We suggest a methodology for identifying the implications of alternative cultural and social norms embodied by religious denomination on labour market outcomes, by estimating the differential impact of Protestantism versus Catholicism on the propensity to be an entrepreneur, on the basis of the diverse minority status of both confessions across European regions. Our quasi-experimental research design exploits the stronger degree of attachment to religious ethic of religious minorities and the exogenous historical determination of the geographical distribution of religious minorities in Europe. Our analysis of European Social Survey data collected in four waves between 2002 and 2008 in 22 European countries, indicates that cultural background has a significant effect on the individual propensity to become an entrepreneur, with Protestantism increasing the chances to be an entrepreneur by around 3% with respect to Catholicism. Our findings, stable across a number of robustness checks, provide further evidence on the need to take cultural elements into consideration when analysing economic behaviour.
{"title":"The Implications of Cultural Background on Labour Market Choices: The Case of Religion and Entrepreneurship","authors":"L. Nunziata, L. Rocco, L. Rocco","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1965131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1965131","url":null,"abstract":"We suggest a methodology for identifying the implications of alternative cultural and social norms embodied by religious denomination on labour market outcomes, by estimating the differential impact of Protestantism versus Catholicism on the propensity to be an entrepreneur, on the basis of the diverse minority status of both confessions across European regions. Our quasi-experimental research design exploits the stronger degree of attachment to religious ethic of religious minorities and the exogenous historical determination of the geographical distribution of religious minorities in Europe. Our analysis of European Social Survey data collected in four waves between 2002 and 2008 in 22 European countries, indicates that cultural background has a significant effect on the individual propensity to become an entrepreneur, with Protestantism increasing the chances to be an entrepreneur by around 3% with respect to Catholicism. Our findings, stable across a number of robustness checks, provide further evidence on the need to take cultural elements into consideration when analysing economic behaviour.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126482865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We are currently heading towards wider and faster scenarios. This kind of evolution we are getting through is also due to decrease of “dead woods” (made up of useless infrastructures, lazy employees and parasites) due to “bipartisan” public reforms already implemented since the early 90’s. These scenarios will make cultural and trade exchanges easier and quicker. Furthermore, they will be safer and more stable, thus to eliminate any “interferences” to global lows of human, intellectual and economic capitals on a worldwide scale, since socio–economic challenges of our times cannot be managed on a national or even local level.
{"title":"Diversity: Complexity and the Speed of Business Evolution.","authors":"A. Pitasi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2586973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2586973","url":null,"abstract":"We are currently heading towards wider and faster scenarios. This kind of evolution we are getting through is also due to decrease of “dead woods” (made up of useless infrastructures, lazy employees and parasites) due to “bipartisan” public reforms already implemented since the early 90’s. These scenarios will make cultural and trade exchanges easier and quicker. Furthermore, they will be safer and more stable, thus to eliminate any “interferences” to global lows of human, intellectual and economic capitals on a worldwide scale, since socio–economic challenges of our times cannot be managed on a national or even local level.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"344 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117074003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from an economic perspective, in two ways. Firstly, introducing a new definition and a new framework of analysis, which can account for both the externallydriven and the internallydriven view of CSR. Secondly, developing a dynamic model of internallydriven CSR – which draws inspiration from the literature on renewable resources – to show that, under certain circumstances, an enlightened profit‐maximizing firm will behave as ‘socially-responsible’ to the eyes of the society. The paper also discusses some possible limits and extensions of this theoretical framework.
