Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.11
S. Firfiray, Martín Larraza-Kintana, L. Gómez‐Mejía
This chapter analyzes the relationship between family control of the firm and its labor productivity. It builds upon the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective of family firms to develop a set of propositions that connect SEW priorities, trust, leadership style, nonfamily managers, and the implementation of high performance work practices with labor productivity. The authors argue that SEW priorities warrant adoption of a set of policies and behaviors among the controlling family managers that shape the behaviors and attitudes of the workforce, and these in turn affect labor productivity. This model helps explain observed differences in labor productivity between family and nonfamily firms across different firm sizes, as well as differences in labor productivity among family firms.
{"title":"The Labor Productivity of Family Firms","authors":"S. Firfiray, Martín Larraza-Kintana, L. Gómez‐Mejía","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the relationship between family control of the firm and its labor productivity. It builds upon the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective of family firms to develop a set of propositions that connect SEW priorities, trust, leadership style, nonfamily managers, and the implementation of high performance work practices with labor productivity. The authors argue that SEW priorities warrant adoption of a set of policies and behaviors among the controlling family managers that shape the behaviors and attitudes of the workforce, and these in turn affect labor productivity. This model helps explain observed differences in labor productivity between family and nonfamily firms across different firm sizes, as well as differences in labor productivity among family firms.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114579988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.1
E. Grifell-Tatjé, C. Lovell, R. Sickles
This chapter provides a wide-ranging interdisciplinary overview of productivity analysis, which also serves to introduce the chapters in the Handbook. It begins with an exploration into the significance of productivity growth, for business, for the economy, and for social economic progress. The chapter continues with a treatment of how productivity is defined, measured, and implemented. It then addresses two important empirical issues. The first involves productivity dispersion, and the productivity dynamics that would either lead to a reallocation of resources that would reduce dispersion and increase aggregate productivity, or allow dispersion to persist behind barriers to productivity-enhancing reallocation. The second involves a search for the drivers of (or impediments to) productivity growth, some of which are organizational in nature and under management control, and others of which are institutional in nature and beyond management control but subject to public policy intervention.
{"title":"Overview of Productivity Analysis","authors":"E. Grifell-Tatjé, C. Lovell, R. Sickles","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a wide-ranging interdisciplinary overview of productivity analysis, which also serves to introduce the chapters in the Handbook. It begins with an exploration into the significance of productivity growth, for business, for the economy, and for social economic progress. The chapter continues with a treatment of how productivity is defined, measured, and implemented. It then addresses two important empirical issues. The first involves productivity dispersion, and the productivity dynamics that would either lead to a reallocation of resources that would reduce dispersion and increase aggregate productivity, or allow dispersion to persist behind barriers to productivity-enhancing reallocation. The second involves a search for the drivers of (or impediments to) productivity growth, some of which are organizational in nature and under management control, and others of which are institutional in nature and beyond management control but subject to public policy intervention.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129375543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.23
H. Pyo
This chapter provides both theoretical and empirical reviews on productivity and economic development. Its starting point is the surveys on literature that stress the importance of productivity enhancement to fill the so-called twin gaps of development. The first part of the chapter reviews the concept papers of productivity, such as labor productivity and total factor productivity, and the measurement issues in productivity and growth accounting. The second part of the chapter reviews theoretical models on the relationship between productivity and economic growth and development. The third part of the chapter reviews empirical studies on productivity-development linkage and recent country-specific case studies on how productivity enhancement has contributed to economic growth and income distribution. The roles of human capital, institutions, intangible capital, and natural capital are emphasized in enhancing productivity in many underdeveloped and developing countries.
{"title":"Productivity and Economic Development","authors":"H. Pyo","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides both theoretical and empirical reviews on productivity and economic development. Its starting point is the surveys on literature that stress the importance of productivity enhancement to fill the so-called twin gaps of development. The first part of the chapter reviews the concept papers of productivity, such as labor productivity and total factor productivity, and the measurement issues in productivity and growth accounting. The second part of the chapter reviews theoretical models on the relationship between productivity and economic growth and development. The third part of the chapter reviews empirical studies on productivity-development linkage and recent country-specific case studies on how productivity enhancement has contributed to economic growth and income distribution. The roles of human capital, institutions, intangible capital, and natural capital are emphasized in enhancing productivity in many underdeveloped and developing countries.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129595692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.3
Lucy P. Eldridge, C. Sparks, J. Stewart
This chapter describes the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) productivity program. It presents the BLS’s methodology and data sources used to produce estimates of aggregate and industry-level labor and multifactor productivity growth, along with a number of other productivity-related measures including unit labor costs, labor compensation, and labor share. The chapter provides a detailed description of the main elements of BLS’s productivity measures including: output concepts; how BLS calculates hours worked by combining data from three different surveys; how it accounts for changes in the composition of the labor force; its methodology for estimating capital services; and data sources for intermediate inputs. The chapter also discusses some of the measurement challenges faced by the BLS, and concludes with a discussion of projects currently under way to expand and improve its productivity statistics.
