Research on embeddedness and social networks has shown that social relationships generate trust and dedication, but scholars have also surmised that social relationships may give rise to malfeasanc...
对嵌入性和社会网络的研究表明，社会关系产生信任和奉献，但学者们也推测，社会关系可能会导致渎职……
{"title":"The Dark Side of Embeddedness: When Family Relationships Give Rise to Malfeasance","authors":"Jian Bai Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3217591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3217591","url":null,"abstract":"Research on embeddedness and social networks has shown that social relationships generate trust and dedication, but scholars have also surmised that social relationships may give rise to malfeasanc...","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128902394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lack of integrity and corruption affects human rights, has important implications on the market and represents an issue in Public Procurement. Non-transparent economic interests supported by lobbies may influence legislation, its implementation, the competition and finally the economic growth and competiveness of the market itself.One increasingly popular way for States to prevent bribery committed overseas is adopting measures with extraterritorial implications or to assert direct extraterritorial jurisdiction in specific instances. These measures may have local preferences implications.A community of values is growing in the wider context of transnational and international bodies such as OECD, UN, and single Member States, to promote a joint system against corruption, but still needs clear means of actions.How to ensure integrity, accountability and transparency of public authorities and economic operators across Countries?The paper investigates two different profiles linked to the same phenomena with a comparative approach. The legal boundaries of lobbying as joint to conflicts of interest and corruption, on one side; the effects of some extraterritorial legislation, such as the US and the UK anti-bribery models, on the other. It analyses the role of private and public preventive anti-corruption measures as a mean of action.
{"title":"Preventive Anti-Corruption Measures in Public Procurement: Issues and Challenges","authors":"B. Raganelli, I. Mauro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2808610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2808610","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of integrity and corruption affects human rights, has important implications on the market and represents an issue in Public Procurement. Non-transparent economic interests supported by lobbies may influence legislation, its implementation, the competition and finally the economic growth and competiveness of the market itself.One increasingly popular way for States to prevent bribery committed overseas is adopting measures with extraterritorial implications or to assert direct extraterritorial jurisdiction in specific instances. These measures may have local preferences implications.A community of values is growing in the wider context of transnational and international bodies such as OECD, UN, and single Member States, to promote a joint system against corruption, but still needs clear means of actions.How to ensure integrity, accountability and transparency of public authorities and economic operators across Countries?The paper investigates two different profiles linked to the same phenomena with a comparative approach. The legal boundaries of lobbying as joint to conflicts of interest and corruption, on one side; the effects of some extraterritorial legislation, such as the US and the UK anti-bribery models, on the other. It analyses the role of private and public preventive anti-corruption measures as a mean of action.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127279714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consistent with the hypothesis that equity demand is negatively (positively) affected by CSR concerns (strengths) of the issuer, we find that (1) issuers with greater CSR concerns are more likely to revise downwards the terms (offer price, number of shares offered, and total proceeds raised) of their stock offerings; (2) the probability of the over-allotment option being exercised is negatively related to CSR concerns in SEO issues, but is positively related to CSR strengths in IPO issues; and (3) the change in the percentage of institutional holdings around the issue date is positively (negatively) related to CSR strengths (concerns).
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Demand for New Equity Issues","authors":"B. Chong, Zhenbin Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2505779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2505779","url":null,"abstract":"Consistent with the hypothesis that equity demand is negatively (positively) affected by CSR concerns (strengths) of the issuer, we find that (1) issuers with greater CSR concerns are more likely to revise downwards the terms (offer price, number of shares offered, and total proceeds raised) of their stock offerings; (2) the probability of the over-allotment option being exercised is negatively related to CSR concerns in SEO issues, but is positively related to CSR strengths in IPO issues; and (3) the change in the percentage of institutional holdings around the issue date is positively (negatively) related to CSR strengths (concerns).","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128620920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’objet de cet article est d’analyser le role de l’ethique et de l’interet personnel chez Buchanan et dans les explications qu’il donne des comportements pro-sociaux. Notre argument est que, pour Buchanan, non seulement l’ethique est importante mais elle est aussi necessaire. Dit autrement, si les individus ne sont pas contraints par des principes ethiques, c’est-a-dire s’ils poursuivent leur interet personnel de maniere etroite, alors ils ne se comportent pas de maniere pro-sociale. Nous montrons, dans une analyse historique, comment Buchanan a construit cet argument et comment il est progressivement devenu convaincu de la necessite de l’ethique. Cela implique, en particulier, de revoir son argument sur la taille des groupes qui est une condition necessaire mais pas suffisante pour l’adoption de comportements pro-sociaux. En effet, meme dans les petits groupes, les individus qui ne suivent pas des principes ethiques et qui se preoccupent uniquement de leur interet personnel ne se comportent pas de maniere pro-sociale.
