A fault-tolerant system architecture for medical applications in which the processors and software interactions are treated in a unified manner is proposed. An overview of the requirements of such a system, which includes fully testable processors that are self-checking and which can execute multiversion software in parallel, is provided. The system will facilitate the interactions and provide for performance and fault monitoring, adjudication of outputs, and dynamic system reconfiguration. An implementation plan for the processor is presented.<>
{"title":"Toward a fault-tolerant processor for medical applications","authors":"D. McAllister, H. Nagle","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5456","url":null,"abstract":"A fault-tolerant system architecture for medical applications in which the processors and software interactions are treated in a unified manner is proposed. An overview of the requirements of such a system, which includes fully testable processors that are self-checking and which can execute multiversion software in parallel, is provided. The system will facilitate the interactions and provide for performance and fault monitoring, adjudication of outputs, and dynamic system reconfiguration. An implementation plan for the processor is presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122673380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schwartz, P. Irani, L. P. Smith, C. Ledford, W. R. J. Funnel
A labor and delivery online information system to support a ten-bed labor and delivery suite is presented. A VAX 750 has been programmed to provide online, multiterminal clinical surveillance support for a number of reports, which include the obstetrical summary report, labor record, obstetrical clinical record, and birth certificate. Computer terminals and monitors are placed at the nursing station and other work areas such as the anesthesia on-call room, obstetrical supervisor's office, on-call room, neonatal ICU, operating room, admission room, and doctors' conference room. The system includes computer databases to store information for medical quality assurance, management reports, obligatory comparisons of patient data with other hospitals.<>
{"title":"Labor and delivery information system","authors":"M. Schwartz, P. Irani, L. P. Smith, C. Ledford, W. R. J. Funnel","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5463","url":null,"abstract":"A labor and delivery online information system to support a ten-bed labor and delivery suite is presented. A VAX 750 has been programmed to provide online, multiterminal clinical surveillance support for a number of reports, which include the obstetrical summary report, labor record, obstetrical clinical record, and birth certificate. Computer terminals and monitors are placed at the nursing station and other work areas such as the anesthesia on-call room, obstetrical supervisor's office, on-call room, neonatal ICU, operating room, admission room, and doctors' conference room. The system includes computer databases to store information for medical quality assurance, management reports, obligatory comparisons of patient data with other hospitals.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120829684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of open-ended natural language interaction is essential in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) aimed at teaching clinical decision-making and in interactive tests that emulate oral examinations. Lessons learned in developing CASIP (computer-assisted socratic instructional program) a CAI authoring tool, about the scope and limitations of computerized natural language interaction are examined. Different approaches were tested, and the most effective of these was found to involve a conditionally branched search of key words from among clusters of contextually synonymous words. This mode of man-machine interaction offers a multistage model for certain aspects of human verbal interaction. Possible ways of testing this model are suggested as well as uses for diagnosing certain cognitive dysfunctions, especially in children.<>
{"title":"The 'understanding' of natural language in CAI and analogous mental processes","authors":"M. Anbar, A. Anbar","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5458","url":null,"abstract":"The use of open-ended natural language interaction is essential in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) aimed at teaching clinical decision-making and in interactive tests that emulate oral examinations. Lessons learned in developing CASIP (computer-assisted socratic instructional program) a CAI authoring tool, about the scope and limitations of computerized natural language interaction are examined. Different approaches were tested, and the most effective of these was found to involve a conditionally branched search of key words from among clusters of contextually synonymous words. This mode of man-machine interaction offers a multistage model for certain aspects of human verbal interaction. Possible ways of testing this model are suggested as well as uses for diagnosing certain cognitive dysfunctions, especially in children.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122261367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temporal reasoning is specially important for medical expert systems, as the final diagnosis is often strongly affected by the sequence in which the symptoms develop. Current research on time structures in artificial intelligence is reviewed, and a temporal model based on fuzzy set theory is developed. The proposed model allows a simple and natural representation of symptoms, and provides for efficient computation of temporal relationships between symptoms. The applicability of the proposed temporal model to expert systems is demonstrated.<>
