In the years 1950–1953, the Korean Peninsula was engulfed in a bloody war. Peace negotiations began as early as 1951, but the signing of the Armistice Agreement could not take place until July 27, 1953 in Pan Mun Jom, four months after the death of the USSR leader, Joseph Stalin. The Armistice Agreement closed an extremely tragic stage in Korean history, but also an extremely hot period of tense relations between Western and Eastern block. At the same time, the Korean Peninsula was artificially divided into two countries. Korea emerged from the war ruined. In order to implement the tasks assumed in the Armistice Agreement and to achieve the assumed goals, several bodies were established, incl. Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, composed of representatives of four countries: Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Poland. The tasks of the Commission consisted in performing functions related to supervision, observation, inspection and investigations related to the replacement of military personnel, weapons and equipment, as well as in connection with the reported incidents in the demilitarized zone. Poles participate in its activities continuously until today.
{"title":"Poles in the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Korea","authors":"Janusz Zuziak","doi":"10.16926/rp.2021.13.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.01","url":null,"abstract":"In the years 1950–1953, the Korean Peninsula was engulfed in a bloody war. Peace negotiations began as early as 1951, but the signing of the Armistice Agreement could not take place until July 27, 1953 in Pan Mun Jom, four months after the death of the USSR leader, Joseph Stalin. The Armistice Agreement closed an extremely tragic stage in Korean history, but also an extremely hot period of tense relations between Western and Eastern block. At the same time, the Korean Peninsula was artificially divided into two countries. Korea emerged from the war ruined. In order to implement the tasks assumed in the Armistice Agreement and to achieve the assumed goals, several bodies were established, incl. Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, composed of representatives of four countries: Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Poland. The tasks of the Commission consisted in performing functions related to supervision, observation, inspection and investigations related to the replacement of military personnel, weapons and equipment, as well as in connection with the reported incidents in the demilitarized zone. Poles participate in its activities continuously until today.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126615652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The term "catechon" is an expression that is increasingly used both in scientific works and in public debate. By definition, it means “to hold back, to hold back, to restrict, to keep in check, to postpone or to delay. This word was used for the first time in 2 Thessalonians (2 Thessalonians2:7–8). In this passage of the Bible, the Apostle Paul responds to the rumors of Christ’s imminent return. It reminds the Christian community that this event will not take place as long as the God appointed containment force, the catechon, remains in place. Only when it is abolished or removed will the final confrontation between Christ and "lawlessness" take place, followed by the end of the world. The catechon thus seems to refer to a force or entity that holds back or delays the eschaton and whose operation is still active. The person who revived this concept is Carl Schmitt. He conducted an in-depth analysis of the above expression. This article is a comprehensive consideration of the issue of the katechon, its genesis, explanation of who or what it was, as well as the impact of the analysis of this word on the modern world.
{"title":"The figure of the katechon in thought of Carl Schmitt","authors":"Patryk Goraj","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.10","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"catechon\" is an expression that is increasingly used both in scientific works and in public debate. By definition, it means “to hold back, to hold back, to restrict, to keep in check, to postpone or to delay. This word was used for the first time in 2 Thessalonians (2 Thessalonians2:7–8). In this passage of the Bible, the Apostle Paul responds to the rumors of Christ’s imminent return. It reminds the Christian community that this event will not take place as long as the God appointed containment force, the catechon, remains in place. Only when it is abolished or removed will the final confrontation between Christ and \"lawlessness\" take place, followed by the end of the world. The catechon thus seems to refer to a force or entity that holds back or delays the eschaton and whose operation is still active. The person who revived this concept is Carl Schmitt. He conducted an in-depth analysis of the above expression. This article is a comprehensive consideration of the issue of the katechon, its genesis, explanation of who or what it was, as well as the impact of the analysis of this word on the modern world.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126376826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyzes the condition of the human of late modernity which means, the modern human living today. Late modernity is modern times. The author analyzes the changes that are taking place in social spaces in large cities. One of them is the displacement and marginalization of the educational environment of common communities and replacing it in a comparative educational peer group. The consequences of this are important because they have a direct impact on the safety of people living in cities.