{"title":"The US Bureau of Labor Statistics Productivity Program","authors":"Lucy P. Eldridge, C. Sparks, J. Stewart","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) productivity program. It presents the BLS’s methodology and data sources used to produce estimates of aggregate and industry-level labor and multifactor productivity growth, along with a number of other productivity-related measures including unit labor costs, labor compensation, and labor share. The chapter provides a detailed description of the main elements of BLS’s productivity measures including: output concepts; how BLS calculates hours worked by combining data from three different surveys; how it accounts for changes in the composition of the labor force; its methodology for estimating capital services; and data sources for intermediate inputs. The chapter also discusses some of the measurement challenges faced by the BLS, and concludes with a discussion of projects currently under way to expand and improve its productivity statistics.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125846451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.12
Mary J. Benner
Economics scholars have studied innovation as the “residual” in explaining productivity growth. Other research has examined the influence of programs like Six Sigma or ISO 9000, practices expected to directly improve efficiency and productivity within firms. Separately, management research has explored the idea that practices focused on process improvement can shift an organization’s focus toward incremental innovation, “crowding out” more radical, exploratory innovation. Thus, a full assessment of the influence of both innovation and management practices on productivity must consider how management practices—adopted specifically to improve operational efficiency—influence innovation. This chapter combines insights from three largely disparate research streams, highlighting the tensions and the potentially unintended longer-term effects of particular management practices on innovation. The chapter sheds light on the tension between improvement in firm-level productivity, innovation, and aggregate productivity growth, provides alternative explanations for results from prior research, and suggests some directions for future research.
{"title":"Innovation, Management Practices, and Productivity","authors":"Mary J. Benner","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"Economics scholars have studied innovation as the “residual” in explaining productivity growth. Other research has examined the influence of programs like Six Sigma or ISO 9000, practices expected to directly improve efficiency and productivity within firms. Separately, management research has explored the idea that practices focused on process improvement can shift an organization’s focus toward incremental innovation, “crowding out” more radical, exploratory innovation. Thus, a full assessment of the influence of both innovation and management practices on productivity must consider how management practices—adopted specifically to improve operational efficiency—influence innovation. This chapter combines insights from three largely disparate research streams, highlighting the tensions and the potentially unintended longer-term effects of particular management practices on innovation. The chapter sheds light on the tension between improvement in firm-level productivity, innovation, and aggregate productivity growth, provides alternative explanations for results from prior research, and suggests some directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130426236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.13
B. Cassiman, E. Golovko
International economics research has emphasized the role of trade—imports and exports—as an important mechanism for technology flows and innovation across borders and a source of productivity growth both at the country and firm level. Empirical studies primarily have focused on understanding the relationship between exports and productivity at the firm level. Recent research has started to investigate the link between international trade and firm-level innovation activity more broadly. This chapter focuses on the complex relationship between firm internationalization strategies and their innovation behavior and links these to productivity as a measure of firm performance. In particular, it focuses on the dynamic relationship between imports, innovation, and exports, and highlights several fruitful avenues for advancing this research agenda.
{"title":"Internationalization, Innovation, and Productivity","authors":"B. Cassiman, E. Golovko","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"International economics research has emphasized the role of trade—imports and exports—as an important mechanism for technology flows and innovation across borders and a source of productivity growth both at the country and firm level. Empirical studies primarily have focused on understanding the relationship between exports and productivity at the firm level. Recent research has started to investigate the link between international trade and firm-level innovation activity more broadly. This chapter focuses on the complex relationship between firm internationalization strategies and their innovation behavior and links these to productivity as a measure of firm performance. In particular, it focuses on the dynamic relationship between imports, innovation, and exports, and highlights several fruitful avenues for advancing this research agenda.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131541464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.17
M. Lefebvre, S. Perelman, P. Pestieau
The purpose of this chapter is to suggest a definition and a way to measure the performance of the public sector, or that of its main components. The approach is explicitly rooted in the principles of welfare and production economics. First the authors present what they call the “performance approach” to the public sector. They then move to the issue of measuring the productivity of some canonical components of the public sector (railways, transportation, waste collection, secondary education, and health care). In the third stage the authors try to assess the performance of the overall public sector. They argue that for such a level of aggregation, one should restrict the performance analysis to the outcomes and not relate it to the resources involved. As an illustration they evaluate the performance of the European welfare states and its evolution over time, using frontier techniques.
