A design philosophy for low-cost, high-volume SAW resonators and coupled resonators is presented. In view of the low-cost constraint, only configurations requiring a single level of metallization are considered. To illustrate the design concepts involved, examples are given of alternate resonator topologies and their important performance characteristics are discussed. Design emphasis was on resonators having good out-of-band characteristics. Two novel resonator structures that have been developed with essentially symmetric out-of-band responses are described. Both use only single-level metallization and no grooves. The fundamental difference between the two approaches is that the first structure requires NSPUDT (Natural Single-Phase Unidirectional Transducer) orientations, while the second can be built on conventional crystal orientations.<>
{"title":"Low-cost high-performance resonator and coupled-resonator design: NSPUDT and other innovative structures","authors":"P. Wright","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68918","url":null,"abstract":"A design philosophy for low-cost, high-volume SAW resonators and coupled resonators is presented. In view of the low-cost constraint, only configurations requiring a single level of metallization are considered. To illustrate the design concepts involved, examples are given of alternate resonator topologies and their important performance characteristics are discussed. Design emphasis was on resonators having good out-of-band characteristics. Two novel resonator structures that have been developed with essentially symmetric out-of-band responses are described. Both use only single-level metallization and no grooves. The fundamental difference between the two approaches is that the first structure requires NSPUDT (Natural Single-Phase Unidirectional Transducer) orientations, while the second can be built on conventional crystal orientations.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131202013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution of the dielectric resonator filter (DRF) design is discussed and the incorporation of this design into a low-noise dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) is described. The results of each intermediate step are included along with the final results. The unique properties of the DRF allow it to have a loaded Q of >6500 at 1.538 GHz with an insertion loss of approximately 6 dB while maintaining a vibration sensitivity 2.2*10/sup -8/ (G/sup -1/). The use of high-pressure bonding and the elimination of the metallization at the cavity and substrate interface allows this configuration to work.<>
{"title":"L-band dielectric resonator filters and oscillators with low vibration sensitivity and ultra low noise","authors":"S. Sparagna","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68842","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of the dielectric resonator filter (DRF) design is discussed and the incorporation of this design into a low-noise dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) is described. The results of each intermediate step are included along with the final results. The unique properties of the DRF allow it to have a loaded Q of >6500 at 1.538 GHz with an insertion loss of approximately 6 dB while maintaining a vibration sensitivity 2.2*10/sup -8/ (G/sup -1/). The use of high-pressure bonding and the elimination of the metallization at the cavity and substrate interface allows this configuration to work.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131202216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of thick nonporous Au/Cr electrodes which can lead to a change in the sweeping mechanism is discussed. With these electrodes, a color-center front advances from anode to cathode in quartz that is swept in air at temperatures below the alpha - beta transition. Evidence is presented which indicates that: (1) color centers form beneath nonporous portions of the anode that correlate with the formation of interface Cr-oxides and silicides; (2) clear striae are created along the C-axis where color centers either do not form or are subsequently bleached along cylindrical volumes which correlate with openings in the anode; (3) the clear cylindrical volumes have diameters much larger than the metal openings; (4) a uniformly colored region can form in areas close to but not covered by the anode. Also, a clear band forms between the uniformly colored region and the striated region associated with the anode.<>
{"title":"Update on possible electrode mechanisms in the sweeping of alpha quartz","authors":"J. Gualtieri, L. Calderon, R. Lareau","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68910","url":null,"abstract":"The use of thick nonporous Au/Cr electrodes which can lead to a change in the sweeping mechanism is discussed. With these electrodes, a color-center front advances from anode to cathode in quartz that is swept in air at temperatures below the alpha - beta transition. Evidence is presented which indicates that: (1) color centers form beneath nonporous portions of the anode that correlate with the formation of interface Cr-oxides and silicides; (2) clear striae are created along the C-axis where color centers either do not form or are subsequently bleached along cylindrical volumes which correlate with openings in the anode; (3) the clear cylindrical volumes have diameters much larger than the metal openings; (4) a uniformly colored region can form in areas close to but not covered by the anode. Also, a clear band forms between the uniformly colored region and the striated region associated with the anode.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133214858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fundamental lattice vibrations in quartz (normal modes) were examined in an attempt to find better test methods to characterize impurities. A computer model of alpha quartz was constructed using the atomic positions in the quartz unit cell and a Keating-type interatomic potential. Using this model, the infrared (IR) absorption was calculated for the fundamental modes. This perfect (no defect) model was compared with experimental IR absorption results and with experimental data taken from the literature, and was found to be in qualitative agreement with both. Another model was also constructed which simulated an aluminum substantial defect by changing the mass of one of the three silicon atoms in the unit cell to the mass of aluminium. This represents an Al to Si concentration of 33%. The IR absorption results of the 'defect' model showed very little change in the absorption peaks. Even though this method was found to be impractical for aluminum detection, it did result in the construction of a relatively good numerical model for studying the fundamental atomic vibrations in quartz.<>