{"title":"Temporal reasoning in medical expert systems","authors":"S. Dutta","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5459","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal reasoning is specially important for medical expert systems, as the final diagnosis is often strongly affected by the sequence in which the symptoms develop. Current research on time structures in artificial intelligence is reviewed, and a temporal model based on fuzzy set theory is developed. The proposed model allows a simple and natural representation of symptoms, and provides for efficient computation of temporal relationships between symptoms. The applicability of the proposed temporal model to expert systems is demonstrated.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132217402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A strategy for assessing the suitability of a general-purpose parallel processor computer architecture for medical imaging is presented. The research objectives and planned phases of the research are outlined. The results of a survey of previous work in this field are summarized. A methodology for assessing the performance of multiprocessor medical imaging machines is introduced. An algorithm developed to threshold voxel-based image data on a hypercube is described. The current status of the research and future activities are presented.<>
{"title":"On the exploitation of a commercially available parallel processing architecture for medical imaging","authors":"M. Stytz, G. Frieder, O. Frieder","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5445","url":null,"abstract":"A strategy for assessing the suitability of a general-purpose parallel processor computer architecture for medical imaging is presented. The research objectives and planned phases of the research are outlined. The results of a survey of previous work in this field are summarized. A methodology for assessing the performance of multiprocessor medical imaging machines is introduced. An algorithm developed to threshold voxel-based image data on a hypercube is described. The current status of the research and future activities are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133859597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of image reconstruction from noisy projection data is considered. Adaptive noise canceling techniques are utilized to obtain noise-canceled projections in the data-preprocessing stage. Because noise encountered in computerized tomography is signal-dependent, an adaptive predictor is preferred to a fixed-parameter filter. Noise cancellation is achieved because the decorrelation time for broadband noise is less than that of narrowband signals. Both the tapped delay line structure and the lattice have been studied for implementing the adaptive linear predictor. The idea of forward-backward processing is used for circumventing the large error in the initial part of the noise-canceled projection data. The reconstruction is then completed from noise-filtered projection data using the convolution back projection method. Simulation results demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method are presented.<>
{"title":"Adaptive noise cancelling in computed tomography","authors":"N. Srinivasa, K. Ramakrishnan, K. Rajgopal","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5448","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of image reconstruction from noisy projection data is considered. Adaptive noise canceling techniques are utilized to obtain noise-canceled projections in the data-preprocessing stage. Because noise encountered in computerized tomography is signal-dependent, an adaptive predictor is preferred to a fixed-parameter filter. Noise cancellation is achieved because the decorrelation time for broadband noise is less than that of narrowband signals. Both the tapped delay line structure and the lattice have been studied for implementing the adaptive linear predictor. The idea of forward-backward processing is used for circumventing the large error in the initial part of the noise-canceled projection data. The reconstruction is then completed from noise-filtered projection data using the convolution back projection method. Simulation results demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125970128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A general framework for expert systems in the area of image understanding is described. It represents declarative knowledge in an associative network, allows the attachment of arbitrary procedural knowledge, and is used by a problem-independent control algorithm. This framework is used to implement a complete system for the diagnostic evaluation of scintigraphic images of the heart. The input to the system is an image sequence which is first preprocessed and segmented to obtain the left ventricle and its sectors. The contours of the ventricle and the sectors are the basis for knowledge-based analysis of the images. Analysis proceeds from the contour segments via objects and their motions to diagnostic descriptions of the image sequence. Experiments show that the system successfully completes analysis, and in particular does not make wrong diagnostic suggestions.<>
