Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00232
Jefferson Lemes Carvalho
Over the centuries, the history of drug and drug use has undergone significant changes in Forensic Sciences, in which Toxicology is used, mainly in the toxicological analyzes and methods used routinely by civil or criminal experts. Toxicology, as a multifunctional science, covers several other related areas, such as Clinical Toxicology, Social Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Occupational Toxicology, Toxicology applied to Doping Control, and essential Forensic Toxicology, as well as others. This article was elaborated with searches in scientific publications, bibliographical reviews, scientific journals and Forensic Science books, as well as other sources of scientific knowledge. There are currently many techniques used in the routine of Forensic Toxicology laboratories, among which the use of the following are most frequently used: Thin Layer Chromatography - CCD, Immunoassay methods, High Performance Liquid Chromatography - HPLC, Gas Chromatography - GC and Liquid or Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrophotometry - HPLC/ MS. Throughout this article, in a general and contextualized way, the relevance and importance of the toxicological analyzes and methods directed to the complex field of knowledge of Toxicology, more intensely about Forensic Toxicology, was presented as a very relevant support for the judicial authorities in the persecution criminal. In conclusion, the applicability of a toxicological routine is usually linked to some type of criminal conduct, and this science has the task of assisting justice, with technical and scientific questions, to resolve such crimes, thus preserving the prestige and trustworthiness of Forensic Toxicology in support of laws and society.
{"title":"Toxicological analyzes and its use in forensic science","authors":"Jefferson Lemes Carvalho","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00232","url":null,"abstract":"Over the centuries, the history of drug and drug use has undergone significant changes in Forensic Sciences, in which Toxicology is used, mainly in the toxicological analyzes and methods used routinely by civil or criminal experts. Toxicology, as a multifunctional science, covers several other related areas, such as Clinical Toxicology, Social Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Occupational Toxicology, Toxicology applied to Doping Control, and essential Forensic Toxicology, as well as others. This article was elaborated with searches in scientific publications, bibliographical reviews, scientific journals and Forensic Science books, as well as other sources of scientific knowledge. There are currently many techniques used in the routine of Forensic Toxicology laboratories, among which the use of the following are most frequently used: Thin Layer Chromatography - CCD, Immunoassay methods, High Performance Liquid Chromatography - HPLC, Gas Chromatography - GC and Liquid or Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrophotometry - HPLC/ MS. Throughout this article, in a general and contextualized way, the relevance and importance of the toxicological analyzes and methods directed to the complex field of knowledge of Toxicology, more intensely about Forensic Toxicology, was presented as a very relevant support for the judicial authorities in the persecution criminal. In conclusion, the applicability of a toxicological routine is usually linked to some type of criminal conduct, and this science has the task of assisting justice, with technical and scientific questions, to resolve such crimes, thus preserving the prestige and trustworthiness of Forensic Toxicology in support of laws and society.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"301 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131463400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00230
Jiang Na, Wang Yue
The revisions of Criminal Procedure Law of the PRC (2012 CPL) are designed to advocate ‘respecting and protecting human rights’ as a legal principle of criminal procedures in China’s practice. In promoting the new revisions, Case SHE Xianglin and Case ZHAO Zuohai have been milestones of Chinese reforms on its criminal justice.1 Ironically, external bodies issued China’s human rights reports,2 including its extensive use of extralegal detention, widespread practice of torture and other flawed justice in practice. The actual implementation of new reforms has been watched by various human rights groups3 in order to fill in the gap between legal requirements and poor implementation. It is necessary for China to learn lessons from the past experience and explore whether it is possible or not to establish a new mechanism for adequate remedies of repeated criminal injustices and if so, how to make it on the ground.
{"title":"Remedies for criminal injustice in China","authors":"Jiang Na, Wang Yue","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00230","url":null,"abstract":"The revisions of Criminal Procedure Law of the PRC (2012 CPL) are designed to advocate ‘respecting and protecting human rights’ as a legal principle of criminal procedures in China’s practice. In promoting the new revisions, Case SHE Xianglin and Case ZHAO Zuohai have been milestones of Chinese reforms on its criminal justice.1 Ironically, external bodies issued China’s human rights reports,2 including its extensive use of extralegal detention, widespread practice of torture and other flawed justice in practice. The actual implementation of new reforms has been watched by various human rights groups3 in order to fill in the gap between legal requirements and poor implementation. It is necessary for China to learn lessons from the past experience and explore whether it is possible or not to establish a new mechanism for adequate remedies of repeated criminal injustices and if so, how to make it on the ground.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134317393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00229
A. Medushevsky
e-government innovations explains the search of easy answers and the expansion of the simplified (populist) visions of the future government – the “false sense of transparency and accountability”. The contemporary e-government project is not a solution to problems related to democracy but rather the challenge to it which put under question the principle of legality by transmuting governmental discretionary power out of the politically controllable sphere to new one system e-bureaucracy designers. E-government does not imply the weakening of the traditional state but rather new forms and methods of administration. This phenomenon could be reinterpreted in the categories of ethics, philosophy of law and political science.