{"title":"Buchanan and Pro-Social Behaviors: Why Ethics Is Necessary","authors":"A. Marciano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2708632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2708632","url":null,"abstract":"L’objet de cet article est d’analyser le role de l’ethique et de l’interet personnel chez Buchanan et dans les explications qu’il donne des comportements pro-sociaux. Notre argument est que, pour Buchanan, non seulement l’ethique est importante mais elle est aussi necessaire. Dit autrement, si les individus ne sont pas contraints par des principes ethiques, c’est-a-dire s’ils poursuivent leur interet personnel de maniere etroite, alors ils ne se comportent pas de maniere pro-sociale. Nous montrons, dans une analyse historique, comment Buchanan a construit cet argument et comment il est progressivement devenu convaincu de la necessite de l’ethique. Cela implique, en particulier, de revoir son argument sur la taille des groupes qui est une condition necessaire mais pas suffisante pour l’adoption de comportements pro-sociaux. En effet, meme dans les petits groupes, les individus qui ne suivent pas des principes ethiques et qui se preoccupent uniquement de leur interet personnel ne se comportent pas de maniere pro-sociale.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125437584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last several years have seen a significant rise in the efforts of governments to combat the supply side of corruption. Due to these increased efforts, now is an important time to ask some of the big questions in combating corruption. In short, my big questions relate to understanding why corporations pay bribes, what corporations need to do to stop paying bribes, and how to encourage corporations to actively fight corruption (that is, to combat corruption beyond their organizational boundaries). The first section of the essay addresses the question: why do corporations pay bribes? This leads to two additional questions: why do employees pay bribes, and when are compliance and ethics programs effective in preventing the payment of bribes? The next big question focuses on issues of corporate social responsibility: what should a corporation do to combat corruption? That is, is it sufficient for a corporation to simply ensure that its employees do not pay bribes, or should the corporation do something more?
{"title":"Combating Corruption in International Business: The Big Questions","authors":"David Hess","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2649121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2649121","url":null,"abstract":"The last several years have seen a significant rise in the efforts of governments to combat the supply side of corruption. Due to these increased efforts, now is an important time to ask some of the big questions in combating corruption. In short, my big questions relate to understanding why corporations pay bribes, what corporations need to do to stop paying bribes, and how to encourage corporations to actively fight corruption (that is, to combat corruption beyond their organizational boundaries). The first section of the essay addresses the question: why do corporations pay bribes? This leads to two additional questions: why do employees pay bribes, and when are compliance and ethics programs effective in preventing the payment of bribes? The next big question focuses on issues of corporate social responsibility: what should a corporation do to combat corruption? That is, is it sufficient for a corporation to simply ensure that its employees do not pay bribes, or should the corporation do something more?","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123943024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to study the possible relationship between gender diversity and the impact this could have for enhancement of businesses bottom line. There is compelling evidence from the literature to suggest that all else being equal women are more inclined to act ethically as opposed to men when confronted by dodgy business transactions. The suggestion that follows on from this type of ethical behaviour is that when applied consistently in similar business scenarios, will tend to have a favourable impact on a corporation’s bottom line over time. Although no empirical evidence was gathered to support this hypothesis the author would like to make the argument about a positive relationship between gender diversity and the favourable impact this would have on the corporation’s bottom line as reflected by all the standard indicators based on the available anecdotal evidence.
