Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00263
Andrew O Hagan, Stephanie Burns
General practitioners are dispensing an increasing number of painkillers to their patients at a time when drug abuse is rife in Britain’s prisons and addiction to prescription drugs is in the headlines due to the fall from grace of a high-profile celebrity. This study seeks to investigate how widespread the abuse of prescription drugs has become and what possible solutions there may be. It will examine which drugs are most widely abused and the role of prescription drugs as a more easily obtainable source of illicit highs in the prison population. It will consider what action needs to be taken as a result. The study indicates that pregabalin and gabapentin are drugs most widely abused within the prison population and that drugs are being dispensed with too little consideration of their addictive properties. It is concluded that further research into this area is required with consideration of possible changes to the law in relation to which drugs are controlled, but acknowledges the difficulties due to the medicinal benefits and large numbers of NHS patients currently reliant on these drugs, and underfunding of alternative services such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychotherapy.
{"title":"From prescription to addiction: a study of prescription drug abuse","authors":"Andrew O Hagan, Stephanie Burns","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2019.07.00263","url":null,"abstract":"General practitioners are dispensing an increasing number of painkillers to their patients at a time when drug abuse is rife in Britain’s prisons and addiction to prescription drugs is in the headlines due to the fall from grace of a high-profile celebrity. This study seeks to investigate how widespread the abuse of prescription drugs has become and what possible solutions there may be. It will examine which drugs are most widely abused and the role of prescription drugs as a more easily obtainable source of illicit highs in the prison population. It will consider what action needs to be taken as a result. The study indicates that pregabalin and gabapentin are drugs most widely abused within the prison population and that drugs are being dispensed with too little consideration of their addictive properties. It is concluded that further research into this area is required with consideration of possible changes to the law in relation to which drugs are controlled, but acknowledges the difficulties due to the medicinal benefits and large numbers of NHS patients currently reliant on these drugs, and underfunding of alternative services such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychotherapy.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134465037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-06DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00262
N. Kala
A call via a legitimate path/route will be bypassed so that there is a revenue loss.1 Generally for making national or international calls, rates are fixed by regulators in a country or by an individual or group of operators. Bypass fraud is prevalent in countries where there is a difference in rates between the retail calling, national calling and international calling. Moreover in some countries, international gateways are monopolized by government operators. The fraudsters make use of difference in rates and ensure that there are enough profits for them and serve as the key motivating factor to invest in procuring the equipments and GSM connections for conducting a large scale Bypass fraud. In countries where the international to national terminating charge margins are low, nil or negative, the bypass fraud either does not exists or is conducted a very low scale. It is one of the latest and most severe threats to a telecom operator’s revenue. It is an unauthorized exploitation or manipulation of an operator’s network. This can happen in two ways:
{"title":"A study on internet bypass fraud: national security threat","authors":"N. Kala","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00262","url":null,"abstract":"A call via a legitimate path/route will be bypassed so that there is a revenue loss.1 Generally for making national or international calls, rates are fixed by regulators in a country or by an individual or group of operators. Bypass fraud is prevalent in countries where there is a difference in rates between the retail calling, national calling and international calling. Moreover in some countries, international gateways are monopolized by government operators. The fraudsters make use of difference in rates and ensure that there are enough profits for them and serve as the key motivating factor to invest in procuring the equipments and GSM connections for conducting a large scale Bypass fraud. In countries where the international to national terminating charge margins are low, nil or negative, the bypass fraud either does not exists or is conducted a very low scale. It is one of the latest and most severe threats to a telecom operator’s revenue. It is an unauthorized exploitation or manipulation of an operator’s network. This can happen in two ways:","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117272629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-29DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00261
Jiang Na, Wang Yue
The death penalty in China is generally accepted as one of major human rights issues during international dialogues. In the recent decade, China has undertaken great efforts to reduce the execution or death sentences in capital cases by many means. Following Amendment VIII to Criminal Law of the PRC in 2011 (2011 Amendment), China adopted Amendment IX to Criminal Law of the PRC in 2015 (2015 Amendment)1 in order to further decrease crimes punishable by death in law and to shrink the applicable scope of the death penalty in practice. Based on lessons from the past death penalty reforms, this research will examine progress and problems in China’s latest reforms in order to better reform the current death penalty system towards its eventual abolition from the perspective of human rights protection.