{"title":"The city as a barrier to a safe life in post-modern reality","authors":"A. Tarnopolski","doi":"10.16926/rp.2020.12.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2020.12.05","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the condition of the human of late modernity which means, the modern human living today. Late modernity is modern times. The author analyzes the changes that are taking place in social spaces in large cities. One of them is the displacement and marginalization of the educational environment of common communities and replacing it in a comparative educational peer group. The consequences of this are important because they have a direct impact on the safety of people living in cities.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127685379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay is related to the 20th anniversary of Poland’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It essentially covers issues such as the influence of NATO’s anti-terrorist policy on Poland’s internal security, or social perception of threats, as well as the preparation of domestic institutions responsible for national security of the Republic of Poland. The subject of this essay involves also the challenges of counteracting and reacting to any cases of terrorist attacks. In order to get answers to all those issues and for the sake of considerations in subject, a survey study on a group of 200 people has been conducted.
{"title":"The influence of NATO’s anti-terrorist policy on the sense of security of the citizens of the Republic of Poland, against the 20th anniversary of Poland’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization","authors":"Piotr Prystapczuk","doi":"10.16926/rp.2020.12.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2020.12.03","url":null,"abstract":"This essay is related to the 20th anniversary of Poland’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It essentially covers issues such as the influence of NATO’s anti-terrorist policy on Poland’s internal security, or social perception of threats, as well as the preparation of domestic institutions responsible for national security of the Republic of Poland. The subject of this essay involves also the challenges of counteracting and reacting to any cases of terrorist attacks. In order to get answers to all those issues and for the sake of considerations in subject, a survey study on a group of 200 people has been conducted.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130530685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Retaining economic security has become one of the main goals of internal and external politics of the states. Economic security consists in ensuring the undisturbed functioning of economy as well as maintaining comparative balance with economies of other states. The concept of economic security is related to the states and its elements are the values which are considered important for the state, however not necessarily under its direct control. The effort of the state’s politics in terms of economic security ought to be directed at shaping its economic potential. Economic potential is the function of available resources to the subject at a given time, such as: natural, material and human. Shaping the bases of the state’s economic security currently faces some objective difficulties connected to the globalisation process – in fact, it has limited real possibilities of fast and effective impact on the economy. Globalisation has changed the state’s institution and limited the possibility of political influence on economic and social processes. The impact of globalisation has been achieved through: quick and uncontrolled capital flow, mass and equally quick information flow, deregulation of labor market and ‘financialisation’ of social life. Financialisation has been the subject of an in-depth analysis for over three decades. Financial capitalism is a new ‘invention ‘and the process of shaping this system is not finished. This system should be deliberately oriented towards the needs of the future. The point is to democratize and ‘socialise’ the financial institutions, so that these institutions will have a positive impact on the quality of the environment.
{"title":"Economic security of the state in terms of financialisation","authors":"Marek Leszczyński","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.05","url":null,"abstract":"Retaining economic security has become one of the main goals of internal and external politics of the states. Economic security consists in ensuring the undisturbed functioning of economy as well as maintaining comparative balance with economies of other states. The concept of economic security is related to the states and its elements are the values which are considered important for the state, however not necessarily under its direct control. The effort of the state’s politics in terms of economic security ought to be directed at shaping its economic potential. Economic potential is the function of available resources to the subject at a given time, such as: natural, material and human. Shaping the bases of the state’s economic security currently faces some objective difficulties connected to the globalisation process – in fact, it has limited real possibilities of fast and effective impact on the economy. Globalisation has changed the state’s institution and limited the possibility of political influence on economic and social processes. The impact of globalisation has been achieved through: quick and uncontrolled capital flow, mass and equally quick information flow, deregulation of labor market and ‘financialisation’ of social life. Financialisation has been the subject of an in-depth analysis for over three decades. Financial capitalism is a new ‘invention ‘and the process of shaping this system is not finished. This system should be deliberately oriented towards the needs of the future. The point is to democratize and ‘socialise’ the financial institutions, so that these institutions will have a positive impact on the quality of the environment.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132064759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special operations on the security policy of the Second Polish Republic","authors":"R. Jagiello","doi":"10.16926/rp.2019.11.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2019.11.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132682106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon but occurred in societies starting from the ancient times and the Middle Ages. A classic example are the sicarii in Palestine in the first century AD; they used first in the history the tactic of murdering randomly selected people in broad daylight – fighting against the “Romanization” as present terrorists fighting against the “Americanization”. Islam was split from the beginning into the two main, hostile camps - the Sunni majority and Shiite minority. Among the Shiites was created a sect of assassins, who have used similar methods of operation like the twenty-first – century suicide bombers carrying out acts of terror even at the cost of his own life. That's assassins, citing the words of the Prophet Muhammad, developed the doctrine of taqiyya, sacred lies, “religiously-sanctioned deception” that allows you to “keep beliefs in secret.” Today taqiyya is defined as a religiously sanctioned deception made for the purpose of concealing terrorism – and is used by all, not just Shia terrorist groups.