{"title":"Medushevsky a law and public ethics: constitution of internet in e-government formation (reflections on international debates)","authors":"A. Medushevsky","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00229","url":null,"abstract":"e-government innovations explains the search of easy answers and the expansion of the simplified (populist) visions of the future government – the “false sense of transparency and accountability”. The contemporary e-government project is not a solution to problems related to democracy but rather the challenge to it which put under question the principle of legality by transmuting governmental discretionary power out of the politically controllable sphere to new one system e-bureaucracy designers. E-government does not imply the weakening of the traditional state but rather new forms and methods of administration. This phenomenon could be reinterpreted in the categories of ethics, philosophy of law and political science.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133893016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-25DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00228
Jatindra Kumar Das
{"title":"Protection of right to reproduction in internet under copyright law","authors":"Jatindra Kumar Das","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00228","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114725546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-18DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00227
Hermes Jose Aun
{"title":"School management as an agent of transformation in the education system","authors":"Hermes Jose Aun","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00227","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125369388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-17DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00226
L. Kandala
Despite the establishment of strategies for crime prevention, criminal activities from both adults and juveniles have increased over the past two decades in South Africa Tshiwula, 2001:24. Apparently, crime prevention approaches are focused on strict law enforcement which require the reform of the criminal justice system 1 rather than taking a multidisciplinary approach. As a result, combating crimes through law enforcement approach alone appears ineffective to reduce criminal activities and expresses the need to develop a cross-sartorial approach.2 Among which, the lack of job and absence or level of education have been pointed out as a clear determinant of crime.3 In an emerging knowledge economy, education plays a vital role and provides the most critical input for determining a country’s ability to participate in the global economy.4,5 Education, in conjunction with health and training, is also an important determinant of human capital formation.6 In her approach to human capabilities,7 identifies education among the central functional human capabilities, which may lead to individual well-being as well as the success of policy development.
{"title":"Perspectives on crime theories and juvenile’s recidivism based on socio -economic variables in south africa","authors":"L. Kandala","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00226","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the establishment of strategies for crime prevention, criminal activities from both adults and juveniles have increased over the past two decades in South Africa Tshiwula, 2001:24. Apparently, crime prevention approaches are focused on strict law enforcement which require the reform of the criminal justice system 1 rather than taking a multidisciplinary approach. As a result, combating crimes through law enforcement approach alone appears ineffective to reduce criminal activities and expresses the need to develop a cross-sartorial approach.2 Among which, the lack of job and absence or level of education have been pointed out as a clear determinant of crime.3 In an emerging knowledge economy, education plays a vital role and provides the most critical input for determining a country’s ability to participate in the global economy.4,5 Education, in conjunction with health and training, is also an important determinant of human capital formation.6 In her approach to human capabilities,7 identifies education among the central functional human capabilities, which may lead to individual well-being as well as the success of policy development.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121551943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-03DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00225
Laura Elizabeth Challinor, Zoe Whitaker, Simon C. Duff
The label ‘sex offender’ has assumed a distinctive place in contemporary vocabulary.1 The label carries its own assumptions and beliefs, which promote and reinforce negative attitudes. Regardless of whether one commits an offence or not, a label such as ‘paedophile’ holds connotations that one would associate with committing a sexual crime.2 Surveys of the general public conclude that sex offenders are at high risk of recidivism;3 despite official figures demonstrating that those who commit sexual offences are one of the lowest recidivist offender populations.4 Forensic nursing staff have been found to have more positive attitudes that are less stereotyped.5 However, it should be considered when one’s attitude improves in the context of length of time in employment. It is important to support newly appointed staff to begin to challenge their own attitudes. In practice, it would seem that the label of ‘sex offender’ invites people to react emotively and reinforces pre-conceived attitudes and beliefs about the potential risk presented by this type of offender. It compromises our capacity to make accurate, evidence-based conclusions regarding suitably proportionate risk management. In the context of narrative therapy, 6 this would suggest that we privilege ‘thin’ narrative descriptions regarding those who commit sexual offences.
