Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00273
D. Ross
{"title":"Examining the liability issues associated with prone restraint deaths in detention","authors":"D. Ross","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133317617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-23DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00272
N. Jiang, Yue Wang
According to the protected interests and normative environments within the above international labour standards, labour rights may be transformed on the basis of three primary aspects. These aspects include transformation in the subject of labour, in its requirements with respect to content and in its intended objects and purposes. Among these aspects, a transformation in intended objects and purposes may be the core solution to the rights conflict, given that China has not ratified all of its international human rights treaties and that prohibition of forced labour is uncertain to be an international customary norm. Thus, the transformation of labour rights could be developed thorough labour reforms involving the Constitution, criminal law and justice or labour rights in China to solve the rights conflict, of which those in the Constitution is at the core of such transformation as follows:
{"title":"Transformation of labour rights: a solution to protecting prisoners in China?","authors":"N. Jiang, Yue Wang","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00272","url":null,"abstract":"According to the protected interests and normative environments within the above international labour standards, labour rights may be transformed on the basis of three primary aspects. These aspects include transformation in the subject of labour, in its requirements with respect to content and in its intended objects and purposes. Among these aspects, a transformation in intended objects and purposes may be the core solution to the rights conflict, given that China has not ratified all of its international human rights treaties and that prohibition of forced labour is uncertain to be an international customary norm. Thus, the transformation of labour rights could be developed thorough labour reforms involving the Constitution, criminal law and justice or labour rights in China to solve the rights conflict, of which those in the Constitution is at the core of such transformation as follows:","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128641341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-18DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00271
S. Nath, HK Pratihari
Various nature of crimes like murder, rape, assault, suicide, disputed paternity, fraud, accident, acid burning, hacking, poisoning etc. are reported and punishable under different sections of the Indian Penal Code, POCSO/Anti-Dowry Act and other Laws. Among different crimes, the rape and murder are very heinous. Both are unrelated crimes coming under different major heads prescribing stringent punishment under different sections of IPC. As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, 30,450murder cases and 38,947rape cases were registered in the year 2016.1 Both the crimes were committed by different psychological mechanism and behavioral activities. The study reveals that rape cases are reported due to sexual intimacy and in more than 90% cases victims are known to their assailants either friend, relative or neighbor and the rest 10% are stranger.2 But sexual homicide (rape-murder) is comparatively less and statistical data is also not available in literature.3 In sexual-homicide cases, the behavior of the accused is observed to be different than normal sexual offenders.4 The rape followed with murder is heinous and committed with aggressive behavior under different situations of the offender resulting death of victim. In such case, physical examination of the victim should be done from head-to-toe conducting with genitoranal area to establish the profile of the criminal. The different factors reported to kill the victim in sexual homicide cases are capsulized in Figure 1.3‒7
{"title":"Forensic evidence – a rape and murder case","authors":"S. Nath, HK Pratihari","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00271","url":null,"abstract":"Various nature of crimes like murder, rape, assault, suicide, disputed paternity, fraud, accident, acid burning, hacking, poisoning etc. are reported and punishable under different sections of the Indian Penal Code, POCSO/Anti-Dowry Act and other Laws. Among different crimes, the rape and murder are very heinous. Both are unrelated crimes coming under different major heads prescribing stringent punishment under different sections of IPC. As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, 30,450murder cases and 38,947rape cases were registered in the year 2016.1 Both the crimes were committed by different psychological mechanism and behavioral activities. The study reveals that rape cases are reported due to sexual intimacy and in more than 90% cases victims are known to their assailants either friend, relative or neighbor and the rest 10% are stranger.2 But sexual homicide (rape-murder) is comparatively less and statistical data is also not available in literature.3 In sexual-homicide cases, the behavior of the accused is observed to be different than normal sexual offenders.4 The rape followed with murder is heinous and committed with aggressive behavior under different situations of the offender resulting death of victim. In such case, physical examination of the victim should be done from head-to-toe conducting with genitoranal area to establish the profile of the criminal. The different factors reported to kill the victim in sexual homicide cases are capsulized in Figure 1.3‒7","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115667887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00270
Sérvio Túlio Jacinto Reis, T. M. Tremori, M. Massad, L. M. Ribas, A. B. D. C. F. Pinto, N. Rocha
Crime scene investigation is one of the most important criminal expertise assignments. It depends on the appropriate treatment of the traces found in crime scenes, helping to elucidate the materiality, authorship and dynamics of a crime. It is necessary to recognize the importance of the expertise as a fundamental factor to carry out intelligent and professional investigations, which result in the identification of criminals and in the production of proves.1 There are a number of cases where crimes involve animals, parts of animals, products and by-products of the animal industry, which require the assistance of a veterinarian for the proper examination of the traces. Examples include crimes against wildlife, such as animal abuse, illegal hunting and illegal trade of animals, fraud in animal products and veterinary medicines, crimes against public health and environmental crimes. In addition to these cases, there are many others that require the performance of a veterinary professional, either by private competence or in collaboration with professionals from other areas, such as biologists, chemists, engineers, etc. Animals have relevance to crime scene investigation without necessarily being the main object of the crime, but associated in an indirect manner, in also other situations. This article aims to present the peculiarities of crime scene investigation, which in some way are influenced by animals, depending on the nature or characteristics of the crime committed.