{"title":"The latest developments of China’s death penalty reforms","authors":"Jiang Na, Wang Yue","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00261","url":null,"abstract":"The death penalty in China is generally accepted as one of major human rights issues during international dialogues. In the recent decade, China has undertaken great efforts to reduce the execution or death sentences in capital cases by many means. Following Amendment VIII to Criminal Law of the PRC in 2011 (2011 Amendment), China adopted Amendment IX to Criminal Law of the PRC in 2015 (2015 Amendment)1 in order to further decrease crimes punishable by death in law and to shrink the applicable scope of the death penalty in practice. Based on lessons from the past death penalty reforms, this research will examine progress and problems in China’s latest reforms in order to better reform the current death penalty system towards its eventual abolition from the perspective of human rights protection.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"112 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114087910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00260
Jiang Na, Kang Linlin
China’s criminal procedure law fails to prescribe legal requirements for admitting indirect evidence. This is against international standards and detrimental to justice. Most notably, a lack of remedies for violations of exclusionary rules is the primary form of abusing human rights. Prevention of such abuses may entail China’s gradual ideological shift to human rights protection in cases of torture. So far, the problems of admitting indirect evidence have been insufficiently explored in theory or in practice. Addressing this lack, this article gives a preliminary analysis of legislation concerning the admissibility of indirect evidence. The first part interprets the grounds for a lack of the admissibility of indirect evidence in China’s current legislation. The second part introduces the legal effect of international human rights law on China’s criminal procedural law, as the reasons for its bringing the admissibility in line with international human rights treaties. The third part shows that a primary form of the relevant human rights abuses is a lack of remedies for violations of exclusionary rules. The fourth part gives explanations for and suggestions on how to prevent such abuses.
{"title":"Admissibility of indirect evidence in Chinese cases of torture","authors":"Jiang Na, Kang Linlin","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00260","url":null,"abstract":"China’s criminal procedure law fails to prescribe legal requirements for admitting indirect evidence. This is against international standards and detrimental to justice. Most notably, a lack of remedies for violations of exclusionary rules is the primary form of abusing human rights. Prevention of such abuses may entail China’s gradual ideological shift to human rights protection in cases of torture. So far, the problems of admitting indirect evidence have been insufficiently explored in theory or in practice. Addressing this lack, this article gives a preliminary analysis of legislation concerning the admissibility of indirect evidence. The first part interprets the grounds for a lack of the admissibility of indirect evidence in China’s current legislation. The second part introduces the legal effect of international human rights law on China’s criminal procedural law, as the reasons for its bringing the admissibility in line with international human rights treaties. The third part shows that a primary form of the relevant human rights abuses is a lack of remedies for violations of exclusionary rules. The fourth part gives explanations for and suggestions on how to prevent such abuses.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"364 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115985427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-11DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00259
A. Elghazali, Mahmoud El Damaty, D. Shokry, A. Dobie
Definitions I. The term competence to consent refers to an individual’s legal capacity to accept a proposed treatment, to refuse treatment, or to select among treatment options. II. Voluntary admission: should base on patient’s competence and free Volition to give informed written consent. The patient has the right to ask for being discharged. III. Involuntary admission: conditioned with Presence of apparent signs and symptoms of severe mental illness, serious risky symptoms impacting the safety, health or life of the patient or the others or possibility of impending sever deterioration of the mental status.2 IV. Medical Abbreviations: a) BPRS: brief psychiatric rating scale measurement tool b) GAF: global functioning assessment tool c) HCR-20: history, clinical picture, risk management assessment scale Hard benefits I. Compliance to the law prevents legal consequences. II. Decrease patient complaints Increasing the effective utilization of time by decreasing chances of re-do. III. Increasing the total hospital’s revenue IV. Save money payed in court sue and malpractice claims. V. Minimizing ineffective services. VI. +Minimizing defective services. Soft benefits i. Improve professional image within the Regional/National Counsel. ii. Increase the public image of the hospital in the community. iii. Increase confidence of the customers, internal and external. iv. Increase the awareness of the employees v. Facilitate quest for accreditation. Situational analysis Compliance to the mental health law project has been selected by Quality Council after identification of the internal process defects through the auditing reports by the National/regional Counsel of Mental Health Table 1.3