{"title":"Productivity and Welfare Performance in the Public Sector","authors":"M. Lefebvre, S. Perelman, P. Pestieau","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to suggest a definition and a way to measure the performance of the public sector, or that of its main components. The approach is explicitly rooted in the principles of welfare and production economics. First the authors present what they call the “performance approach” to the public sector. They then move to the issue of measuring the productivity of some canonical components of the public sector (railways, transportation, waste collection, secondary education, and health care). In the third stage the authors try to assess the performance of the overall public sector. They argue that for such a level of aggregation, one should restrict the performance analysis to the outcomes and not relate it to the resources involved. As an illustration they evaluate the performance of the European welfare states and its evolution over time, using frontier techniques.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125790090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.6
K. Zieschang
The key challenge in measuring productivity is its inherently residual nature: productivity is output growth—including changes in output quality—over and above growth in intermediate and capital service inputs—including changes in input quality—while adjusting change in inputs for non-unitary returns to scale. Thus, using the national accounting term volume for the combined measure of change in quantity and quality, a key objective in compiling estimates of growth in output and intermediate consumption is to distinguish volume change from price change within the change in economic value aggregates, key among which is gross domestic product (GDP). After setting up a Törnqvist measurement framework including quality change for the capacity utilization function and its dual value added (GDP) function, the chapter briefly discusses issues in the hard-to-measure sectors identified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, with an emphasis on financial services.
{"title":"Productivity Measurement in Sectors with Hard-to-Measure Output","authors":"K. Zieschang","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"The key challenge in measuring productivity is its inherently residual nature: productivity is output growth—including changes in output quality—over and above growth in intermediate and capital service inputs—including changes in input quality—while adjusting change in inputs for non-unitary returns to scale. Thus, using the national accounting term volume for the combined measure of change in quantity and quality, a key objective in compiling estimates of growth in output and intermediate consumption is to distinguish volume change from price change within the change in economic value aggregates, key among which is gross domestic product (GDP). After setting up a Törnqvist measurement framework including quality change for the capacity utilization function and its dual value added (GDP) function, the chapter briefly discusses issues in the hard-to-measure sectors identified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, with an emphasis on financial services.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132112671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-03DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.24
Oleg Badunenko, D. Henderson, V. Zelenyuk
This chapter scrutinizes research on the productivity of nations, with a particular focus on the preceding 50 years. First, it briefly synopsizes “classic” studies on economic growth and convergence of nations. The main criticism of these studies is that they did not account for potential inefficiency of countries. The production frontier literature attempts to deal with this issue, and the chapter gives a brief introduction to it with a focus on data envelopment analysis. One central point of this review is the analysis of sources of productivity growth before and after 1990, a period of time that appears to be a point of structural change in growth patterns around the world. The second thread of this chapter concerns the forces behind the transformation of the worldwide productivity distribution from a unimodal to a bimodal distribution during the 1990s. Finally, it emphasizes caveats and outlines possible directions for future research.
{"title":"The Productivity of Nations","authors":"Oleg Badunenko, D. Henderson, V. Zelenyuk","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter scrutinizes research on the productivity of nations, with a particular focus on the preceding 50 years. First, it briefly synopsizes “classic” studies on economic growth and convergence of nations. The main criticism of these studies is that they did not account for potential inefficiency of countries. The production frontier literature attempts to deal with this issue, and the chapter gives a brief introduction to it with a focus on data envelopment analysis. One central point of this review is the analysis of sources of productivity growth before and after 1990, a period of time that appears to be a point of structural change in growth patterns around the world. The second thread of this chapter concerns the forces behind the transformation of the worldwide productivity distribution from a unimodal to a bimodal distribution during the 1990s. Finally, it emphasizes caveats and outlines possible directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127050272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-20DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.19
W. Diewert, Kevin J. Fox
A method for decomposing nominal value-added growth is presented, which identifies the contributions from efficiency change, growth of primary inputs, changes in output and input prices, technical progress, and returns to scale. In order to implement the decomposition, an estimate of the relevant cost-constrained value-added function for the two periods under consideration is required. This is taken to be the free disposal hull of past observations. Aggregation over sectors is also considered. The methodology is illustrated using US data for two sectors, which together constitute majority of the US business sector, over the years 1960–2014. The decompositions for each sector provide key insights into the drivers of economic growth. For the noncorporate nonfinancial sector, we find that the cost of recessions was particularly high.
{"title":"Decomposing Value-Added Growth into Explanatory Factors","authors":"W. Diewert, Kevin J. Fox","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190226718.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"A method for decomposing nominal value-added growth is presented, which identifies the contributions from efficiency change, growth of primary inputs, changes in output and input prices, technical progress, and returns to scale. In order to implement the decomposition, an estimate of the relevant cost-constrained value-added function for the two periods under consideration is required. This is taken to be the free disposal hull of past observations. Aggregation over sectors is also considered. The methodology is illustrated using US data for two sectors, which together constitute majority of the US business sector, over the years 1960–2014. The decompositions for each sector provide key insights into the drivers of economic growth. For the noncorporate nonfinancial sector, we find that the cost of recessions was particularly high.","PeriodicalId":287755,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123488596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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