Pub Date : 2002-12-05DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159815
J. Eidson, Mike Fischer, Joe White
This paper discusses the major features and design objectives of the IEEE-1588 standard. Recent performance results of prototype implementations of this standard in an Ethernet environment are presented. Potential areas of application of this standard are outlined. INTRODUCTION Temporal relationships have always been an important element in the measurement and control of industrial physical systems. In small closed systems time is usually implicit in the operation of electronic circuits or in the execution patterns of computer programs. As these industrial systems become more complex with sensors, actuators, and computers distributed in space and communicating via networks, the explicit representation of time is often necessary for robust implementations. The temporal and other implementation requirements on industrial systems differ considerably from those found in typical office distributed computing environments. IEEE-1588-2002, “Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems,” was designed to serve the clock synchronization needs of industrial systems. Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE DEC 2002 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE IEEE-1588 (tm) Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Agilent Laboratories,3500 Deer Creek Rd,Palo Alto,CA,94304 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM001507. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting, 3-5 December 2002, Reston, VA 14. ABSTRACT This paper discusses the major features and design objectives of the IEEE-1588 standard. Recent performance resu
对于每个事件指定一个执行时间，当指定的时间与实时度量相匹配时，事件将执行。这是三种方案中最灵活的，在不同的情况下，如果需要不相称，每个设备的时序安排很容易实现。此外，同步精度取决于时间常识的准确性和参与设备的实现，而不是消息传递延迟的精确控制。为了在基于时间的系统中实现最精确的同步，将通过通过诸如IEEE-1588之类的协议将每个参与节点中的本地时钟同步到其对等节点来实现时间常识。同步这些时钟所需的精度取决于应用程序。表1列出了典型应用及其所需的精度。表1。典型的应用程序同步需求。应用领域要求同步精度低速传感器(如压力，温度)毫秒普通机电设备(如继电器，断路器，螺线管，阀门)毫秒一般自动化(如物料处理，化学处理)毫秒精确运动控制(如高速包装，印刷，机器人)几微秒高速电气设备(如同步测量)微秒电子测距(如故障检测，除了同步要求外，目标应用领域通常还包括以下一个或多个额外要求:网络。分布式系统越来越多地使用以太网等网络进行通信。然而，在其他网络上仍然需要提供时间常识。2. 异构系统。大多数系统都有一定范围的同步精度。因此，同步协议必须适应具有不同精度能力的设备。34 PTTI (Precise Time and Time Interval)年度会议245成本。系统将包括高成本和低成本设备。低成本设备通常只有有限的计算能力和内存来执行同步协议。4. 空间尺度。大多数系统在物理上和逻辑上都足够紧凑，可以在通信系统的几个本地子网中实现。较大规模的应用通常可视为局部精确时间的孤岛，其中使用单独的协议(例如GPS)进行孤岛间同步。5. 低管理开销。在最简单的情况下，协议应该是自配置的。IEEE-1588旨在满足所有这些要求。它不是设计为在Internet或一般计算环境下工作的，通常由流行的网络时间协议[1]服务。虽然在IEEE-1588的开发过程中没有明确考虑军事应用，但上面讨论的工业系统的许多特性似乎适用于新一代的军事系统。特别是，军事系统正在从独立系统演变为具有强同步或协调需求的可互操作系统的体系结构。时间常识将成为这一架构的基础，而全球GPS系统则是关键组成部分。但是，操作必须对GPS信号的丢失不敏感[2]。至少在船舶或指挥中心等本地环境中，基于IEEE-1588的系统即使与全球系统隔离，也可以通过保持本地时间一致性来实现更强大的本地操作。随着系统需求扩展到更小、功能更弱和更便宜的军事设备，IEEE-1588的低实现足迹也可能是有利的。关于IEEE 1588应用的进一步讨论可以在其他论文中找到[3,4]。本文的其余部分将讨论性能体验以及如何构建IEEE-1588以满足时序要求。满足时间要求的设计在一个子网内，IEEE-1588在通过子网通信的参与时钟之间自动建立主从关系。根据定义的描述符，选择主时钟作为最佳时钟，以实现固有的准确性、对UTC的可追溯性等。规定指定一组时钟，在这种选择中优先用于重要的应用。从服务器通过交换消息将本地时钟与主服务器时钟同步，如图1所示。主时钟周期性地向它的所有从时钟发送一条特殊的消息，即同步消息。此消息包含同步消息何时放置在网络上的估计。
{"title":"IEEE 1588 standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems","authors":"J. Eidson, Mike Fischer, Joe White","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159815","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the major features and design objectives of the IEEE-1588 standard. Recent performance results of prototype implementations of this standard in an Ethernet environment are presented. Potential areas of application of this standard are outlined. INTRODUCTION Temporal relationships have always been an important element in the measurement and control of industrial physical systems. In small closed systems time is usually implicit in the operation of electronic circuits or in the execution patterns of computer programs. As these industrial systems become more complex with sensors, actuators, and computers distributed in space and communicating via networks, the explicit representation of time is often necessary for robust implementations. The temporal and other implementation requirements on industrial systems differ considerably from those found in typical office distributed computing environments. IEEE-1588-2002, “Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems,” was designed to serve the clock synchronization needs of industrial systems. Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE DEC 2002 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE IEEE-1588 (tm) Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Agilent Laboratories,3500 Deer Creek Rd,Palo Alto,CA,94304 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM001507. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting, 3-5 December 2002, Reston, VA 14. ABSTRACT This paper discusses the major features and design objectives of the IEEE-1588 standard. Recent performance resu","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125676912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159805
O. Ryabov, K. Mori
Laser displacement meter has been introduced as the sensor for ball end mill quality inspection. 3D laser image of milling cutters is displayed on computer, and automatic recognition and measurement method for tool wear is developed and presented in the paper.