{"title":"The Compelling Case for Gender Diversity to Enhance Businesses Bottom Line","authors":"Shafi Mohamad","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2606873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2606873","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to study the possible relationship between gender diversity and the impact this could have for enhancement of businesses bottom line. There is compelling evidence from the literature to suggest that all else being equal women are more inclined to act ethically as opposed to men when confronted by dodgy business transactions. The suggestion that follows on from this type of ethical behaviour is that when applied consistently in similar business scenarios, will tend to have a favourable impact on a corporation’s bottom line over time. Although no empirical evidence was gathered to support this hypothesis the author would like to make the argument about a positive relationship between gender diversity and the favourable impact this would have on the corporation’s bottom line as reflected by all the standard indicators based on the available anecdotal evidence.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133643473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with the recently revealed paradox that contemporary Muslims demonstrate a stronger Protestant work ethic (PWE) than contemporary Protestants do. I test whether this paradox is supported in a multilevel analysis on internationally comparative WVS data. According to Inglehart’s theory of post-materialist shift, work ethic should be stronger in the developing societies that do not have enough existential security. Following the debate on the Protestant work ethic I test another hypothesis saying that the effects of PWE extend beyond the religious population of Protestant countries. On waves four and five of the World Values Survey, I compare the strength of work ethic between the Muslims and Protestants in multilevel ordinal outcome models. The models built on 26,156 respondents in 56 countries show no significance in work ethic between Muslims and Protestants, all else being equal. Living in a historically Protestant society does not increase work ethic by itself, but being religious in a Protestant society does. In all developed countries, work ethic is likely to decrease. Overall, the evidence of a stronger work ethic among the Muslims is changeable; in some models, Muslims are likely to have a stronger work ethic than Protestants, but in other models Muslims are not significantly different from Protestants. This poses further research questions about the universal features of different religious ethics and on the non-religious factors explaining the progress linked with the Protestant work ethic
{"title":"Protestant Work Ethic Among the Muslims: Changeable Empirical Evidence","authors":"A. Shirokanova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2566760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2566760","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the recently revealed paradox that contemporary Muslims demonstrate a stronger Protestant work ethic (PWE) than contemporary Protestants do. I test whether this paradox is supported in a multilevel analysis on internationally comparative WVS data. According to Inglehart’s theory of post-materialist shift, work ethic should be stronger in the developing societies that do not have enough existential security. Following the debate on the Protestant work ethic I test another hypothesis saying that the effects of PWE extend beyond the religious population of Protestant countries. On waves four and five of the World Values Survey, I compare the strength of work ethic between the Muslims and Protestants in multilevel ordinal outcome models. The models built on 26,156 respondents in 56 countries show no significance in work ethic between Muslims and Protestants, all else being equal. Living in a historically Protestant society does not increase work ethic by itself, but being religious in a Protestant society does. In all developed countries, work ethic is likely to decrease. Overall, the evidence of a stronger work ethic among the Muslims is changeable; in some models, Muslims are likely to have a stronger work ethic than Protestants, but in other models Muslims are not significantly different from Protestants. This poses further research questions about the universal features of different religious ethics and on the non-religious factors explaining the progress linked with the Protestant work ethic","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126881849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of research into the values and norms which are adhered to a Russian tour operator, the employees’ personal business values, and the level of their adherence to company regulations. The empirical data of this research includes the company’s internal documents, four in-depth interviews with senior management employees, and a survey of 98 employees. The value and norm profiles of the organization and its employees were identified, as well as the areas in which they converged and diverged. This research shed some light on those values and norms which are characteristic of a tourism organization, and attempted to fill the gap in the extant knowledge on this topic in the academic literature.
{"title":"Tourism Companies: Values and Norm. Profiles: The Case of a Russian Tour Operator","authors":"V. Kabalina, K. Reshetnikova, M. Predvoditeleva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2517308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2517308","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of research into the values and norms which are adhered to a Russian tour operator, the employees’ personal business values, and the level of their adherence to company regulations. The empirical data of this research includes the company’s internal documents, four in-depth interviews with senior management employees, and a survey of 98 employees. The value and norm profiles of the organization and its employees were identified, as well as the areas in which they converged and diverged. This research shed some light on those values and norms which are characteristic of a tourism organization, and attempted to fill the gap in the extant knowledge on this topic in the academic literature.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"583 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115853639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyse the professional community of attorneys in Russia in order to understand their potential for collective action in an imperfect institutional environment. In 2013 we conducted a survey of 372 attorneys in 9 regions of Russia. Two main hypotheses are tested: 1) lawyers with strong ethical values have higher demand for collective actions; 2) the negative experience of clients rights violation by law enforcement officers can motivate attorneys to support the foundation of a strong professional association. Also we suggest that attorneys’ professional community with bona fide members at the core could be an instrument for an estimation of the quality of law enforcement in Russia.