{"title":"Overview on crime scene procedures involving animals","authors":"Sérvio Túlio Jacinto Reis, T. M. Tremori, M. Massad, L. M. Ribas, A. B. D. C. F. Pinto, N. Rocha","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00270","url":null,"abstract":"Crime scene investigation is one of the most important criminal expertise assignments. It depends on the appropriate treatment of the traces found in crime scenes, helping to elucidate the materiality, authorship and dynamics of a crime. It is necessary to recognize the importance of the expertise as a fundamental factor to carry out intelligent and professional investigations, which result in the identification of criminals and in the production of proves.1 There are a number of cases where crimes involve animals, parts of animals, products and by-products of the animal industry, which require the assistance of a veterinarian for the proper examination of the traces. Examples include crimes against wildlife, such as animal abuse, illegal hunting and illegal trade of animals, fraud in animal products and veterinary medicines, crimes against public health and environmental crimes. In addition to these cases, there are many others that require the performance of a veterinary professional, either by private competence or in collaboration with professionals from other areas, such as biologists, chemists, engineers, etc. Animals have relevance to crime scene investigation without necessarily being the main object of the crime, but associated in an indirect manner, in also other situations. This article aims to present the peculiarities of crime scene investigation, which in some way are influenced by animals, depending on the nature or characteristics of the crime committed.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127952168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00269
G. Vv
{"title":"The right of peoples to self-determination and territorial integrity of states in the estimates and conclusions of the Venice commission","authors":"G. Vv","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00269","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121790207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.0268
Naresh Kumar, A. Chauhan, Ritika Gupta, Aanchal Maitray, D. Sharma, S. Shukla
In forensic investigation, experts deal with distinct types of crime scenes. Every crime scene is considered ubiquitous in correspondence of evidences including sexual assault, murder, homicide by adopting various methods i.e. burning, drowning etc. In homicidal cases, where dead bodies are burnt with very frequent and specific aspiration to dismantle the evidences and concealment the identity of the deceased. Insight of cases, it becomes to determine the cause of death on the spot due to burning and the presence of soot. In addition of it, Isolation of DNA from the remnants of dead bodies or blood present on the partially burnt belongings i.e. clothes, body tissues etc. is a tedious process. By this time, no technical process exists that could deal with such samples that has confronted the elevated temperature during burn process. In this study, an attempt was done to determine the quantity and quality of DNA from body tissues and blood found on the spot with high amount of soot and effect elevated temperature due to burning and accurate DNA profiling in such cases. As a resultant of this study, it was observed that a part/piece of clothes or the biological material can help to identify the deceased on the basis of DNA profiling from the sample which were not in the direct contact of heat/elevated temperature.
{"title":"Effect of Fire on DNA and its profiling in homicide cases","authors":"Naresh Kumar, A. Chauhan, Ritika Gupta, Aanchal Maitray, D. Sharma, S. Shukla","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.0268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.0268","url":null,"abstract":"In forensic investigation, experts deal with distinct types of crime scenes. Every crime scene is considered ubiquitous in correspondence of evidences including sexual assault, murder, homicide by adopting various methods i.e. burning, drowning etc. In homicidal cases, where dead bodies are burnt with very frequent and specific aspiration to dismantle the evidences and concealment the identity of the deceased. Insight of cases, it becomes to determine the cause of death on the spot due to burning and the presence of soot. In addition of it, Isolation of DNA from the remnants of dead bodies or blood present on the partially burnt belongings i.e. clothes, body tissues etc. is a tedious process. By this time, no technical process exists that could deal with such samples that has confronted the elevated temperature during burn process. In this study, an attempt was done to determine the quantity and quality of DNA from body tissues and blood found on the spot with high amount of soot and effect elevated temperature due to burning and accurate DNA profiling in such cases. As a resultant of this study, it was observed that a part/piece of clothes or the biological material can help to identify the deceased on the basis of DNA profiling from the sample which were not in the direct contact of heat/elevated temperature.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124932562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-25DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00267
S. Johnson
I will refer to the violent personality as one that involves a variety of factors and background, including the following factors supported by the literature Table 1. Some of the factors mentioned above appear to be ignored in general violent risk and court ordered assessments of offenders who engage in domestic abuse (any type of relational violence) and sexual offense crimes. Below is a summary to further explain their relevance.