{"title":"Fundamental lattice vibrations in quartz","authors":"R. Murray, J. Gualtieri","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68906","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamental lattice vibrations in quartz (normal modes) were examined in an attempt to find better test methods to characterize impurities. A computer model of alpha quartz was constructed using the atomic positions in the quartz unit cell and a Keating-type interatomic potential. Using this model, the infrared (IR) absorption was calculated for the fundamental modes. This perfect (no defect) model was compared with experimental IR absorption results and with experimental data taken from the literature, and was found to be in qualitative agreement with both. Another model was also constructed which simulated an aluminum substantial defect by changing the mass of one of the three silicon atoms in the unit cell to the mass of aluminium. This represents an Al to Si concentration of 33%. The IR absorption results of the 'defect' model showed very little change in the absorption peaks. Even though this method was found to be impractical for aluminum detection, it did result in the construction of a relatively good numerical model for studying the fundamental atomic vibrations in quartz.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"494 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123690629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two specially modified low-level, high-quality 5 MHz oscillators were tested for spectral purity and stability at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Using a third, high-quality, prior-technology oscillator for triangulation the individual phase-noise power spectral density of one of the oscillators was determined to be S/sub phi /(f)=-133 dB+or-2 dB below 1 rad/sup 2//Hz at a Fourier frequency of 1 Hz, while for the second oscillator it was -125 dB+or-2 dB at 1 Hz. Such oscillators can exhibit parts-in-10/sup 14/ flicker floor stability in high-precision quartz frequency-source applications. Extensive details of measurement methodology are given.<>
{"title":"Stability of high quality quartz crystal oscillators: an update","authors":"M. Bloch, J. Ho, C. S. Stone, A. Syed, F. Walls","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68839","url":null,"abstract":"Two specially modified low-level, high-quality 5 MHz oscillators were tested for spectral purity and stability at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Using a third, high-quality, prior-technology oscillator for triangulation the individual phase-noise power spectral density of one of the oscillators was determined to be S/sub phi /(f)=-133 dB+or-2 dB below 1 rad/sup 2//Hz at a Fourier frequency of 1 Hz, while for the second oscillator it was -125 dB+or-2 dB at 1 Hz. Such oscillators can exhibit parts-in-10/sup 14/ flicker floor stability in high-precision quartz frequency-source applications. Extensive details of measurement methodology are given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122205137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An apparatus is described to calibrate the sensitivity of several cesium clocks to temperature fluctuations. Analysis of USNO clock data has shown that control of the temperature range to within +1 degrees C is sufficient for the attainment of an Allan deviation of a few parts in 10/sup 14//day; cross-correlations with frequency were found only for temperature excursions that were significantly greater.<>
{"title":"Measurement of the frequency response of cesium clocks to temperature fluctuations","authors":"L.A. Breakiron","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68880","url":null,"abstract":"An apparatus is described to calibrate the sensitivity of several cesium clocks to temperature fluctuations. Analysis of USNO clock data has shown that control of the temperature range to within +1 degrees C is sufficient for the attainment of an Allan deviation of a few parts in 10/sup 14//day; cross-correlations with frequency were found only for temperature excursions that were significantly greater.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123270512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to achieve the required state-of-the-art performance and reliability of the worldwide Deep Space Network, an extensive testing capability has been developed. This capability includes special equipment and facilities as well as a standard set of procedures which are described here. The research and development program utilizes these capabilities in the development of advanced frequency standards and distribution equipments that are well characterized for environmental variations. The implementation program tests each piece of equipment to be installed in the Deep Space Network for various environmental sensitivities which may affects its field operation.<>