{"title":"Enhancement of the compliance to the updated Egyptian mental health law, a six sigma breakthrough project","authors":"A. Elghazali, Mahmoud El Damaty, D. Shokry, A. Dobie","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00259","url":null,"abstract":"Definitions I. The term competence to consent refers to an individual’s legal capacity to accept a proposed treatment, to refuse treatment, or to select among treatment options. II. Voluntary admission: should base on patient’s competence and free Volition to give informed written consent. The patient has the right to ask for being discharged. III. Involuntary admission: conditioned with Presence of apparent signs and symptoms of severe mental illness, serious risky symptoms impacting the safety, health or life of the patient or the others or possibility of impending sever deterioration of the mental status.2 IV. Medical Abbreviations: a) BPRS: brief psychiatric rating scale measurement tool b) GAF: global functioning assessment tool c) HCR-20: history, clinical picture, risk management assessment scale Hard benefits I. Compliance to the law prevents legal consequences. II. Decrease patient complaints Increasing the effective utilization of time by decreasing chances of re-do. III. Increasing the total hospital’s revenue IV. Save money payed in court sue and malpractice claims. V. Minimizing ineffective services. VI. +Minimizing defective services. Soft benefits i. Improve professional image within the Regional/National Counsel. ii. Increase the public image of the hospital in the community. iii. Increase confidence of the customers, internal and external. iv. Increase the awareness of the employees v. Facilitate quest for accreditation. Situational analysis Compliance to the mental health law project has been selected by Quality Council after identification of the internal process defects through the auditing reports by the National/regional Counsel of Mental Health Table 1.3","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129727667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-07DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00258
Jiang Na, Han Rong
With the revelation of more and more wrongful convictions, Chinese authorities have responded to criminal injustices by means of new justice reforms in the recent decade. The public and media at home or abroad are curious about the core of justice reforms in China like the rule of evidence taking or exclusion. Clearly, Chinese evidence rules used in handling criminal cases including capital cases cannot meet the minimum standard of human rights or criminal justice in many aspects, particularly in the context of international standards concerned. Chinese authorities are still exploring into whether or not its rule conforms to international human rights rules, and if not, how to change it for better justice and human rights protection in criminal cases. This paper will start from a general description of legal framework and its context on the books. Next, it will proceed with the development and reforms of Chinese rules on evidence exclusion. Further, it will examine the Impact of Exclusionary Rules on the actors within criminal proceedings. Also, both the justification of exclusionary rules in paper law and their limitations will be analysed and commented as well. Particularly, it will specify the mandatory or discretionary feature of exclusionary rules and clarify the flaw of no acknowledgment of the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine. Finally, it will suggest substantive reform proposals from the perspective of the significance and impact of international human rights law in the Chinese context.
{"title":"Comments on legal framework for evidence taking in China","authors":"Jiang Na, Han Rong","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00258","url":null,"abstract":"With the revelation of more and more wrongful convictions, Chinese authorities have responded to criminal injustices by means of new justice reforms in the recent decade. The public and media at home or abroad are curious about the core of justice reforms in China like the rule of evidence taking or exclusion. Clearly, Chinese evidence rules used in handling criminal cases including capital cases cannot meet the minimum standard of human rights or criminal justice in many aspects, particularly in the context of international standards concerned. Chinese authorities are still exploring into whether or not its rule conforms to international human rights rules, and if not, how to change it for better justice and human rights protection in criminal cases. This paper will start from a general description of legal framework and its context on the books. Next, it will proceed with the development and reforms of Chinese rules on evidence exclusion. Further, it will examine the Impact of Exclusionary Rules on the actors within criminal proceedings. Also, both the justification of exclusionary rules in paper law and their limitations will be analysed and commented as well. Particularly, it will specify the mandatory or discretionary feature of exclusionary rules and clarify the flaw of no acknowledgment of the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine. Finally, it will suggest substantive reform proposals from the perspective of the significance and impact of international human rights law in the Chinese context.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131088604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-04DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00257
S. Johnson
High-school and college life are both exciting and challenging, exciting because of the new freedom that adolescents and young adults now have. They can now make many more of their decisions independently and have far more decisions to make. Decisions about socializing, studying, as well as to whether to use drugs and/or alcohol. High school and college life can be challenging because with the newly found freedom and opportunities comes risks. Risks not only involving consequences for behaviors that are questionable or antisocial but the consequences of being psychologically, physically, and/or sexually assaulted or raped experimentation with drugs and alcohol is common. Many high-school and college gatherings may include alcohol and/or drugs as part of the socializing or party culture. The risk is inherent. To become intoxicated or high creates additional risks for safety. To be clear, regardless of poor or questionable decisions made, anyone who is the victim of any type of violence, (psychological, physical, or sexual) is not responsible for the perpetrator’s decision and choice to engage in any type of violence. Sexual assault and rape are far too common among high-school and college students and at times may not be immediately reported. This is being written by a forensic psychologist, someone who has interviewed victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, rape, domestic abuse, child abuse, and murder, including sadists and psychopaths. This is not meant as an exhaustive literature review or exhaustive review of the case being discussed. Let us turn first to information about sexual assault and rape, recovered memories, and other background information relevant to this case.