{"title":"Understanding forensic nursing staff attitudes towards men who have committed sexual offences: a narrative intervention","authors":"Laura Elizabeth Challinor, Zoe Whitaker, Simon C. Duff","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00225","url":null,"abstract":"The label ‘sex offender’ has assumed a distinctive place in contemporary vocabulary.1 The label carries its own assumptions and beliefs, which promote and reinforce negative attitudes. Regardless of whether one commits an offence or not, a label such as ‘paedophile’ holds connotations that one would associate with committing a sexual crime.2 Surveys of the general public conclude that sex offenders are at high risk of recidivism;3 despite official figures demonstrating that those who commit sexual offences are one of the lowest recidivist offender populations.4 Forensic nursing staff have been found to have more positive attitudes that are less stereotyped.5 However, it should be considered when one’s attitude improves in the context of length of time in employment. It is important to support newly appointed staff to begin to challenge their own attitudes. In practice, it would seem that the label of ‘sex offender’ invites people to react emotively and reinforces pre-conceived attitudes and beliefs about the potential risk presented by this type of offender. It compromises our capacity to make accurate, evidence-based conclusions regarding suitably proportionate risk management. In the context of narrative therapy, 6 this would suggest that we privilege ‘thin’ narrative descriptions regarding those who commit sexual offences.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132405292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00224
K. Zaman
The relationship between crime rates and poverty incidence is complex and multidimensional. The number of studies confirmed that poverty leads to crime rates1–8 while on the reverse side, the causal mechanism has been observed and concluded that higher crime rates lead to poverty incidence across countries.9–13 These studies are largely discussed with different determinants of poverty and crime rates in different economic settings. These studies are on the same finding that poverty and crime interlinked with each other that affect socioeconomic and environmental factors, which influenced country’s sustained growth in the long-run. This study is one of the initiatives to assess crime-poverty nexus in the Pakistan’s context, as the economy largely faced domestic and internal violence in the form of crime rates and terrorism since last many decades.14
{"title":"Crime-poverty nexus: an intellectual survey","authors":"K. Zaman","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00224","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between crime rates and poverty incidence is complex and multidimensional. The number of studies confirmed that poverty leads to crime rates1–8 while on the reverse side, the causal mechanism has been observed and concluded that higher crime rates lead to poverty incidence across countries.9–13 These studies are largely discussed with different determinants of poverty and crime rates in different economic settings. These studies are on the same finding that poverty and crime interlinked with each other that affect socioeconomic and environmental factors, which influenced country’s sustained growth in the long-run. This study is one of the initiatives to assess crime-poverty nexus in the Pakistan’s context, as the economy largely faced domestic and internal violence in the form of crime rates and terrorism since last many decades.14","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130675125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-04DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00223
A. O’Hagan, Rosalee B Banham
Fingerprints have been used in criminal investigations in the United Kingdom since 1902. Many advances in research and technology have improved current opportunities for fingerprint recovery at crime scenes. Possibly due to the lack of training and research, the recoverability of fingerprints in a fire scene are undervalued and misunderstood. There is a widespread misconception that fire will destroy all fingerprint evidence. Evaluation of current literature available has shown that fingerprints can indeed be recovered with excellent results. Fire scenes, in particular deliberate or arson, can be examined with reference to the elevated temperature conditions at each stage and the understanding of the soot removal techniques is paramount to the investigation process. Further research is required to make advancement in fire scene fingerprint recovery.
{"title":"A review of fingerprint recovery within an arson crime scene","authors":"A. O’Hagan, Rosalee B Banham","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00223","url":null,"abstract":"Fingerprints have been used in criminal investigations in the United Kingdom since 1902. Many advances in research and technology have improved current opportunities for fingerprint recovery at crime scenes. Possibly due to the lack of training and research, the recoverability of fingerprints in a fire scene are undervalued and misunderstood. There is a widespread misconception that fire will destroy all fingerprint evidence. Evaluation of current literature available has shown that fingerprints can indeed be recovered with excellent results. Fire scenes, in particular deliberate or arson, can be examined with reference to the elevated temperature conditions at each stage and the understanding of the soot removal techniques is paramount to the investigation process. Further research is required to make advancement in fire scene fingerprint recovery.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125074728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00222
F. Ahadi
This papers aims at investigating prevention of latent victimization faced by women. But is it specific to women or both sexes are involved, if we take the definition proposed by the author for latent victimization into account? The answer is not absolutely positive. But as we will discuss, women are more exposed to such victimization, not simply because they are women, but they are treated differently in relation to their individual and social roles and generally they experience gender discrimination.
{"title":"Prevention of latent victimization faced by women","authors":"F. Ahadi","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00222","url":null,"abstract":"This papers aims at investigating prevention of latent victimization faced by women. But is it specific to women or both sexes are involved, if we take the definition proposed by the author for latent victimization into account? The answer is not absolutely positive. But as we will discuss, women are more exposed to such victimization, not simply because they are women, but they are treated differently in relation to their individual and social roles and generally they experience gender discrimination.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124810403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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