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Trust Platforms: The Digitalization of Corporate Governance and the Transformation of Trust in Polycentric Space 信任平台:公司治理的数字化与多中心空间中的信任转型
Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3895425
L. Backer
This contribution explores the growing interest in transnational corporate accountability, arising out of the need to build trust in corporations. Emerging cultures of accountability and compliance, among other things, has driven the digitalization of corporate governance and the emergence of a polycentric order of transnational regulations (e.g., human rights due diligence instruments). While widely recognized conceptions of trust inform systems of decentralized, digital governance, the principles and practices of such governance recasts trust and its relationship to accountability within corporations. This contribution argues that this leads to “contradictions” between traditional systems of faith in the trustworthiness of the enterprise and its principal (human) and the emerging faith in the trustworthiness of systems of accountability from which enterprise trust can be objectively measured against an ideal-type, data-based metric. Trust in enterprises, then, become a function of trust in trust accountability systems. Competition among such trust accountability systems and the norms from which trust is measured produces polycentric regimes of transnational corporate accountability, and of measuring trustworthiness, that simultaneously enhances (through systems of exogenous objectification) and undermines (through incompatible standards and methods of trustworthiness) enterprise trust. Part I describes the problem and the challenge, one that arises from the near simultaneous shift in cultural expectations about trust from trust in character to trust in measurement, and the rise of cultures of data driven technologically complicated systems of compliance and accountability. Part Two then considers the transformation brought by efforts to respond that that challenge. These consisted of three closely interlinked trajectories: digitalization, complex compliance-accountability regimes, and the emergence of platforms as the space within which collectives of consumers and producers of governance and trust related data could interact. Part three then examines the consequences of the structures that have emerged as a product of those trajectories. The first is the constitution of polycentric governance standards around which entities must now navigate and the second is the detachment of trust from the entity that is its subject. That is, it considers the rise of trust platforms as the autonomous pint of engagement through which the trustworthiness of corporate governance is negotiated.
这篇文章探讨了由于需要建立对公司的信任,人们对跨国公司问责制越来越感兴趣。除其他外,新兴的问责和合规文化推动了公司治理的数字化和跨国法规(如人权尽职调查文书)的多中心秩序的出现。虽然广泛认可的信任概念为分散的数字治理系统提供了信息,但这种治理的原则和实践重塑了信任及其与公司内部问责制的关系。这篇论文认为,这导致了传统的信任企业及其委托人(人)的可信度体系与新兴的信任责任体系之间的“矛盾”,企业信任可以根据一种理想型的、基于数据的度量来客观衡量。因此,对企业的信任成为信任问责制中信任的功能。这些信任问责制和衡量信任的规范之间的竞争产生了跨国公司问责制和衡量可信度的多中心制度,同时(通过外生客观化系统)增强了企业信任,(通过不相容的可信度标准和方法)破坏了企业信任。第一部分描述了问题和挑战,其中一个源于对信任的文化期望几乎同时发生的转变,从对品格的信任到对衡量的信任,以及数据驱动的技术复杂的合规和问责系统的文化的兴起。第二部分考虑了应对这一挑战的努力所带来的转变。这包括三个密切相关的轨迹:数字化、复杂的合规问责制度,以及平台的出现,作为治理和信任相关数据的消费者和生产者集体可以互动的空间。然后,第三部分考察了作为这些轨迹的产物而出现的结构的后果。首先是制定多中心治理标准,各实体现在必须围绕这些标准行事;其次是脱离作为主体的实体的信任。也就是说,它认为信任平台的兴起是一种自主参与,通过这种参与,公司治理的可信度得以协商。
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引用次数: 2
Some Questions of Ethics in RCTs 随机对照试验中的若干伦理问题
Pub Date : 2021-02-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3780908
R. Khera
Questions of ethics in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in development economics need greater attention and a wider perspective. RCTs are meant to be governed by the three principles laid out in the Belmont Report, but often violated them, e.g. when local laws are flouted. In other cases, the framework of the Belmont Report itself has proved inadequate: for instance, when there are unintended outcomes or adverse events for which no-one is held accountable. Primarily using RCTs conducted in India, this paper highlights eight areas of concern. RCTs also have a disproportionate influence on shaping research agendas and on policy. Though ethical issues have been raised, there has been little engagement from the RCT community – a manifestation of its power in the profession. As current safeguards (such as oversight by Institutional Review Boards) have failed to protect human subjects, the concluding section discusses possible ways to resolve these issues.