{"title":"Understanding the violent personality: antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, & sociopathy explored","authors":"S. Johnson","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00267","url":null,"abstract":"I will refer to the violent personality as one that involves a variety of factors and background, including the following factors supported by the literature Table 1. Some of the factors mentioned above appear to be ignored in general violent risk and court ordered assessments of offenders who engage in domestic abuse (any type of relational violence) and sexual offense crimes. Below is a summary to further explain their relevance.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126413966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-19DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00266
Nomokonov Va
Great research on revelation of regularities lying at a basis of contemporary sharpest situation involved with crime in Russia in whole and its several characteristics was done by Russian criminologists for creation of due prepositions and forming of adequate anti-criminal policy. At the same time as it’s seemed that present reaction of the state to criminal challenges isn’t nevertheless optimal. Existing really policy at sphere of struggle with crime don’t take practically into account either dynamic or structure or particularities of its determinations. Thus, liberalization of Russian criminal Law taking place under the flag of humanization has real contrast with increase in crime and worsening of its structure.1 But it doesn’t involve with a law-makers lobby’s orientation, corrupted enforcement branches only. It seems to me, system struggle with rime is hampered by total and systematic conception of reasons of crime’s absence and in present days and therefore there no any essential pithiness in conception of struggle with crime. Not derogating of indisputable of many specialists’ merit working on this theme one should remark that there exist essential unused reserves as well. Over solving of many actual problems one of main ones is in a shadow. One cannot say that criminologists ceased to interest with total conception of crime’ reasons forever. For example, in 2006 Russian mass media published two monographs about criminal reasons.2 But one of them is quite modest in volume:
{"title":"Reasons of crime in Russia","authors":"Nomokonov Va","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00266","url":null,"abstract":"Great research on revelation of regularities lying at a basis of contemporary sharpest situation involved with crime in Russia in whole and its several characteristics was done by Russian criminologists for creation of due prepositions and forming of adequate anti-criminal policy. At the same time as it’s seemed that present reaction of the state to criminal challenges isn’t nevertheless optimal. Existing really policy at sphere of struggle with crime don’t take practically into account either dynamic or structure or particularities of its determinations. Thus, liberalization of Russian criminal Law taking place under the flag of humanization has real contrast with increase in crime and worsening of its structure.1 But it doesn’t involve with a law-makers lobby’s orientation, corrupted enforcement branches only. It seems to me, system struggle with rime is hampered by total and systematic conception of reasons of crime’s absence and in present days and therefore there no any essential pithiness in conception of struggle with crime. Not derogating of indisputable of many specialists’ merit working on this theme one should remark that there exist essential unused reserves as well. Over solving of many actual problems one of main ones is in a shadow. One cannot say that criminologists ceased to interest with total conception of crime’ reasons forever. For example, in 2006 Russian mass media published two monographs about criminal reasons.2 But one of them is quite modest in volume:","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123442172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-15DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00265
Naresh Kumar, A. Chauhan, Ritika Gupta, Aanchal Maitray, D. Sharma, S. Shukla
In many instances, several types of evidences are recovered in distinct forms or contaminated with any other types of valuable evidences. For forensic investigation purpose, all these evidences have their potential values and often provide link between the victim and accused/suspect. In case of murder, sexual assault or hit and run cases, a few blood drops are frequently recovered from the scene of occurrence. The forensic biologist helps the investigation agencies in the collection of the evidences from the spot of incidence and analysis of the same in the laboratory. Police submit the evidential samples in the Forensic laboratory with a query of DNA analysis, for cases like murder, attempt to murder, rape, concealment of identity of individual/fragmented body parts or where body is transferred after murder from one place to another. In outdoor crimes such as rape/ sexual assault, biological materials transfer from victim to accused/ culprit or vice versa and to the surroundings.1 The place of offence must be fixed by the investigation agencies.2 Therefore, traces of blood droplets found at crime scene should be processed for DNA profiling. But due to the traced quantity, such samples get consumed in presumptive blood tests, such as Benzidine test and usually not considered for DNA analysis. In few cases where the blood is washed off from the crime scene/surface, it becomes one of the most crucial problems faced in forensic examination of the criminal cases to detect the blood spot. The surfaces are examined for the presence of blood (a necessity) by use of benzidine or phenolphthalein test. The crucial facet is faced when the blood samples are transferred on clothes in very less quantity. Then, it can be directly tested with benzidine that is competent enough to generate complete DNA profiles. BENZIDINE is a greyish-yellow to greyish -red, crystalline solid. It is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Combustion produces toxic oxides of nitrogen. Benzidine molecular weight 184.242g/mol, an aromatic diamine widely used in industrial processes, that’s why, it is used to prepare other chemicals at few instances, it is used for biological analysis. It is also a powerful carcinogen in many animal species. Some presumptive tests have been described for blood stains recognition,3 one of the most commonly used tests is Benzidine and its derivative Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB).4 It has been observed that the administration of benzidine has been shown to produce tumours in liver, hamster liver, and other tissues of exposed animals.5 In most cases to ingestion or inhalation of benzidine workers in the industry suffered a tremendously increased risk of bladder cancer.6 Many investigators have studied the mutagenicity of benzidine and their substitute in short-term tests such as the Ames test.
