Two related aspects are discussed of the recent research work carried out at Portsmouth Polytechnic in the UK regarding numerical and digital techniques for the measurement and synthesis of phase noise in oscillators. The first aspect concerns the introduction of a statistical quantity termed extended Hadamard variance to be applied in frequency stability analysis by making use of digital frequency counter measurements. The properties, the potential interest and the usefulness of this parameter are briefly demonstrated and applied to the study of a signal from a synthesizer that is frequency-modulated by white noise followed by the frequency counter and signal processing. It is shown that not only the Hadamard variance but also the Allan variance and the extended two-sample variance are sets of this variance. The second aspect refers to modern requirements for numerical simulation of random noise, emulating phase or frequency fluctuations. The authors describe the autoregressive integrated moving average technique used to generate various types of random noise, including radio propagation FM noise, and the Monte Carlo approach to transform from one distribution to another.<>
{"title":"Extended variances and autoregressive/moving average algorithm for the measurement and synthesis of oscillator phase noise","authors":"K. Wan, E. Vilar, J. Roberts","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68886","url":null,"abstract":"Two related aspects are discussed of the recent research work carried out at Portsmouth Polytechnic in the UK regarding numerical and digital techniques for the measurement and synthesis of phase noise in oscillators. The first aspect concerns the introduction of a statistical quantity termed extended Hadamard variance to be applied in frequency stability analysis by making use of digital frequency counter measurements. The properties, the potential interest and the usefulness of this parameter are briefly demonstrated and applied to the study of a signal from a synthesizer that is frequency-modulated by white noise followed by the frequency counter and signal processing. It is shown that not only the Hadamard variance but also the Allan variance and the extended two-sample variance are sets of this variance. The second aspect refers to modern requirements for numerical simulation of random noise, emulating phase or frequency fluctuations. The authors describe the autoregressive integrated moving average technique used to generate various types of random noise, including radio propagation FM noise, and the Monte Carlo approach to transform from one distribution to another.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130969800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A development is described that enables the operation of oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs) for military or special applications over the extended temperature range of -55 degrees C up to +120 degrees C in a moderately sized case, and with moderate power consumption. The implementation is a device with a thermoelectric (TE) cooler component that is a plate, one side of which is cold and the other hot. The cold side is attached to the device to be cooled, and the hot side to a heatsink. The amount of absorbed heat or the cooling level are proportional to the direct current passing through the component. In order to evaluate the potential advantages of the TECXO, a basic prototype has been developed in the laboratories of TFL. The performance of the device has been measured and analyzed. The conclusions drawn are detailed.<>
{"title":"Thermoelectric cooler/heater controlled crystal oscillator (TECXO)","authors":"M. Zelitzki, D. Pincu, I. Edry","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68832","url":null,"abstract":"A development is described that enables the operation of oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs) for military or special applications over the extended temperature range of -55 degrees C up to +120 degrees C in a moderately sized case, and with moderate power consumption. The implementation is a device with a thermoelectric (TE) cooler component that is a plate, one side of which is cold and the other hot. The cold side is attached to the device to be cooled, and the hot side to a heatsink. The amount of absorbed heat or the cooling level are proportional to the direct current passing through the component. In order to evaluate the potential advantages of the TECXO, a basic prototype has been developed in the laboratories of TFL. The performance of the device has been measured and analyzed. The conclusions drawn are detailed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126500821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present and future applications of fiber-optic frequency distribution systems are discussed and it is noted that for applications requiring distribution stability greater than one part in 10/sup 15/ at 1000 s averaging times, a stabilized fiber optic link is the only choice presently available. A stabilized fiber optic system that can improve distribution stability by more than 100 times is also described. It uses a cable delay compensator.<>
{"title":"Applications of ultra-stable fiber optic distribution systems","authors":"L. Primas, R. Logan, G. Lutes","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68866","url":null,"abstract":"Present and future applications of fiber-optic frequency distribution systems are discussed and it is noted that for applications requiring distribution stability greater than one part in 10/sup 15/ at 1000 s averaging times, a stabilized fiber optic link is the only choice presently available. A stabilized fiber optic system that can improve distribution stability by more than 100 times is also described. It uses a cable delay compensator.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114902966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The linear combinations of the fundamental material constants of third-order piezoelectricity and electrostriction of quartz have been determined; they were obtained by the last-squares fit to over 100 observations of the changes in the resonance frequency of the thickness modes of quartz plates caused by a DC field (the resonator method). With one exception, there is a very good agreement between the present results and their counterparts obtained independently by the transit-time method (pulse propagation in bulk quartz); the differences between comparable constants are no longer out of proportion with their standard errors.<>