{"title":"Christine blasey ford‘s accusations against Brett kavanaugh: a case for discussion","authors":"S. Johnson","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00257","url":null,"abstract":"High-school and college life are both exciting and challenging, exciting because of the new freedom that adolescents and young adults now have. They can now make many more of their decisions independently and have far more decisions to make. Decisions about socializing, studying, as well as to whether to use drugs and/or alcohol. High school and college life can be challenging because with the newly found freedom and opportunities comes risks. Risks not only involving consequences for behaviors that are questionable or antisocial but the consequences of being psychologically, physically, and/or sexually assaulted or raped experimentation with drugs and alcohol is common. Many high-school and college gatherings may include alcohol and/or drugs as part of the socializing or party culture. The risk is inherent. To become intoxicated or high creates additional risks for safety. To be clear, regardless of poor or questionable decisions made, anyone who is the victim of any type of violence, (psychological, physical, or sexual) is not responsible for the perpetrator’s decision and choice to engage in any type of violence. Sexual assault and rape are far too common among high-school and college students and at times may not be immediately reported. This is being written by a forensic psychologist, someone who has interviewed victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, rape, domestic abuse, child abuse, and murder, including sadists and psychopaths. This is not meant as an exhaustive literature review or exhaustive review of the case being discussed. Let us turn first to information about sexual assault and rape, recovered memories, and other background information relevant to this case.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128507988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00256
Mona Sivaneri, Constance Wiener R, A. Shockey, Christopher Waters
Teeth are the strongest tissues of the human body, therefore are the least susceptible to destruction,1 even when compared with bones, particularly when subject to heat. Drastic changes in bone properties during burning can cause great difficulties in forensic identification tests. These changes to burnt bone, such as heat-induced shrinkage and deformation alter the morphological indicators that are critical for identification.2 In addition to the ability to withstand a significant amount of heat, the anatomy of teeth is unique from individual to individual and, as such, is used in human identification.1 When a massive disaster happens within a population, there is one task that must be completed to assure closure for many survivors. That task is victim identification. In disasters with thousands of victims, the most common records used and available for identification are dental records,1 particularly dental radiographs. Other new and innovative techniques, such as DNA technology in forensic dentistry are also becoming very important in human identification;3 however, DNA is heat-labile, whereas, teeth, as well as restorations, are able to withstand heat unless the teeth are exposed to a direct flame.4 The foundation of identification through dental remains begins by comparing the teeth as well as the occlusion, with available dental records.4 Comparing ante mortem and postmortem dental radiographs are the most dependable methods of determining an individual’s dental remains.4 Many other techniques are being developed in dental forensics to provide higher scientific certainty for the results of burnt bone/teeth identification. These developmental applications include the use of cone-beam computed tomography,5 the identification of restorative dental materials through microscopy and elemental analyses that may be useful even with cremation,6 and computer algorithms of ante mortem and postmortem dental records.7 In a recent reliability study, raters using a cone-beam computed tomography imaging technique were able to make accurate visual comparisons with ante mortem radiographs.8 In cases where ante mortem records are not currently available, a forensic dentist can create a postmortem dental profile to be saved for any potential future availability or disclosure of ante mortem records.9 With all of these advancing technologies in forensic identification, there is still a critical need for dental professionals to be able to make comparisons of radiographs in a patient’s chart and radiographs of victims taken after a disaster. Dental students need to learn how to make comparisons. The purpose of this research was to evaluate dental student knowledge about dental forensics and to evaluate dental student skills in comparing radiographs. Our central hypothesis is that there is no difference in the ability of dental students at each level of their education in making comparisons of radiographs, and in their knowledge of dental forensics.
