This paper aims at conceptualizing the role of co-created artefacts, artistic interventions, aesthetic experience, and the civic-creative learning platform generated in the Umbrella Movement. These aspects of the protest made up what is generally understood as “art,” which we argue acted as a form of civic education during this occupy movement. We explore the triangular relationship between art, politics, and education in the Umbrella Movement through the lens of art theory, highlighting the collaborative and relational aspect of art and the concept of civic spontaneity. As such, we focus on the “endogenous effect” of art, as mass art-making generated opportunities for self-reflection and collaborative learning about civic life that enhanced participants’ understanding of deliberative citizenship.
{"title":"Praxis of Cultivating Civic Spontaneity","authors":"Cheuk-Hang Leung, S. Wong","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh4zj2n.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh4zj2n.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at conceptualizing the role of co-created artefacts, artistic interventions, aesthetic experience, and the civic-creative learning platform generated in the Umbrella Movement. These aspects of the protest made up what is generally understood as “art,” which we argue acted as a form of civic education during this occupy movement. We explore the triangular relationship between art, politics, and education in the Umbrella Movement through the lens of art theory, highlighting the collaborative and relational aspect of art and the concept of civic spontaneity. As such, we focus on the “endogenous effect” of art, as mass art-making generated opportunities for self-reflection and collaborative learning about civic life that enhanced participants’ understanding of deliberative citizenship.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123926296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1017/9789048535248.014
J. Wasserstrom
This chapter explores the striking similarities, despite important differences in context and setting, between the protests in Hong Kong in recent years and those in Shanghai at various points in the past, including the year 1919. It draws on the author’s research on pre-1949 Shanghai student-led mass movements, the subject of his dissertation and first book, and his observations of the demonstrations in Shanghai in 1986 and during visits to Hong Kong between 2014 and 2017.
{"title":"Hong Kong Now, Shanghai Then","authors":"J. Wasserstrom","doi":"10.1017/9789048535248.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048535248.014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the striking similarities, despite important differences\u0000 in context and setting, between the protests in Hong Kong in recent\u0000 years and those in Shanghai at various points in the past, including the year\u0000 1919. It draws on the author’s research on pre-1949 Shanghai student-led\u0000 mass movements, the subject of his dissertation and first book, and his\u0000 observations of the demonstrations in Shanghai in 1986 and during visits\u0000 to Hong Kong between 2014 and 2017.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114885425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Umbrella Movement displayed an unprecedented spectacle of resistance and brought Hong Kong under worldwide attention. This chapter demonstrates how the city’s hybrid regime adaptively switched its response to this protest from repression to attrition, after police repression catalyzed heightened mobilization. This strategy of attrition entailed an array of defensive and offensive tactics that extended beyond ignoring protests. By switching to this strategy, the regime actively sought to maintain elite cohesion and block political opportunities while leveraging countermovements and legal interventions to increase the participation cost of the protests and mobilize public discontent. Despite resistance from protesters, the success of attrition suggests its potential use by hybrid regimes as an effective regime response and a flexible holder of tactics.
{"title":"From Repression to Attrition","authors":"S. Yuen","doi":"10.2307/J.CTVH4ZJ2N.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTVH4ZJ2N.11","url":null,"abstract":"The Umbrella Movement displayed an unprecedented spectacle of resistance\u0000 and brought Hong Kong under worldwide attention. This chapter\u0000 demonstrates how the city’s hybrid regime adaptively switched its response\u0000 to this protest from repression to attrition, after police repression catalyzed\u0000 heightened mobilization. This strategy of attrition entailed an array of\u0000 defensive and offensive tactics that extended beyond ignoring protests.\u0000 By switching to this strategy, the regime actively sought to maintain elite\u0000 cohesion and block political opportunities while leveraging countermovements\u0000 and legal interventions to increase the participation cost\u0000 of the protests and mobilize public discontent. Despite resistance from\u0000 protesters, the success of attrition suggests its potential use by hybrid\u0000 regimes as an effective regime response and a flexible holder of tactics.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115345451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Umbrella Movement (Sept-Dec 2014) represented a watershed for Hong Kong’s political culture and self-understanding. Based on over 1000 slogans and other textual and visual material documented during the movement, this study provides an overview of its claims. The slogans mobilize a diversity of cultural and historical repertoires that attest to the hybrid quality of Hong Kong identity and underscore the diversity of sources of political legitimacy. Finally, it is argued that by establishing a system of contending discourses within the occupied public spaces, the movement strived to act out a type of discursive democracy, which represents an unfinished attempt to build a new civic culture among Hong Kong’s younger generation.
{"title":"Creating a Textual Public Space","authors":"Sebastian Veg","doi":"10.2307/J.CTVH4ZJ2N.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTVH4ZJ2N.10","url":null,"abstract":"The Umbrella Movement (Sept-Dec 2014) represented a watershed for\u0000 Hong Kong’s political culture and self-understanding. Based on over\u0000 1000 slogans and other textual and visual material documented during\u0000 the movement, this study provides an overview of its claims. The slogans\u0000 mobilize a diversity of cultural and historical repertoires that attest to\u0000 the hybrid quality of Hong Kong identity and underscore the diversity of\u0000 sources of political legitimacy. Finally, it is argued that by establishing\u0000 a system of contending discourses within the occupied public spaces,\u0000 the movement strived to act out a type of discursive democracy, which\u0000 represents an unfinished attempt to build a new civic culture among\u0000 Hong Kong’s younger generation.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128593208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter sheds light on the perception of Macao’s people regarding the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong and its implications for the youth movement in Macao. I argue that Macao society negatively evaluated the occupy movement as counterproductive to economic growth. It believed that the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong would merely harm the central- HKSAR relationship and hurt the development of the region in the long run. To Macao’s young activists, the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement was not necessarily a motivation for their political campaign for reform of the MSAR. The Umbrella Movement demonstrated the enthusiasm of Hong Kong young people for political reform but, at the same time, mirrored and reinforced Macao’s young activists’ political frustration.