{"title":"Laser sensor for imaging and detection of cutting tool wear","authors":"O. Ryabov, K. Mori","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159805","url":null,"abstract":"Laser displacement meter has been introduced as the sensor for ball end mill quality inspection. 3D laser image of milling cutters is displayed on computer, and automatic recognition and measurement method for tool wear is developed and presented in the paper.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116917345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159827
Darold Wobschall
A major inhibiting factor to the development of networked digital (smart) sensors is the lack of a single sensor network/bus standard. Over fifty networks are in common use and no single standard is likely to emerge in the near future. In response, a NIST-sponsored initiative has developed the IEEE 1451 sensor interface standard which can be considered a universal interface between digital sensors/actuators and the network interface/driver, together with a standard electronic data sheet format. To date there has been little implementation of the standard by the sensor industry, probably due to dissatisfaction with the specific hardware interface (10-line), the complex software features, and the unavailability of a compatible commercial network interface. The device being reported here is intended to address these problems. The IEEE 1451 compatible interface between the Internet/Ethernet and serial ports described here is related to a series of websensors (sensors with a direct Internet address) previously developed by Esensors. The interface is an IEEE 1451 Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP). The NCAP (EM04) connects to the Internet through Ethernet. Within the NCAP is a communication board capable of receiving and sending email using the standard TCP/IP format. A second board formats sensor data to/from the serial ports. The available serial formats are: RS232, RS485, TII, Microlan/1-wire, IEEE-1451.4, Esbus, and 12C. The connector is 25-pin type D connector. Three select pins (eg. 010 for TII) configure the interface to the desired port format (RS232 is default). The external Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM) or digital sensor must be connected to the appropriate pins assigned to tit at serial format. Included are several versions (some non-standard or proposed) of the Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS). Only parts of the full IEEE 1451.2 software requirements have been implemented.
{"title":"An implementation of IEEE 1451 NCAP for Internet access of serial port-based sensors","authors":"Darold Wobschall","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159827","url":null,"abstract":"A major inhibiting factor to the development of networked digital (smart) sensors is the lack of a single sensor network/bus standard. Over fifty networks are in common use and no single standard is likely to emerge in the near future. In response, a NIST-sponsored initiative has developed the IEEE 1451 sensor interface standard which can be considered a universal interface between digital sensors/actuators and the network interface/driver, together with a standard electronic data sheet format. To date there has been little implementation of the standard by the sensor industry, probably due to dissatisfaction with the specific hardware interface (10-line), the complex software features, and the unavailability of a compatible commercial network interface. The device being reported here is intended to address these problems. The IEEE 1451 compatible interface between the Internet/Ethernet and serial ports described here is related to a series of websensors (sensors with a direct Internet address) previously developed by Esensors. The interface is an IEEE 1451 Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP). The NCAP (EM04) connects to the Internet through Ethernet. Within the NCAP is a communication board capable of receiving and sending email using the standard TCP/IP format. A second board formats sensor data to/from the serial ports. The available serial formats are: RS232, RS485, TII, Microlan/1-wire, IEEE-1451.4, Esbus, and 12C. The connector is 25-pin type D connector. Three select pins (eg. 010 for TII) configure the interface to the desired port format (RS232 is default). The external Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM) or digital sensor must be connected to the appropriate pins assigned to tit at serial format. Included are several versions (some non-standard or proposed) of the Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS). Only parts of the full IEEE 1451.2 software requirements have been implemented.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115044835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159833
Qiangguo Pu
Modern technology provides a great amount of information. In computer monitoring systems or computer control systems, especially real-time expert systems, in order to have the situation in hand, we need one or two parameters to express the quality and/or security of the whole system. This paper presents a principle for synthesizing measurements of multiple system parameters into a single parameter and its application to fuzzy pattern recognition.