{"title":"DNA profiling from blood traces present on clothing’s and detected by Benzidine test in forensic cases","authors":"Naresh Kumar, A. Chauhan, Ritika Gupta, Aanchal Maitray, D. Sharma, S. Shukla","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00265","url":null,"abstract":"In many instances, several types of evidences are recovered in distinct forms or contaminated with any other types of valuable evidences. For forensic investigation purpose, all these evidences have their potential values and often provide link between the victim and accused/suspect. In case of murder, sexual assault or hit and run cases, a few blood drops are frequently recovered from the scene of occurrence. The forensic biologist helps the investigation agencies in the collection of the evidences from the spot of incidence and analysis of the same in the laboratory. Police submit the evidential samples in the Forensic laboratory with a query of DNA analysis, for cases like murder, attempt to murder, rape, concealment of identity of individual/fragmented body parts or where body is transferred after murder from one place to another. In outdoor crimes such as rape/ sexual assault, biological materials transfer from victim to accused/ culprit or vice versa and to the surroundings.1 The place of offence must be fixed by the investigation agencies.2 Therefore, traces of blood droplets found at crime scene should be processed for DNA profiling. But due to the traced quantity, such samples get consumed in presumptive blood tests, such as Benzidine test and usually not considered for DNA analysis. In few cases where the blood is washed off from the crime scene/surface, it becomes one of the most crucial problems faced in forensic examination of the criminal cases to detect the blood spot. The surfaces are examined for the presence of blood (a necessity) by use of benzidine or phenolphthalein test. The crucial facet is faced when the blood samples are transferred on clothes in very less quantity. Then, it can be directly tested with benzidine that is competent enough to generate complete DNA profiles. BENZIDINE is a greyish-yellow to greyish -red, crystalline solid. It is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Combustion produces toxic oxides of nitrogen. Benzidine molecular weight 184.242g/mol, an aromatic diamine widely used in industrial processes, that’s why, it is used to prepare other chemicals at few instances, it is used for biological analysis. It is also a powerful carcinogen in many animal species. Some presumptive tests have been described for blood stains recognition,3 one of the most commonly used tests is Benzidine and its derivative Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB).4 It has been observed that the administration of benzidine has been shown to produce tumours in liver, hamster liver, and other tissues of exposed animals.5 In most cases to ingestion or inhalation of benzidine workers in the industry suffered a tremendously increased risk of bladder cancer.6 Many investigators have studied the mutagenicity of benzidine and their substitute in short-term tests such as the Ames test.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126284009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-11DOI: 10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00264
Meizhen Liao
When talking about politeness in terms of models or theories, the Politeness Principle, a systematic effort made by Geoffrey Leech (1983), out of his desire to rescue the Cooperative Principle,9 from serious trouble, will naturally come to our mind first. The Principle is expressed in two forms, with its negative form being ‘Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs’ and the positive form ‘Maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs’, which are substantiated by the following six maxims:
{"title":"Politeness in the courtroom discourse","authors":"Meizhen Liao","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00264","url":null,"abstract":"When talking about politeness in terms of models or theories, the Politeness Principle, a systematic effort made by Geoffrey Leech (1983), out of his desire to rescue the Cooperative Principle,9 from serious trouble, will naturally come to our mind first. The Principle is expressed in two forms, with its negative form being ‘Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs’ and the positive form ‘Maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs’, which are substantiated by the following six maxims:","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129407999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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