发展经济学中随机对照试验(RCTs)的伦理问题需要更多的关注和更广阔的视野。随机对照试验本应遵循贝尔蒙特报告中提出的三个原则,但往往会违反这些原则,例如,当当地法律遭到蔑视时。在其他情况下,贝尔蒙特报告本身的框架已被证明是不够的:例如,当出现意外结果或没有人对此负责的不良事件时。本文主要使用在印度进行的随机对照试验,强调了八个值得关注的领域。随机对照试验在制定研究议程和政策方面也具有不成比例的影响。尽管提出了伦理问题,但RCT社区几乎没有参与进来——这是RCT在该行业的力量的体现。由于目前的保障措施(如机构审查委员会的监督)未能保护人类受试者,结论部分讨论了解决这些问题的可能方法。
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引用次数: 3
Reforzar la integridad empresarial ante la crisis del Covid-19 (Strengthening Business Integrity in the Face of the COVID-19 Crisis) 面对2019冠状病毒病危机加强商业诚信
Pub Date : 2020-04-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3571706
Joan Fontrodona, Philip Muller
Spanish Abstract: El reto al que las empresas se enfrentan con la crisis del Covid-19 es conciliar resiliencia empresarial con responsabilidad social. El riesgo es poner una vision deformada de la resiliencia por encima de la propia integridad. Para evitar este riesgo y sacar el mayor partido a la presente crisis, proponemos tres actitudes o criterios de accion que nacen de la responsabilidad social corporativa y que pueden ayudar a salvaguardar la propia integridad en un momento como el actual: reflexionar sobre el sentido de la propia mision empresarial, fomentar una comunicacion transparente que involucre a todos los stakeholders, y buscar siempre ser consistentes en cualquier decision que se tome. Los diez principios del Pacto Mundial pueden servir de guia para evaluar la consistencia de las empresas socialmente responsables durante este periodo English Abstract: The challenge that companies face with the COVID-19 crisis is to reconcile business resilience with social responsibility. The risk is putting a distorted view of resilience above integrity itself. To avoid this risk and make the most of the current crisis, we propose three attitudes or action criteria that stem from corporate social responsibility and that can help safeguard one's integrity at a time like today: reflect on the meaning of own business mission, promote transparent communication that involves all stakeholders, and always seek to be consistent in any decision that is made. The ten principles of the Global Compact can serve as a guide to assess the consistency of socially responsible companies during this period.
摘要:在Covid-19危机中,企业面临的挑战是协调企业弹性与社会责任。风险在于将对韧性的扭曲看法置于诚信本身之上。为避免这种风险最大,危机本打算利用三个态度或企业社会责任行动出生标准可以协助保护一下如目前的完整性:反思企业方面的任务,促进透明沟通,涉及所有利益攸关方,并找寻随时可能包括采取的任何决定。《全球契约》的十项原则可作为评估这一时期社会责任企业一致性的指南。英文摘要:企业面临COVID-19危机的挑战是协调企业弹性与社会责任。风险在于将一种扭曲的弹性观点置于诚信之上。并避免this risk and make the most of the current危机,we propose三的态度或行动标准that干细胞from corporate social responsibility and that can help侦查one’s完整性at a time像today: 12 on the意义上开办自己的企业使命,促进死刑communication,涉及所有利益攸关方,and always失所To be in any decision that is made前后一致。《全球契约》的十项原则可作为评估这一时期社会责任公司一致性的指南。
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引用次数: 7
Islamic and Conventional Economics – Dialogue and Ethics 伊斯兰与传统经济学-对话与伦理
Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.4197/islec.32-2.10
M. Zarqa
Dialogue and intellectual trade between Islamic economics andconventional economics has been active and mutually beneficial for more than 40years. I present some concrete examples of this in the current paper. I then assess recentcalls for a complete break of Islamic economics with conventional economics, and findthem clearly inconsistent with Islam’s actual approach to culture and institutions in preIslamic Arabia. The Islamic approach shuns blanket acceptance or rejection of anypiece of human knowledge, and calls for detailed case by case assessment, thenadoption, rejection, or acceptance after modification. The Islamic approach also insistson severability wherever possible, to salvage good parts from a bad whole. Oneparticular argument for total break from conventional economics, is its assumption ofselfishness of economic agents. I demonstrate that this is an overreaction by givingspecific examples of Muslim jurist’s nuanced view of selfishness (or self-interest):when acceptable, when discouraged, and when completely prohibited. I conclude thatfrom an Islamic point of view, a break with conventional economics is not justified.Continued engagement with conventional economics is necessary and mutuallybeneficial, provided due attention is given to: (a) the non-selfish sectors, and (b) tobehavioral and institutional reforms. Finally, the paper comments on ethics inconventional economics and Islamic economics.