{"title":"An expert system architecture and its application to the evaluation of scintigraphic image sequences","authors":"G. Sagerer, H. Niemann","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5451","url":null,"abstract":"A general framework for expert systems in the area of image understanding is described. It represents declarative knowledge in an associative network, allows the attachment of arbitrary procedural knowledge, and is used by a problem-independent control algorithm. This framework is used to implement a complete system for the diagnostic evaluation of scintigraphic images of the heart. The input to the system is an image sequence which is first preprocessed and segmented to obtain the left ventricle and its sectors. The contours of the ventricle and the sectors are the basis for knowledge-based analysis of the images. Analysis proceeds from the contour segments via objects and their motions to diagnostic descriptions of the image sequence. Experiments show that the system successfully completes analysis, and in particular does not make wrong diagnostic suggestions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131671801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A plan for an interactive computer-based expert-type system that would more fully inform the patient and provide legal documentation of the medical process is proposed. When combined with videodisc technology, this scheme is believed to provide a very comprehensive tool. Background information on the issue of patient consent and a brief literature review are included.<>
{"title":"Interactive systems to assume informed patient consent","authors":"R. Woll, L. Fitch, Paul F. Clarkson, J. M. Long","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5467","url":null,"abstract":"A plan for an interactive computer-based expert-type system that would more fully inform the patient and provide legal documentation of the medical process is proposed. When combined with videodisc technology, this scheme is believed to provide a very comprehensive tool. Background information on the issue of patient consent and a brief literature review are included.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":" 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113948639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An expert system implemented for studying chronic venous insufficiency is described. This disease is actually classified into three possible stadia, but studies performed on several patients showed that a further stadium exists. The system has been used for statistical evaluations of patient symptoms to detect those characterizing this stadium. An architecture for the expert system is proposed, with emphasis on the implementation of the knowledge base.<>
{"title":"An expert system for medical diagnosis","authors":"N. Congiliaro, A. Stefano, O. Mirabella","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5450","url":null,"abstract":"An expert system implemented for studying chronic venous insufficiency is described. This disease is actually classified into three possible stadia, but studies performed on several patients showed that a further stadium exists. The system has been used for statistical evaluations of patient symptoms to detect those characterizing this stadium. An architecture for the expert system is proposed, with emphasis on the implementation of the knowledge base.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130187293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For pt.1 see ibid., p.33-42; for pt.2 see ibid., p.43-4. To show how neural nets work, experiences in an experiment using them are described. The experiment involves using AI techniques to assist in the discovery of causal relationships between the variables existing in a large clinical trial database. A peripheral vascular disease database was used to acquire a feeling for the complexities involved in developing a distributed encoding scheme and to determine the computational resources required to train a neural net for the type of data used. By testing several models the effects of changes in the encoding scheme and the number of training iterations the system needed to predict the appropriate change needed could be determined. These results were compared to the information available from other analyses of the same data. The generative capabilities of the system were then tested by training it over one sample of cases and applying it to cases it had not encountered before. Some idea of the computational resources needed in terms of time and memory capacity was developed.<>
{"title":"Experimenting with artificial neural networks-artificial intelligence mini-tutorial. 3","authors":"Erach A. Irani, J. M. Long, J. Slagle","doi":"10.1109/ECBS.1988.5444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECBS.1988.5444","url":null,"abstract":"For pt.1 see ibid., p.33-42; for pt.2 see ibid., p.43-4. To show how neural nets work, experiences in an experiment using them are described. The experiment involves using AI techniques to assist in the discovery of causal relationships between the variables existing in a large clinical trial database. A peripheral vascular disease database was used to acquire a feeling for the complexities involved in developing a distributed encoding scheme and to determine the computational resources required to train a neural net for the type of data used. By testing several models the effects of changes in the encoding scheme and the number of training iterations the system needed to predict the appropriate change needed could be determined. These results were compared to the information available from other analyses of the same data. The generative capabilities of the system were then tested by training it over one sample of cases and applying it to cases it had not encountered before. Some idea of the computational resources needed in terms of time and memory capacity was developed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":291071,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Engineering of Computer-Based Medical","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127638698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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