of their mission to expand their living space (Lebensraum), and thus their right to rule over Poland and Eastern Europe, the young Germans simultaneously made a visual perception of Polish Jews. The main part the article consists of iconographic documents visualising the silent historical source and studies of the subject created after 1945. They cover the period from 1939 to 1941 and depict the process of destroying Polish synagogue architecture. These are significant years because it was during this period that the largest number of synagogues built in Poland before 1939 were destroyed.
第二次世界大战的爆发标志着历史上一段悲剧时期的开始，这段时期决定了波兰犹太人的命运。从第一天起，德国的恐怖不仅被认为是大屠杀的前奏，而且被认为是波兰犹太教堂建筑终结的开始。文章中呈现的图像引起了人们对燃烧的犹太教堂的关注，同时也引起了人们对一个世界的终结的关注，这个世界在1939年之前无疑是波兰文化、艺术和身份的一部分。在波兰的景观中，它构成了一种个性，在第三帝国的词汇中被认为是:“犹太文化和建筑”(Judische Kultur und Architektur)，“犹太类型”(Judische Typen)，“亚人类”(Untermenschen)。这是自1939年9月以来占领波兰的德国士兵的词汇。虽然他们中的一些人在第一次世界大战期间已经熟悉了这个世界，但大多数是1920年到1922年之间出生的年轻新兵，他们以一种陌生的方式看待这个世界，对他来说是前所未有的。年轻的德国人深信他们的使命是扩大他们的生存空间(Lebensraum)，因此他们有权统治波兰和东欧，同时对波兰犹太人进行了视觉感知。文章的主要部分由图像文件组成，这些图像文件可视化了沉默的历史来源和1945年后创建的主题研究。它们涵盖了从1939年到1941年的时期，描绘了摧毁波兰犹太教堂建筑的过程。这些年份意义重大，因为正是在这一时期，波兰在1939年之前建造的最多的犹太教堂被摧毁。
{"title":"Synagogues on fire. The end of Polish synagogue architecturein 1939–1941 in the iconography of German soldiers","authors":"Tomasz Butkiewicz","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.07","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of World War II marked the beginning of a tragic period in history that determined the fate of Polish Jews. From its first days, the German terror was not only remembered as a prelude to the Holocaust, but also as the beginning of the end of synagogue architecture in Poland. The iconography presented in the article draws attention to the burning synagogues and, at the same time, the end of a world that was indisputably part of the culture, art and identity of Poland before 1939.In the landscape of Poland it constituted a kind of individuality, which in the vocabulary of the Third Reich was perceived as: “Jewish culture and architecture” (Judische Kultur und Architektur), “Jewishtypes” (Judische Typen), “subhumans” (Untermenschen). This is the vocabulary of the German soldier who has occupied Poland since September 1939. And although some of them had already become familiar with this world during the First World War, it was mostly the young recruit born between1920 and 1922 who perceived it in an alien way, unprecedented for him. Convinced of their mission to expand their living space (Lebensraum), and thus their right to rule over Poland and Eastern Europe, the young Germans simultaneously made a visual perception of Polish Jews. The main part the article consists of iconographic documents visualising the silent historical source and studies of the subject created after 1945. They cover the period from 1939 to 1941 and depict the process of destroying Polish synagogue architecture. These are significant years because it was during this period that the largest number of synagogues built in Poland before 1939 were destroyed.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129327234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article was to present the goals, tasks and functions of the CKE which is one of the most important institutions implementing the state’s education policy. It is also the presentation and analysis of the organizational and legal status as well as the most important activities of this organization, as well as an assessment of its activities. The basic method used to achieve the objectives of the publication is the analysis of subject literature, internal materials of the institution and legal acts. The main content of the article begins with an introduction in which the purpose of the publication was presented. The second part introduces the most important concepts related to education policy. Part three presents the goals and tasks of CKE. The fourth part analyzes the organizational structure of CKE and approximates its legal status. In turn the fifth part contains considerations on the most important activities of the Polish Tourist Organization. In the sixth part, the activity of the subject analyzed in the article was assessed. The last part is a summary which presents the conclusions arising in connection with the implementation of the topic. The summary states that the Central Examination Board plays an important role when it comes to implementing the state’s education policy. First of all, it helps to streamline and objectify the process of assessing student achievements in the form of an exam completing each stage of education.