{"title":"A Dynamic Model of Corporate Social Reponsibility and Enlightened Profit Maximization","authors":"Fabio Balboni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1474215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1474215","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from an economic perspective, in two ways. Firstly, introducing a new definition and a new framework of analysis, which can account for both the externallydriven and the internallydriven view of CSR. Secondly, developing a dynamic model of internallydriven CSR – which draws inspiration from the literature on renewable resources – to show that, under certain circumstances, an enlightened profit‐maximizing firm will behave as ‘socially-responsible’ to the eyes of the society. The paper also discusses some possible limits and extensions of this theoretical framework.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114589690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00497.x
M. Lim
This paper proposes that Levinas's philosophy of alterity and infinitude – based upon the ethical relation between Self and Other – is both profound and limited in its ability to account for social practice. Instead of simply accepting the common criticism of Levinas, however, that he places an intolerable ethical burden of infinitude upon human relations, this paper aims to move beyond this impasse by placing Levinas's metaphysics within a frame that privileges the dynamic between the Self and the Other as a socially oriented, participative practice of teaching and learning. It is suggested that Etienne Wenger's work on the emergence of identity as a constant negotiation between the Others and the Self provides a conceptual framework for how business ethics may be owned, negotiated and learned within organizational communities without sacrificing the horizon of infinitude bestowed upon us by Levinas's ethical philosophy. Finally, the practical implications of such a comparative approach for the teaching of alterity in business ethics are discussed.
{"title":"The Ethics of Alterity and the Teaching of Otherness","authors":"M. Lim","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00497.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00497.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes that Levinas's philosophy of alterity and infinitude – based upon the ethical relation between Self and Other – is both profound and limited in its ability to account for social practice. Instead of simply accepting the common criticism of Levinas, however, that he places an intolerable ethical burden of infinitude upon human relations, this paper aims to move beyond this impasse by placing Levinas's metaphysics within a frame that privileges the dynamic between the Self and the Other as a socially oriented, participative practice of teaching and learning. It is suggested that Etienne Wenger's work on the emergence of identity as a constant negotiation between the Others and the Self provides a conceptual framework for how business ethics may be owned, negotiated and learned within organizational communities without sacrificing the horizon of infinitude bestowed upon us by Levinas's ethical philosophy. Finally, the practical implications of such a comparative approach for the teaching of alterity in business ethics are discussed.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118381510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Lerman, Caroline E. Ratcliffe, H. Salzman, D. Wissoker, J. Gaudet
This study examines whether small minority- and women-owned enterprises (MWEs) use computers less than white-male-owned enterprises and whether higher levels of computer use increase productivity. We use data from a new telephone survey of roughly 1,100 firms and 45 in-depth interviews with business owners. The results suggest that: (1) Small MWEs show no tendency to use computers less than small firms owned by white men; and (2) Using computers for more business functions and/or more intensively for these business functions can raise the productivity and profitability of small MWEs.
{"title":"Can Expanding the Use of Computers Improve the Performance of Small Minority- and Women-Owned Enterprises?","authors":"R. Lerman, Caroline E. Ratcliffe, H. Salzman, D. Wissoker, J. Gaudet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2206381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2206381","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines whether small minority- and women-owned enterprises (MWEs) use computers less than white-male-owned enterprises and whether higher levels of computer use increase productivity. We use data from a new telephone survey of roughly 1,100 firms and 45 in-depth interviews with business owners. The results suggest that: (1) Small MWEs show no tendency to use computers less than small firms owned by white men; and (2) Using computers for more business functions and/or more intensively for these business functions can raise the productivity and profitability of small MWEs.