40多年来,伊斯兰经济学和传统经济学之间的对话和知识贸易一直是积极和互利的。在本文中,我给出了一些具体的例子。然后,我评估了最近呼吁将伊斯兰经济学与传统经济学彻底决裂的呼声,并发现它们显然与伊斯兰教对前伊斯兰阿拉伯文化和制度的实际做法不一致。伊斯兰教的方法避免全盘接受或拒绝人类知识的任何一部分,而是要求详细的个案评估,然后采用,拒绝,或在修改后接受。伊斯兰教的方法还坚持在任何可能的地方进行分割,从一个坏的整体中抢救出好的部分。与传统经济学完全决裂的一个特别论点是,它假设经济主体是自私的。我通过给出穆斯林法学家对自私(或自利)的微妙观点的具体例子来证明这是一种过度反应:什么时候可以接受,什么时候不鼓励,什么时候完全禁止。我的结论是,从伊斯兰的观点来看,与传统经济学决裂是不合理的。如果适当关注:(a)非自私部门,(b)行为和制度改革,与传统经济学的持续接触是必要和互利的。最后,对非传统经济学和伊斯兰经济学的伦理学进行了评述。
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引用次数: 4
Novel Personal Corporate Structures, Fiduciary Responsibility, and the Ethics of Personhood 新型个人公司结构、受托责任和人格伦理
Pub Date : 2019-06-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3403878
J. McArdle
The book The Unincorporated Man envisions a future in which every individual is incorporated at birth, and their worth and value are determined on a market exchange. The book uncovers profound questions about personal autonomy and fiduciary responsibility in a world where personhood is commodified, and offers a unique lens into contemporary questions about work/life balance, the degrees of freedom each of us have, and the nature of competing obligations. It provides an interesting perspective into issues we wrestle with today. This paper considers the use of Personal Service Corporations and other contemporary legal vehicles from that perspective.
《未合并的人》一书设想了这样一个未来:每个人在出生时就被合并,他们的价值和价值由市场交换决定。这本书揭示了在一个人格被商品化的世界里,关于个人自主和受托责任的深刻问题,并提供了一个独特的视角来看待有关工作/生活平衡、我们每个人拥有的自由程度以及相互竞争的义务的本质的当代问题。它为我们今天纠结的问题提供了一个有趣的视角。本文从这一角度考虑个人服务公司和其他当代法律工具的使用。
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引用次数: 0
US Multinationals and Human Rights: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment of Extractive vs. Non-Extractive Sectors 美国跨国公司与人权:采掘业与非采掘业的理论与实证评估
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3344832
K. Vadlamannati, N. Janz, Indra de Soysa
The consequences of multinational corporations (MNCs) for human rights protection are poorly understood. We propose that the motives and behaviour of MNCs vary across industries. Extractive firms go where the resources are, which creates a status quo bias among them when it comes to supporting repressive rulers. Moreover, low skills levels, environmental pollution and exploitative motives can fuel tensions which are subsequently suppressed by governments. The same is not true for non-extractive MNCs, which are less controversial and can exit more easily. Using US foreign direct investment (FDI) broken up into extractive and non-extractive in 114 host countries (1999–2009), we find support for these propositions. Extractive FDI is associated with negative effects on rights, but non-extractive FDI is positive after controlling for a host of relevant factors, including endogeneity. Our results are robust to the use of Extreme Bounds Analysis (EBA) and alternative sample sizes.
人们对跨国公司(MNCs)对人权保护的影响知之甚少。我们认为,跨国公司的动机和行为因行业而异。资源在哪里,采掘业公司就去哪里,这就造成了他们在支持专制统治者时对现状的偏见。此外,低技能水平、环境污染和剥削动机可能加剧紧张局势,随后被政府压制。非采掘类跨国公司的情况并非如此,它们的争议较小,也更容易退出。通过分析美国在114个东道国(1999-2009年)的采掘业和非采掘业的外国直接投资(FDI),我们发现了对这些主张的支持。采掘性FDI与对权利的负面影响有关,但在控制了包括内生性在内的一系列相关因素后,非采掘性FDI是积极的。我们的结果对极限界分析(EBA)和其他样本量的使用是稳健的。
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引用次数: 5
Evaluating Publications Across Business Disciplines: Inferring Interdisciplinary 'Exchange Rates' from Intradisciplinary Author Rankings 评估跨商业学科的出版物:从跨学科作者排名推断跨学科“汇率”
Pub Date : 2017-10-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2793483
Timo P. Korkeamaki, Jukka Sihvonen, Sami Vähämaa
We propose a novel approach to comparing publications across business disciplines. Specifically, we aim to provide an objective method for evaluating the interdisciplinary value of publications based on intradisciplinary author rankings. Using publication data from the leading journals in accounting, economics, finance, management, and marketing, we first construct intradisciplinary author rankings and then utilize these rankings to estimate the marginal effect of an additional publication on the individual's ranking within her own discipline. Based on the implied effort required to improve an individual's intradisciplinary ranking, we infer interdisciplinary “exchange rates” to evaluate the value of top-tier publications across disciplines. Our estimates indicate that the value of a single single-authored publication in a top-ranked journal is highest in accounting and lowest in marketing. We confirm the validity of our “exchange rate” approach by constructing an interdisciplinary author ranking in which authors from different disciplines are uniformly distributed across the ranking list.