{"title":"Taqiyya. The Shia Doctrine of „Holy Deception” as a terrorists tool","authors":"Robert Bobkier","doi":"10.16926/rp.2021.13.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.06","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism is not a new phenomenon but occurred in societies starting from the ancient times and the Middle Ages. A classic example are the sicarii in Palestine in the first century AD; they used first in the history the tactic of murdering randomly selected people in broad daylight – fighting against the “Romanization” as present terrorists fighting against the “Americanization”. Islam was split from the beginning into the two main, hostile camps - the Sunni majority and Shiite minority. Among the Shiites was created a sect of assassins, who have used similar methods of operation like the twenty-first – century suicide bombers carrying out acts of terror even at the cost of his own life. That's assassins, citing the words of the Prophet Muhammad, developed the doctrine of taqiyya, sacred lies, “religiously-sanctioned deception” that allows you to “keep beliefs in secret.” Today taqiyya is defined as a religiously sanctioned deception made for the purpose of concealing terrorism – and is used by all, not just Shia terrorist groups.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126547397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the considerations described in the article is to place the problem of social security on the local ground. Theoretical foundations of social security derive from the achievements of political science, international relations as well as the science on economics and law. Interdisciplinary approach to social security research allows the methodological pragmatism, having an interesting humanism and the utilitarian approach. In the article, literature studies as well as deductive approach have been used as a research method, with an indication of the crucial analysis areas. The results lead to the conclusions on the necessity of strengthening the access to public services for local communities. As for the public administration in a crisis situation, an important postulate in practice is professionalization of crisis management and taking benefit of the experience of commercial sector, especially in the aspect of efficient administering of the economic system resources.
{"title":"Social security in the local dimension","authors":"Marek Leszczyński, A. Szydlik-Leszczyńska","doi":"10.16926/rp.2022.14.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.06","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the considerations described in the article is to place the problem of social security on the local ground. Theoretical foundations of social security derive from the achievements of political science, international relations as well as the science on economics and law. Interdisciplinary approach to social security research allows the methodological pragmatism, having an interesting humanism and the utilitarian approach. In the article, literature studies as well as deductive approach have been used as a research method, with an indication of the crucial analysis areas. The results lead to the conclusions on the necessity of strengthening the access to public services for local communities. As for the public administration in a crisis situation, an important postulate in practice is professionalization of crisis management and taking benefit of the experience of commercial sector, especially in the aspect of efficient administering of the economic system resources.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122094712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the year 1945 and during the Cold War, the defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) in regards to NATO was determined by the country's international politics and its geostrategic placement. The geopolitical situation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was extremely complicated due to its borders shared with NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. The communist government of Yugoslavia, and the leaders of the Yugoslav People's Army, expected the SFRJ territory to become a warzone should the conflict between the two political blocks escalate to military action. One of the key elements of the doctrine of the SFRJ politicians and military elite was a plan of defense solutions in case of a NATO aggression. The defence strategies of the YPA, especially after 1968, also took into account a possibility of the Warsaw Pact forces entering the country. The defence plans prepared for a NATO aggression were based mostly on the experiences of World War II, expecting the SFRJ territory to be one of the important elements of a future war between the two blocks.
{"title":"NATO and the Warsaw Pact in defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century","authors":"Dariusz Gregorczyk","doi":"10.16926/rp.2021.13.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.02","url":null,"abstract":"After the year 1945 and during the Cold War, the defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) in regards to NATO was determined by the country's international politics and its geostrategic placement. The geopolitical situation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was extremely complicated due to its borders shared with NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. The communist government of Yugoslavia, and the leaders of the Yugoslav People's Army, expected the SFRJ territory to become a warzone should the conflict between the two political blocks escalate to military action. One of the key elements of the doctrine of the SFRJ politicians and military elite was a plan of defense solutions in case of a NATO aggression. The defence strategies of the YPA, especially after 1968, also took into account a possibility of the Warsaw Pact forces entering the country. The defence plans prepared for a NATO aggression were based mostly on the experiences of World War II, expecting the SFRJ territory to be one of the important elements of a future war between the two blocks.","PeriodicalId":276897,"journal":{"name":"Res Politicae","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130201519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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