{"title":"Determination of the third-order piezoelectric constants and electrostriction of alpha quartz using the thickness modes of plates","authors":"C. K. Hruska, R. Brendel","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68907","url":null,"abstract":"The linear combinations of the fundamental material constants of third-order piezoelectricity and electrostriction of quartz have been determined; they were obtained by the last-squares fit to over 100 observations of the changes in the resonance frequency of the thickness modes of quartz plates caused by a DC field (the resonator method). With one exception, there is a very good agreement between the present results and their counterparts obtained independently by the transit-time method (pulse propagation in bulk quartz); the differences between comparable constants are no longer out of proportion with their standard errors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115528707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Statistical analysis results are reported of recent phase noise measurements on a production lot of 100 MHz to 111.25 MHz oscillators using third overtone SC-cut quartz crystals. The test results are from a lot of 262 units of 10 different frequencies. The results show the statistical variations of the close-in phase noise measurements of both the crystal and the completed oscillator. Phase noise is reviewed at 10 Hz to 40 MHz offset from the carrier and analyzed in detail at 100 Hz offset where crystal noise is critical to the noise performance of the oscillator. The final results show a significant improvement over previously reported production-run data. Measured noise readings as low as -136 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz with limited process capability greater than -140 dBc/Hz are given.<>
{"title":"Statistical analysis of SSB phase noise test results","authors":"R.R. Zeigler","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68883","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical analysis results are reported of recent phase noise measurements on a production lot of 100 MHz to 111.25 MHz oscillators using third overtone SC-cut quartz crystals. The test results are from a lot of 262 units of 10 different frequencies. The results show the statistical variations of the close-in phase noise measurements of both the crystal and the completed oscillator. Phase noise is reviewed at 10 Hz to 40 MHz offset from the carrier and analyzed in detail at 100 Hz offset where crystal noise is critical to the noise performance of the oscillator. The final results show a significant improvement over previously reported production-run data. Measured noise readings as low as -136 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz with limited process capability greater than -140 dBc/Hz are given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"78 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122839220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the study was to search for potentially acceleration-insensitive circular quartz resonators by computing the combined effect from various resonator parameters in order to reduce or minimize acceleration sensitivity. Initial displacement gradients and strains that were caused by the steady acceleration of an arbitrary direction acting on a crystal disk are calculated from the finite-element solution of Mindlin's two-dimensional first-order equations of equilibrium of crystal plates. These initial displacement gradients and strains are then taken into account as known functions in the frequency equation of incremental thickness vibrations which is, in turn, solved for frequency changes by a perturbation method.<>
{"title":"Parametric study of acceleration insensitivity of doubly rotated circular quartz resonators","authors":"Pcy Lee, M. Tang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68897","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to search for potentially acceleration-insensitive circular quartz resonators by computing the combined effect from various resonator parameters in order to reduce or minimize acceleration sensitivity. Initial displacement gradients and strains that were caused by the steady acceleration of an arbitrary direction acting on a crystal disk are calculated from the finite-element solution of Mindlin's two-dimensional first-order equations of equilibrium of crystal plates. These initial displacement gradients and strains are then taken into account as known functions in the frequency equation of incremental thickness vibrations which is, in turn, solved for frequency changes by a perturbation method.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124575200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Groslambert, J. Gagnepain, F. Vernotte, F. Walls
Digital noise generators are described as is their use to generate sample series that simulate frequency samples as given by a counter. Applying the Allan variance to the samples of six generators (white phase, flicker phase, white frequency, flicker frequency, frequency random walk, filtered flicker frequency) yields the expected theoretical slopes. The method used consists in filtering the f/sup -1/ and f/sup 0/ phase noise by means of a digital filter in the time domain, (using the Z transform), which yields f/sup -3/ and f/sup -2/ noises, which thus can be identified by Allan variances. The combination of the digital filter and the Allan variance corresponds to a novel variance, which is described and compared to the well-known modified Allan variance.<>