我们提出了一种新的方法来比较跨商业学科的出版物。具体而言,我们的目标是提供一种基于跨学科作者排名的客观方法来评估出版物的跨学科价值。利用来自会计、经济、金融、管理和市场营销等领先期刊的发表数据,我们首先构建了跨学科作者排名,然后利用这些排名来估计额外发表的论文对个人在其所在学科排名的边际效应。基于提高个人学科内排名所需的隐含努力,我们推断出跨学科的“交换率”来评估跨学科顶级出版物的价值。我们的估计表明,在排名靠前的期刊上,一篇单作者论文的价值在会计方面最高,在营销方面最低。我们通过构建跨学科作者排名来确认“汇率”方法的有效性,其中来自不同学科的作者在排名列表中均匀分布。
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引用次数: 9
Working Alternatives - From Capitalism to Humanistic Management? 工作选择——从资本主义到人本管理?
Pub Date : 2017-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2961559
M. Pirson
In this paper I explore what "working alternatives" to shareholder capitalism could look like. I explore the various understandings and definitions of capitalism and suggest that capitalism may be best understood as rhetorical device. I then explore the current ontological assumptions of shareholder capitalism and agency theory, and juxtapose alternatives. Based on a humanistic perspective, I then suggest several archetypes of management that can showcase "working alternatives," or case studies that adhere to different managerial precepts.
在本文中,我探讨了股东资本主义的“可行替代方案”可能是什么样子。我探讨了对资本主义的各种理解和定义,并认为资本主义最好被理解为一种修辞手段。然后,我探索当前股东资本主义和代理理论的本体论假设,并并列的替代方案。基于人文主义的观点,我随后提出了几个可以展示“工作选择”的管理原型,或者坚持不同管理原则的案例研究。
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引用次数: 0
Why Does Research in Finance Have So Little Impact? 为什么金融研究的影响力如此之小?
Pub Date : 2016-12-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2936544
Chris Brooks, E. Fenton, Lisa Schopohl, James T. Walker
The quantity of finance research has grown enormously over the past two decades, yet questions remain over its breadth and ability to benefit the economy and society beyond academia. Using multisource data, we argue that individual and institutional incentives have fostered insularity and a consequent homogeneity in the discipline. We examine the characteristics of research that is published and cited in the leading field journals in finance, arguing that the work has become abstract and unrelated to real world issues. The work published in the ‘top’ journals makes increasing use of US data, even where the researchers are drawn from different countries. Using information from impact assessment, publication patterns, and grant capture, we illustrate that this narrow agenda lacks relevance to the financial services sector, the economy or wider society compared to other areas of business and management research. In particular, we highlight the relative absence of research on ethics in academic finance and discuss the likely consequences for the discipline including its relevance to society.
在过去的二十年里,金融研究的数量有了巨大的增长,但其广度和能力对学术界以外的经济和社会的好处仍然存在疑问。使用多源数据,我们认为个人和机构的激励促进了学科的偏狭性和随之而来的同质性。我们研究了在金融领域领先期刊上发表和引用的研究的特点,认为这些工作已经变得抽象,与现实世界的问题无关。发表在“顶级”期刊上的研究越来越多地使用了美国的数据,即使研究人员来自不同的国家。利用来自影响评估、出版模式和拨款获取的信息,我们说明,与其他商业和管理研究领域相比,这一狭隘的议程与金融服务部门、经济或更广泛的社会缺乏相关性。特别是,我们强调了学术金融中伦理研究的相对缺失,并讨论了该学科可能产生的后果,包括其与社会的相关性。
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引用次数: 35
Money and Finance: Ethical Considerations 金钱与金融:道德考量
Pub Date : 2016-11-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2900938
Antonio Argandoña
Financial institutions and markets occupy a key place in the economic and social well-being of individuals, companies and societies but, if they are not managed adequately, this can have important consequences, also in ethical terms. This work is a simple and brief explanation of the ethical problems posed by institutions, markets and financial products.
金融机构和市场在个人、公司和社会的经济和社会福利中占有关键地位,但如果管理不当,也会在道德方面产生重要后果。这项工作是对机构、市场和金融产品所带来的道德问题的一个简单而简短的解释。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)
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