{"title":"The Mirror Image","authors":"E. W. Yu","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh4zj2n.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh4zj2n.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter sheds light on the perception of Macao’s people regarding\u0000 the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong and its implications for the youth\u0000 movement in Macao. I argue that Macao society negatively evaluated the\u0000 occupy movement as counterproductive to economic growth. It believed\u0000 that the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong would merely harm the central-\u0000 HKSAR relationship and hurt the development of the region in the long\u0000 run. To Macao’s young activists, the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement was\u0000 not necessarily a motivation for their political campaign for reform of the\u0000 MSAR. The Umbrella Movement demonstrated the enthusiasm of Hong\u0000 Kong young people for political reform but, at the same time, mirrored\u0000 and reinforced Macao’s young activists’ political frustration.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133656988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1515/9789048535248-006
F. Lee, Gary Tang
Conventionally, it is believed that people are more likely to participate in protests if positive outcomes are probable. However, the significance of instrumental rationality seems to be weak in various occupation movements around the world. Against this background, we ask: How did the Umbrella Movement participants perceive the likelihood of various outcomes? How did such perceptions influence their preferred movement strategies? An analysis of onsite protest survey data shows that the majority of participants were not optimistic about the chances of achieving their goals. However, perceived likelihood of getting different types of government concessions indeed affected willingness to retreat, though the influence depended on the configuration of perceived outcome likelihood. The article discusses the place of instrumental rationality in the Umbrella Movement and the conceptualization of perceived outcomes in studies of protests.
{"title":"Perceived Outcomes and Willingness to Retreat among Umbrella Movement Participants","authors":"F. Lee, Gary Tang","doi":"10.1515/9789048535248-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048535248-006","url":null,"abstract":"Conventionally, it is believed that people are more likely to participate\u0000 in protests if positive outcomes are probable. However, the significance\u0000 of instrumental rationality seems to be weak in various occupation\u0000 movements around the world. Against this background, we ask: How\u0000 did the Umbrella Movement participants perceive the likelihood of\u0000 various outcomes? How did such perceptions influence their preferred\u0000 movement strategies? An analysis of onsite protest survey data shows\u0000 that the majority of participants were not optimistic about the chances of\u0000 achieving their goals. However, perceived likelihood of getting different\u0000 types of government concessions indeed affected willingness to retreat,\u0000 though the influence depended on the configuration of perceived outcome\u0000 likelihood. The article discusses the place of instrumental rationality in\u0000 the Umbrella Movement and the conceptualization of perceived outcomes\u0000 in studies of protests.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132371995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In-depth interviews of the Umbrella Movement’s “committed occupiers” show that many of them were not veteran activists that had prepared for civil disobedience. Many of them were provoked into action by what they perceived to be undue police violence. Their anger allowed them to overcome the threshold of participation. The spontaneous nature of their participation partly explains the amorphous form of the movement, which had little centralized leadership, and some of their ambivalent attitudes concerning the movement’s direction. However, the movement was a major experience of political awakening for many of these participants, which should create a new micro-cohort of participants for future movements.
{"title":"Rude Awakening","authors":"Ngok Ma","doi":"10.2307/J.CTVH4ZJ2N.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTVH4ZJ2N.7","url":null,"abstract":"In-depth interviews of the Umbrella Movement’s “committed occupiers”\u0000 show that many of them were not veteran activists that had prepared\u0000 for civil disobedience. Many of them were provoked into action by what\u0000 they perceived to be undue police violence. Their anger allowed them to\u0000 overcome the threshold of participation. The spontaneous nature of their\u0000 participation partly explains the amorphous form of the movement, which\u0000 had little centralized leadership, and some of their ambivalent attitudes\u0000 concerning the movement’s direction. However, the movement was a major\u0000 experience of political awakening for many of these participants, which\u0000 should create a new micro-cohort of participants for future movements.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128434676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the genesis of Taiwan’s 2014 Sunflower Movement and how it contributed to the decisive defeat of the Kuomintang (KMT) in the 2016 election. The KMT’s accommodating approach to Beijing since 2008 had deescalated cross-strait military tensions and facilitated closer economic ties. However, the so-called “peace dividend” was not evenly distributed but remained a privilege of the minority who enjoyed political connection. The Sunflower Movement’s support came from believers in democratic values and sovereignty, as well as those who expected future joblessness. The widespread perception of threatened democracy and economic victimization constituted the root causes of the Sunflower Movement, paving the way for the historical victory of the independence-leaning Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 2016.
{"title":"The Power of Sunflower","authors":"Ming-sho Ho, Thung-hong Lin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh4zj2n.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh4zj2n.15","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the genesis of Taiwan’s 2014 Sunflower Movement\u0000 and how it contributed to the decisive defeat of the Kuomintang (KMT)\u0000 in the 2016 election. The KMT’s accommodating approach to Beijing\u0000 since 2008 had deescalated cross-strait military tensions and facilitated\u0000 closer economic ties. However, the so-called “peace dividend” was not\u0000 evenly distributed but remained a privilege of the minority who enjoyed\u0000 political connection. The Sunflower Movement’s support came from\u0000 believers in democratic values and sovereignty, as well as those who\u0000 expected future joblessness. The widespread perception of threatened\u0000 democracy and economic victimization constituted the root causes of\u0000 the Sunflower Movement, paving the way for the historical victory of\u0000 the independence-leaning Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 2016.","PeriodicalId":292370,"journal":{"name":"The Umbrella Movement","volume":"29 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114028351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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