{"title":"A new 'filtered Allan variance' and its application to the identification of phase and frequency noise sources","authors":"J. Groslambert, J. Gagnepain, F. Vernotte, F. Walls","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68885","url":null,"abstract":"Digital noise generators are described as is their use to generate sample series that simulate frequency samples as given by a counter. Applying the Allan variance to the samples of six generators (white phase, flicker phase, white frequency, flicker frequency, frequency random walk, filtered flicker frequency) yields the expected theoretical slopes. The method used consists in filtering the f/sup -1/ and f/sup 0/ phase noise by means of a digital filter in the time domain, (using the Z transform), which yields f/sup -3/ and f/sup -2/ noises, which thus can be identified by Allan variances. The combination of the digital filter and the Allan variance corresponds to a novel variance, which is described and compared to the well-known modified Allan variance.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"64 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120930113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The procedures are described by which the Air Force Eastern Test Range's (ETR) cesium beam frequency standards (cesiums) are maintained and repaired. The ETR uses over 75 cesiums, distributed among various instrumentation sites throughout the range, as primary frequency standards in precise time and time interval (PTTI) systems. These cesiums perform critical-mission support functions and must be maintained at a high state of readiness. The Air Force regulations authorizing local (ETR) repairs are briefly examined. Maintenance routines and repair procedures, from fault determination to certification of repair, are presented. Repair facilities and test equipment are described. And finally, the authors comment on what is needed from industry and government to facilitate frequency standard procurement and repair.<>
{"title":"ETR cesium maintenance and repair","authors":"C. P. Dunn, J. L. Wright","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68881","url":null,"abstract":"The procedures are described by which the Air Force Eastern Test Range's (ETR) cesium beam frequency standards (cesiums) are maintained and repaired. The ETR uses over 75 cesiums, distributed among various instrumentation sites throughout the range, as primary frequency standards in precise time and time interval (PTTI) systems. These cesiums perform critical-mission support functions and must be maintained at a high state of readiness. The Air Force regulations authorizing local (ETR) repairs are briefly examined. Maintenance routines and repair procedures, from fault determination to certification of repair, are presented. Repair facilities and test equipment are described. And finally, the authors comment on what is needed from industry and government to facilitate frequency standard procurement and repair.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116514207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Lakin, G. R. Kline, R. Ketcham, J.T. Martin, K. McCarron
Low-insertion-loss 1-GHz stacked crystal filters have been implemented with thin films of piezoelectric AlN. Two-pole filters having insertion losses of less than 2 dB have been fabricated on Si and GaAs substrates using microelectronic processing techniques. These devices can serve as high-performance front-end filters for receivers or for other frequency-control applications. The over-moded stacked crystal shows considerable promise as a two-port 50 Omega high-Q feedback element for oscillators or for other narrowband applications.<>
{"title":"Stacked crystal filters implemented with thin films","authors":"K. Lakin, G. R. Kline, R. Ketcham, J.T. Martin, K. McCarron","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68914","url":null,"abstract":"Low-insertion-loss 1-GHz stacked crystal filters have been implemented with thin films of piezoelectric AlN. Two-pole filters having insertion losses of less than 2 dB have been fabricated on Si and GaAs substrates using microelectronic processing techniques. These devices can serve as high-performance front-end filters for receivers or for other frequency-control applications. The over-moded stacked crystal shows considerable promise as a two-port 50 Omega high-Q feedback element for oscillators or for other narrowband applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122756463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A measurement method is presented for elastic vibration modes with extremely small vibration amplitudes in the very high frequency (VHF) range. The measurement system is an optical fiber interferometric sensor, which detects optical phase modulations caused by the elastic vibrations being tested to give the vibration amplitudes. Extensive use of recent optical fiber technology along with a signal processing technique enables the authors to achieve detailed measurements of vibration amplitudes as small as 0.1 A at frequencies as high as nearly 150 MHz.<>
{"title":"Measurement method of VHF elastic vibrations by optical fiber interferometric sensing","authors":"Y. Hirose, Y. Tsuzuki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68890","url":null,"abstract":"A measurement method is presented for elastic vibration modes with extremely small vibration amplitudes in the very high frequency (VHF) range. The measurement system is an optical fiber interferometric sensor, which detects optical phase modulations caused by the elastic vibrations being tested to give the vibration amplitudes. Extensive use of recent optical fiber technology along with a signal processing technique enables the authors to achieve detailed measurements of vibration amplitudes as small as 0.1 A at frequencies as high as nearly 150 MHz.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126292119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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