{"title":"Environmental testing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Frequency Standards Laboratory","authors":"R. Sydnor","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68879","url":null,"abstract":"In order to achieve the required state-of-the-art performance and reliability of the worldwide Deep Space Network, an extensive testing capability has been developed. This capability includes special equipment and facilities as well as a standard set of procedures which are described here. The research and development program utilizes these capabilities in the development of advanced frequency standards and distribution equipments that are well characterized for environmental variations. The implementation program tests each piece of equipment to be installed in the Deep Space Network for various environmental sensitivities which may affects its field operation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"54 47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124637882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluation of five samples of the microcomputer-compensated crystal oscillator built during a development program has verified the feasibility of achieving frequency vs. temperature stability of +or-5*10/sup -8/, aging of 1*10/sup -10//day, and hysteresis of no worse than +or-3*10/sup -8/, with an input power of 45 mW. A simulated compensation was performed on several samples of each of two dual-mode oscillator designs. One design uses a lateral-field resonator and the other uses a conventional thickness-field resonator. The frequency could be compensated to better than +or-2*10/sup -8/ for a -55 degrees C to +85 degrees C temperature range for both designs.<>
{"title":"Frequency-temperature and aging performance of microcomputer compensated crystal oscillators","authors":"R. Filler, J. Messina, V. Rosati","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68855","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of five samples of the microcomputer-compensated crystal oscillator built during a development program has verified the feasibility of achieving frequency vs. temperature stability of +or-5*10/sup -8/, aging of 1*10/sup -10//day, and hysteresis of no worse than +or-3*10/sup -8/, with an input power of 45 mW. A simulated compensation was performed on several samples of each of two dual-mode oscillator designs. One design uses a lateral-field resonator and the other uses a conventional thickness-field resonator. The frequency could be compensated to better than +or-2*10/sup -8/ for a -55 degrees C to +85 degrees C temperature range for both designs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122242700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W.J. Klepczynski, M. Miranian, J. Jeffries, P. Wheeler, W. Powell
The results are compared of remote clock synchronization obtained by two different techniques, i.e. GPS Common View and two-way satellite time transfers. Values for UTC (USNO)-UTC (NIST) published by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), based on GPS common view data, are compared with values obtained by two-way satellite time transfers. The differences between the values published by NIST and those obtained by the two-way satellite technique do not seem to be significant.<>
{"title":"Comparison of two-way satellite time transfers and GPS common view time transfers","authors":"W.J. Klepczynski, M. Miranian, J. Jeffries, P. Wheeler, W. Powell","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68865","url":null,"abstract":"The results are compared of remote clock synchronization obtained by two different techniques, i.e. GPS Common View and two-way satellite time transfers. Values for UTC (USNO)-UTC (NIST) published by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), based on GPS common view data, are compared with values obtained by two-way satellite time transfers. The differences between the values published by NIST and those obtained by the two-way satellite technique do not seem to be significant.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114646096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phase noise measurements of 1100 quartz crystal resonators have been collected and analyzed. The focus of the analysis is on the nature and characteristics of the variations, or distribution, of phase noise in groups of similarly produced resonators. Crystal cuts represented in the study include the SC and AT, of various overtones, ranging in frequency from 18.754250 MHz to 111.250 MHz. The phase noise data displayed as histograms show nonnormal distributions. The nonnormal nature of the histograms is accentuated by the limitation of the reference crystal which introduces a skewness to the distribution. A technique that aids in the reduction of this problem is described. The isolation and identification of the various modes observed in multimodal distributions assists in the control or elimination of any associative causes and narrows the observed screening variances, improving resonator yields.<>
{"title":"Phase noise frequency distribution of SC and AT quartz crystal resonators","authors":"N.K. Bates, G. Weaver","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.1989.68884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.1989.68884","url":null,"abstract":"Phase noise measurements of 1100 quartz crystal resonators have been collected and analyzed. The focus of the analysis is on the nature and characteristics of the variations, or distribution, of phase noise in groups of similarly produced resonators. Crystal cuts represented in the study include the SC and AT, of various overtones, ranging in frequency from 18.754250 MHz to 111.250 MHz. The phase noise data displayed as histograms show nonnormal distributions. The nonnormal nature of the histograms is accentuated by the limitation of the reference crystal which introduces a skewness to the distribution. A technique that aids in the reduction of this problem is described. The isolation and identification of the various modes observed in multimodal distributions assists in the control or elimination of any associative causes and narrows the observed screening variances, improving resonator yields.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294361,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134393567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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