{"title":"The role of the Central Examination Commission in implementing the state education policy in 2013–2018","authors":"J. Kraś","doi":"10.16926/rp.2020.12.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2020.12.11","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article was to present the goals, tasks and functions of the CKE which is one of the most important institutions implementing the state’s education policy. It is also the presentation and analysis of the organizational and legal status as well as the most important activities of this organization, as well as an assessment of its activities. The basic method used to achieve the objectives of the publication is the analysis of subject literature, internal materials of the institution and legal acts. The main content of the article begins with an introduction in which the purpose of the publication was presented. The second part introduces the most important concepts related to education policy. Part three presents the goals and tasks of CKE. The fourth part analyzes the organizational structure of CKE and approximates its legal status. In turn the fifth part contains considerations on the most important activities of the Polish Tourist Organization. In the sixth part, the activity of the subject analyzed in the article was assessed. The last part is a summary which presents the conclusions arising in connection with the implementation of the topic. The summary states that the Central Examination Board plays an important role when it comes to implementing the state’s education policy. First of all, it helps to streamline and objectify the process of assessing student achievements in the form of an exam completing each stage of education.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128405885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the historical and political literature we will not encounter such a diverse and, in its impact, individually ambiguous term as the “conservative revolution”. Although it is possible to place it within one of its creators, in the application of its practices we will come across many substantive discrepancies. This is certainly due to the creative idea of the people and the language that the revolutionaries used. In the basis of this historical-political dialogue, although the dissertation is concerned only with the period of the Weimar Republic, we can see the changes already taking place in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Thus to this day Friedrich Nietzsche is regarded as the spiritual father of the “conservative revolution”. The cult of the “superman” (Übermensch) he created (Übermensch) broke the ties with the hitherto values of Christianity in favour of crossing out God's universe in the world. For many intellectuals, it represented a theoretical-cognitive pluralism in the recording of moral tables for modern humanity. Nietzschean nihilism, as a construct of the “superman”, uprooted youth from bourgeois structures, and thus from their duty of service to their elders, guiding them towards the heroic realm. In its dimension, it overcame the statu quo of the time in favour of renewal and liberation towards the inner evolution of the “superman”. It resulted from the constant struggle and persistence of a reality which the “superman” then created himself. The significance of the Nietzschean construct for the fundamental ideas of the “conservative revolution” was best summed up by Thomas Mann. In his original reflections on the apolitical man, he shattered the previous norms of political structure in favour of the heroism awakening in youth. Subsequent intellectuals who were unquestionably counted among the founders of the revolutionary idea of the Weimar period agreed with this thought: Ernst Jünger, Ernst Julius Jung, Carl Schmidt, Wilhelm Stapel. The acolyte of the young revolutionaries' thought became the First World War. It broke the link with the pre-industrial mentality in favour of militant-apologists, from whom a new state elite was to crystallise. It was to create a hierarchy of cadres based on society. Thus, among the soldiers on the battlefield, the idea of defence of the homeland and sacrifice on the altar of war was born. Internally, it created an anthropology and philosophy of war to which the German youth was called. This sense of struggle was to evolve from defeat into a new different Germany: “we had to lose the war in order to win Germany”. The National Socialists, after coming to power in 1933, were keen to use the educational concept of the „conservative revolution” and the youth organisations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nazi pedagogy drew on these reservoirs as a model for creating the Third Reich's ideal of the “new man”.