{"title":"Who Demands Collective Action in an Imperfect Institutional Environment? A Case-Study of the Professional Community of Attorneys in Russia","authors":"A. Kazun, A. Yakovlev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2515351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2515351","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse the professional community of attorneys in Russia in order to understand their potential for collective action in an imperfect institutional environment. In 2013 we conducted a survey of 372 attorneys in 9 regions of Russia. Two main hypotheses are tested: 1) lawyers with strong ethical values have higher demand for collective actions; 2) the negative experience of clients rights violation by law enforcement officers can motivate attorneys to support the foundation of a strong professional association. Also we suggest that attorneys’ professional community with bona fide members at the core could be an instrument for an estimation of the quality of law enforcement in Russia.","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125304294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-21DOI: 10.4337/9781786436382.00009
A. Nordberg
Emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology, are paving the way for future revolutionary advances in science that may open the possibility to change the very anthropological definition of human being. This mere possibility has lead to ethical interrogations concerning the nature and boundaries of human nature and our relationship with science and technology. Meanwhile the Law has faced the challenge of reflecting on the legitimacy to legislate and whether the existing legal framework is appropriate to address the ethical concerns that emerging technologies bring fourth. It is a delicate balancing act between human dignity, autonomy, non-discrimination, equality, and justice. Anchored in this background, this work is a reflection on the role of European Patent Law in this debate. The European Patent system contains rules designed to prevent the grant of patents concerning inventions that do not conform to the prevailing ethical standards – article 53 (a) European Patent Convention. Thus, in a sense European Patent Law was entrusted with a regulatory function. However, not only such construction is objectionable in abstract terms, as new technologies pose growing challenges to its effectiveness. Several issues require clarification. First, while the EPO Boards of appeal may have institutional legitimacy to determine if a certain technology or technological field conforms with the prevailing ethical principles in Europe, it is more difficult to accept that the European Patent Office Boards of Appeal may have been given the task to autonomously determine what is to be considered the common prevailing ethical standards of the signatory states to the European Patent Convention. Second, new technologies typically have a mixed nature, offering a wide range of uncontroversial benefits to humanity while simultaneously posing complex ethical challenges. Third, the patent system by its nature can only go as far as reducing economic incentive to innovation leading to non-ethical inventions. Thus, the debates concerning the patentability of human enhancement need to be closely linked to the function of patents and the ratio legis of the specific patent norm.This article will begin by analyzing the concept of human enhancement and proposing for the current patent law analysis purposes its replacement with a more neutral term and narrow definition. The ethical questions surrounding these technological advances and prospects will be reviewed from a legal perspective, by framing such ethical considerations as human rights and general principles of law. Building upon the previous considerations the third part of this article will consider the patentability of technologies that provide the means to intentionally develop, modify or introduce in the human body aesthetic features, physical or cognitive performance levels and abilities beyond the human species typical standards under the current evolutionary state, and resulting in induced permanent alterations in lig
{"title":"Patentability of Human Enhancement: From Ethical Dilemmas to Legal (Un)Certainty","authors":"A. Nordberg","doi":"10.4337/9781786436382.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436382.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology, are paving the way for future revolutionary advances in science that may open the possibility to change the very anthropological definition of human being. This mere possibility has lead to ethical interrogations concerning the nature and boundaries of human nature and our relationship with science and technology. Meanwhile the Law has faced the challenge of reflecting on the legitimacy to legislate and whether the existing legal framework is appropriate to address the ethical concerns that emerging technologies bring fourth. It is a delicate balancing act between human dignity, autonomy, non-discrimination, equality, and justice. Anchored in this background, this work is a reflection on the role of European Patent Law in this debate. The European Patent system contains rules designed to prevent the grant of patents concerning inventions that do not conform to the prevailing ethical standards – article 53 (a) European Patent Convention. Thus, in a sense European Patent Law was entrusted with a regulatory function. However, not only such construction is objectionable in abstract terms, as new technologies pose growing challenges to its effectiveness. Several issues require clarification. First, while the EPO Boards of appeal may have institutional legitimacy to determine if a certain technology or technological field conforms with the prevailing ethical principles in Europe, it is more difficult to accept that the European Patent Office Boards of Appeal may have been given the task to autonomously determine what is to be considered the common prevailing ethical standards of the signatory states to the European Patent Convention. Second, new technologies typically have a mixed nature, offering a wide range of uncontroversial benefits to humanity while simultaneously posing complex ethical challenges. Third, the patent system by its nature can only go as far as reducing economic incentive to innovation leading to non-ethical inventions. Thus, the debates concerning the patentability of human enhancement need to be closely linked to the function of patents and the ratio legis of the specific patent norm.This article will begin by analyzing the concept of human enhancement and proposing for the current patent law analysis purposes its replacement with a more neutral term and narrow definition. The ethical questions surrounding these technological advances and prospects will be reviewed from a legal perspective, by framing such ethical considerations as human rights and general principles of law. Building upon the previous considerations the third part of this article will consider the patentability of technologies that provide the means to intentionally develop, modify or introduce in the human body aesthetic features, physical or cognitive performance levels and abilities beyond the human species typical standards under the current evolutionary state, and resulting in induced permanent alterations in lig","PeriodicalId":289083,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Business & Professional Ethics (Sub-Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125039246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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