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128058627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polish Abstract: Budowa gospodarki opartej na wiedzy wymaga wzmocnienia systemu powiązan uczelni z otoczeniem biznesowym. Wspolpraca uczelni z przedsiebiorstwami przyczynia sie wzajemnie do wzrostu ich konkurencyjności i innowacyjności, a zarazem do poprawy atrakcyjności absolwentow uczelni na rynku pracy. Najbardziej deficytową umiejetnością absolwentow polskich uczelni w oczach pracodawcow jest umiejetnośc lączenia wiedzy teoretycznej z wymogami praktyki biznesu. W artykule zaprezentowano glowne formy mozliwej wspolpracy uczelni ze sferą biznesu, do ktorych nalezą: wspolpraca w zakresie badan naukowych, zlecanie tematow prac dyplomowych, wspolpraca w zakresie praktyk i prowadzenie zajec na uczelniach przez przedstawicieli biznesu, jak rowniez instytucjonalne podstawy wspolpracy. Ostatnim elementem artykulu jest przedstawienie wybranych wynikow wlasnych badan ankietowych wśrod absolwentow Wydzialu Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politologicznych Uniwersytetu Łodzkiego w zakresie ich oceny mocnych i slabych stron uczelni pod kątem atrakcyjności absolwentow na rynku pracy i mozliwych form wspolpracy z macierzystym wydzialem. Absolwenci mogą stanowic pomost miedzy uczelnią a sferą biznesu.English Abstract: The construction of the knowledge-based economy requires strengthening the system of connections between universities and the business environment. The co-operation of universities with enterprises contributes mutually to both a growth of their competitiveness and innovativeness and to an enhanced attractiveness of university graduates on the labour market. According to employers, the competence of Polish university graduates that is most acutely missing is the ability to link theoretical knowledge with business practice requirements. The paper presents the principal form of possible co-operation of universities with business, including: co-operation in research, commissioning topics of diploma theses, co-operation in the field of traineeships and delivering university courses by business representatives as well as institutional foundations of such co-operation. The last element of the paper is the presentation of selected results of our own survey among the alumni of the Faculty of International and Political Studies of the University of Lodz concerning their evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the university from the perspective of attractiveness of graduates on the labour market and possible forms of co-operation with their former faculty. Alumni may constitute a bridge between academia and business.
{"title":"Możliwości współpracy polskich uczelni wyższych ze sferą biznesu (Co-operation Possibilities between Polish Universities and Business)","authors":"P. Bryła","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2575833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2575833","url":null,"abstract":"Polish Abstract: Budowa gospodarki opartej na wiedzy wymaga wzmocnienia systemu powiązan uczelni z otoczeniem biznesowym. Wspolpraca uczelni z przedsiebiorstwami przyczynia sie wzajemnie do wzrostu ich konkurencyjności i innowacyjności, a zarazem do poprawy atrakcyjności absolwentow uczelni na rynku pracy. Najbardziej deficytową umiejetnością absolwentow polskich uczelni w oczach pracodawcow jest umiejetnośc lączenia wiedzy teoretycznej z wymogami praktyki biznesu. W artykule zaprezentowano glowne formy mozliwej wspolpracy uczelni ze sferą biznesu, do ktorych nalezą: wspolpraca w zakresie badan naukowych, zlecanie tematow prac dyplomowych, wspolpraca w zakresie praktyk i prowadzenie zajec na uczelniach przez przedstawicieli biznesu, jak rowniez instytucjonalne podstawy wspolpracy. Ostatnim elementem artykulu jest przedstawienie wybranych wynikow wlasnych badan ankietowych wśrod absolwentow Wydzialu Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politologicznych Uniwersytetu Łodzkiego w zakresie ich oceny mocnych i slabych stron uczelni pod kątem atrakcyjności absolwentow na rynku pracy i mozliwych form wspolpracy z macierzystym wydzialem. Absolwenci mogą stanowic pomost miedzy uczelnią a sferą biznesu.English Abstract: The construction of the knowledge-based economy requires strengthening the system of connections between universities and the business environment. The co-operation of universities with enterprises contributes mutually to both a growth of their competitiveness and innovativeness and to an enhanced attractiveness of university graduates on the labour market. According to employers, the competence of Polish university graduates that is most acutely missing is the ability to link theoretical knowledge with business practice requirements. The paper presents the principal form of possible co-operation of universities with business, including: co-operation in research, commissioning topics of diploma theses, co-operation in the field of traineeships and delivering university courses by business representatives as well as institutional foundations of such co-operation. The last element of the paper is the presentation of selected results of our own survey among the alumni of the Faculty of International and Political Studies of the University of Lodz concerning their evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the university from the perspective of attractiveness of graduates on the labour market and possible forms of co-operation with their former faculty. Alumni may constitute a bridge between academia and business.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121270898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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