{"title":"The Conservative Revolution During the Weimar Republic and its Impact on the Young German Generation in the Years 1919–1933","authors":"Tomasz Butkiewicz","doi":"10.16926/rp.2021.13.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.04","url":null,"abstract":"In the historical and political literature we will not encounter such a diverse and, in its impact, individually ambiguous term as the “conservative revolution”. Although it is possible to place it within one of its creators, in the application of its practices we will come across many substantive discrepancies. This is certainly due to the creative idea of the people and the language that the revolutionaries used. In the basis of this historical-political dialogue, although the dissertation is concerned only with the period of the Weimar Republic, we can see the changes already taking place in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Thus to this day Friedrich Nietzsche is regarded as the spiritual father of the “conservative revolution”. The cult of the “superman” (Übermensch) he created (Übermensch) broke the ties with the hitherto values of Christianity in favour of crossing out God's universe in the world. For many intellectuals, it represented a theoretical-cognitive pluralism in the recording of moral tables for modern humanity. Nietzschean nihilism, as a construct of the “superman”, uprooted youth from bourgeois structures, and thus from their duty of service to their elders, guiding them towards the heroic realm. In its dimension, it overcame the statu quo of the time in favour of renewal and liberation towards the inner evolution of the “superman”. It resulted from the constant struggle and persistence of a reality which the “superman” then created himself. The significance of the Nietzschean construct for the fundamental ideas of the “conservative revolution” was best summed up by Thomas Mann. In his original reflections on the apolitical man, he shattered the previous norms of political structure in favour of the heroism awakening in youth. Subsequent intellectuals who were unquestionably counted among the founders of the revolutionary idea of the Weimar period agreed with this thought: Ernst Jünger, Ernst Julius Jung, Carl Schmidt, Wilhelm Stapel. The acolyte of the young revolutionaries' thought became the First World War. It broke the link with the pre-industrial mentality in favour of militant-apologists, from whom a new state elite was to crystallise. It was to create a hierarchy of cadres based on society. Thus, among the soldiers on the battlefield, the idea of defence of the homeland and sacrifice on the altar of war was born. Internally, it created an anthropology and philosophy of war to which the German youth was called. This sense of struggle was to evolve from defeat into a new different Germany: “we had to lose the war in order to win Germany”. The National Socialists, after coming to power in 1933, were keen to use the educational concept of the „conservative revolution” and the youth organisations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nazi pedagogy drew on these reservoirs as a model for creating the Third Reich's ideal of the “new man”.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128721565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The declining German population with its proportionally ageing society represents a major challenge for Germany. All the more so since the ongoing demographic changes would affect the entire security sector. Alongside the shortage of personnel in the army, Germany also needs to find an effective way of integrating the national and ethnic minorities that were brought into the country as guest workers with the hope of hindering the negative effects of the demographic transition. The article aims to illustrate the security challenges confronting Germany in the upcoming three decades. The quality and efficiency of the proposed reforms will determine both internal and external security architecture of Germany.
{"title":"German security challenges in the area of demography and immigration","authors":"Mariusz Rzeszutko","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.02","url":null,"abstract":"The declining German population with its proportionally ageing society represents a major challenge for Germany. All the more so since the ongoing demographic changes would affect the entire security sector. Alongside the shortage of personnel in the army, Germany also needs to find an effective way of integrating the national and ethnic minorities that were brought into the country as guest workers with the hope of hindering the negative effects of the demographic transition. The article aims to illustrate the security challenges confronting Germany in the upcoming three decades. The quality and efficiency of the proposed reforms will determine both internal and external security architecture of Germany.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116813555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of the Police in the period of the Third Republic of Poland. Selected problems","authors":"Iwona Sterczewska","doi":"10.16926/rp.2019.11.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2019.11.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124327392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay is related to the 20th anniversary of Poland’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It essentially covers issues such as the influence of NATO’s anti-terrorist policy on Poland’s internal security, or social perception of threats, as well as the preparation of domestic institutions responsible for national security of the Republic of Poland. The subject of this essay involves also the challenges of counteracting and reacting to any cases of terrorist attacks. In order to get answers to all those issues and for the sake of considerations in subject, a survey study on a group of 200 people has been conducted.
{"title":"The influence of NATO’s anti-terrorist policy on the sense of security of the citizens of the Republic of Poland, against the 20th anniversary of Poland’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization","authors":"Piotr Prystapczuk","doi":"10.16926/rp.2020.12.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2020.12.03","url":null,"abstract":"This essay is related to the 20th anniversary of Poland’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It essentially covers issues such as the influence of NATO’s anti-terrorist policy on Poland’s internal security, or social perception of threats, as well as the preparation of domestic institutions responsible for national security of the Republic of Poland. The subject of this essay involves also the challenges of counteracting and reacting to any cases of terrorist attacks. In order to get answers to all those issues and for the sake of considerations in subject, a survey study on a group of 200 people has been conducted.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130530685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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