{"title":"Dental student forensic knowledge and skills","authors":"Mona Sivaneri, Constance Wiener R, A. Shockey, Christopher Waters","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00256","url":null,"abstract":"Teeth are the strongest tissues of the human body, therefore are the least susceptible to destruction,1 even when compared with bones, particularly when subject to heat. Drastic changes in bone properties during burning can cause great difficulties in forensic identification tests. These changes to burnt bone, such as heat-induced shrinkage and deformation alter the morphological indicators that are critical for identification.2 In addition to the ability to withstand a significant amount of heat, the anatomy of teeth is unique from individual to individual and, as such, is used in human identification.1 When a massive disaster happens within a population, there is one task that must be completed to assure closure for many survivors. That task is victim identification. In disasters with thousands of victims, the most common records used and available for identification are dental records,1 particularly dental radiographs. Other new and innovative techniques, such as DNA technology in forensic dentistry are also becoming very important in human identification;3 however, DNA is heat-labile, whereas, teeth, as well as restorations, are able to withstand heat unless the teeth are exposed to a direct flame.4 The foundation of identification through dental remains begins by comparing the teeth as well as the occlusion, with available dental records.4 Comparing ante mortem and postmortem dental radiographs are the most dependable methods of determining an individual’s dental remains.4 Many other techniques are being developed in dental forensics to provide higher scientific certainty for the results of burnt bone/teeth identification. These developmental applications include the use of cone-beam computed tomography,5 the identification of restorative dental materials through microscopy and elemental analyses that may be useful even with cremation,6 and computer algorithms of ante mortem and postmortem dental records.7 In a recent reliability study, raters using a cone-beam computed tomography imaging technique were able to make accurate visual comparisons with ante mortem radiographs.8 In cases where ante mortem records are not currently available, a forensic dentist can create a postmortem dental profile to be saved for any potential future availability or disclosure of ante mortem records.9 With all of these advancing technologies in forensic identification, there is still a critical need for dental professionals to be able to make comparisons of radiographs in a patient’s chart and radiographs of victims taken after a disaster. Dental students need to learn how to make comparisons. The purpose of this research was to evaluate dental student knowledge about dental forensics and to evaluate dental student skills in comparing radiographs. Our central hypothesis is that there is no difference in the ability of dental students at each level of their education in making comparisons of radiographs, and in their knowledge of dental forensics.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116198496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00255
Raju Majhi
India do not have access to improved sanitation.1 It is estimated that every death out of ten in India can be attributed to poor sanitation and hygiene. The efforts to increase sanitation coverage in rural areas face the principal challenge of changing long-held open defecation behaviour. An estimated 55% of all Indians or close to 600 million people do not have access to any kind of toilet.2 In rural India, scale of the problem is particularly daunting; around 74% of rural population still defecates in open.3 The women and girls face unique cultural and biological burdens in relation to sanitation. Lack of adequate sanitation in schools is a critical impediment to school education, particularly for girls. With such stark reality, systems often continue to compromise the health, safety, and productivity of girls and women. Within this context, gender-respective sanitation interventions in rural areas have the potential to improve adoption and long-term outcomes for women and their communities through targeted implementation wherein improved sanitation facilities4 should be a priority.
{"title":"Right to sanitation – a human right","authors":"Raju Majhi","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00255","url":null,"abstract":"India do not have access to improved sanitation.1 It is estimated that every death out of ten in India can be attributed to poor sanitation and hygiene. The efforts to increase sanitation coverage in rural areas face the principal challenge of changing long-held open defecation behaviour. An estimated 55% of all Indians or close to 600 million people do not have access to any kind of toilet.2 In rural India, scale of the problem is particularly daunting; around 74% of rural population still defecates in open.3 The women and girls face unique cultural and biological burdens in relation to sanitation. Lack of adequate sanitation in schools is a critical impediment to school education, particularly for girls. With such stark reality, systems often continue to compromise the health, safety, and productivity of girls and women. Within this context, gender-respective sanitation interventions in rural areas have the potential to improve adoption and long-term outcomes for women and their communities through targeted implementation wherein improved sanitation facilities4 should be a priority.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131608653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00254
A. O’Hagan, A. Elliott
With such a high proportion of UK crime being committed by the same set of offenders, the Home Office introduced Integrated Offender Management as a means of reducing re offending in the UK. By combining the efforts of the police force, probation services and non-statutory organizations, offenders receive a more intensive rehabilitation treatment and support regime. This review considers the approaches taken by various pioneer counties since 2009, with a focus on the benefits and challenges realized until present. It has been found that co-locating all services, and using an established selection and de-selection process, is key to extracting the best results from the scheme. The biggest challenge still faced by IOM is offender engagement, as current statistics show that re-offending rates during and after the programme are still at unsatisfactory levels.
{"title":"Offender management: a review of approaches, benefits and challenges","authors":"A. O’Hagan, A. Elliott","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00254","url":null,"abstract":"With such a high proportion of UK crime being committed by the same set of offenders, the Home Office introduced Integrated Offender Management as a means of reducing re offending in the UK. By combining the efforts of the police force, probation services and non-statutory organizations, offenders receive a more intensive rehabilitation treatment and support regime. This review considers the approaches taken by various pioneer counties since 2009, with a focus on the benefits and challenges realized until present. It has been found that co-locating all services, and using an established selection and de-selection process, is key to extracting the best results from the scheme. The biggest challenge still faced by IOM is offender engagement, as current statistics show that re-offending rates during and after the programme are still at unsatisfactory levels.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123583266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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