{"title":"The principle for synthesizing system parameters into a single parameter and its application to fuzzy pattern recognition","authors":"Qiangguo Pu","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159833","url":null,"abstract":"Modern technology provides a great amount of information. In computer monitoring systems or computer control systems, especially real-time expert systems, in order to have the situation in hand, we need one or two parameters to express the quality and/or security of the whole system. This paper presents a principle for synthesizing measurements of multiple system parameters into a single parameter and its application to fuzzy pattern recognition.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117017667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159830
C. Townsend, M. Hamel, P. Sonntag, B. Trutor, J. Galbreath, S. Arms
Our goal was to develop a long life, low cost, scalable wireless sensing network, which collects and distributes data from a wide variety of sensors over the Internet Time division multiple access was employed with low-power RF transmitter nodes to communicate digital data to a receiver (range 1/3 mile). Data from this remote receiver is relayed via 802.11b to a central information gateway (range 1-2 miles). Multiple receivers can be linked to this gateway, resulting in an easily-addressed, hierarchical spoke-and-hub network topology. This system presents an attractive, inexpensive solution for deploying thousands of sensors with a coverage area up to 10 square miles.
{"title":"Scaleable, wireless Web enabled sensor networks","authors":"C. Townsend, M. Hamel, P. Sonntag, B. Trutor, J. Galbreath, S. Arms","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159830","url":null,"abstract":"Our goal was to develop a long life, low cost, scalable wireless sensing network, which collects and distributes data from a wide variety of sensors over the Internet Time division multiple access was employed with low-power RF transmitter nodes to communicate digital data to a receiver (range 1/3 mile). Data from this remote receiver is relayed via 802.11b to a central information gateway (range 1-2 miles). Multiple receivers can be linked to this gateway, resulting in an easily-addressed, hierarchical spoke-and-hub network topology. This system presents an attractive, inexpensive solution for deploying thousands of sensors with a coverage area up to 10 square miles.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128750718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159813
R. Kochan, V. Kochan, A. Sachenko, V. Turchenko
In this paper a precision single-board, 8 channels; 24 bit sigma-delta ADC with an on-line remote reprogramming mode, forming a data acquisition module (DAQ), is described. The results of experimental research of the noise immunity of the developed ADC in real (industrial) measurement conditions are presented. The results of experimental research on the prototype in the same measurement conditions are also considered.
{"title":"Development DAQ module for intelligent sensor system","authors":"R. Kochan, V. Kochan, A. Sachenko, V. Turchenko","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159813","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a precision single-board, 8 channels; 24 bit sigma-delta ADC with an on-line remote reprogramming mode, forming a data acquisition module (DAQ), is described. The results of experimental research of the noise immunity of the developed ADC in real (industrial) measurement conditions are presented. The results of experimental research on the prototype in the same measurement conditions are also considered.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128358769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159831
M. Dostaler, E. Petriu, A. Al-Dhaher, V. Groza
This paper discusses implementation issues for a parallel correlator using a robust random-pulse data representation. The modular architecture is suited for hardware implementation having an inherently higher processing speed as required by real-time sensing applications.
{"title":"Parallel correlator architecture for real-time sensing applications","authors":"M. Dostaler, E. Petriu, A. Al-Dhaher, V. Groza","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159831","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses implementation issues for a parallel correlator using a robust random-pulse data representation. The modular architecture is suited for hardware implementation having an inherently higher processing speed as required by real-time sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134348168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159814
D. Potter
IEEE P1451.4 is an emerging standard for plug and play analog transducers. The draft standard, scheduled to be balloted next year, defines a mechanism for adding self-identification and self-description to traditional transducers for plug and play operation. Central to this mechanism is the concept of a standardized transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) that is stored within the transducer. This paper provides a detailed overview of the IEEE P1451.4 Smart Transducer Interface for Mixed-Mode Transducers, explaining the main components technologies, as well as an update of the progress of the development of the draft standard. The paper describes the implication of enabling plug and play sensors for a variety of sensor-based measurement and automation systems.
{"title":"Overview and update of the IEEE P1451.4 draft standard for plug and play sensors","authors":"D. Potter","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159814","url":null,"abstract":"IEEE P1451.4 is an emerging standard for plug and play analog transducers. The draft standard, scheduled to be balloted next year, defines a mechanism for adding self-identification and self-description to traditional transducers for plug and play operation. Central to this mechanism is the concept of a standardized transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) that is stored within the transducer. This paper provides a detailed overview of the IEEE P1451.4 Smart Transducer Interface for Mixed-Mode Transducers, explaining the main components technologies, as well as an update of the progress of the development of the draft standard. The paper describes the implication of enabling plug and play sensors for a variety of sensor-based measurement and automation systems.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125022766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159835
M. Marčič
The paper presents the results of liquid fuel radial distribution measurements of 25 different spray cross-sections at various distances from the injection nozzle. For the purpose of measuring the liquid fuel in a spray we developed a device using ring electrodes to measure electric charge of the fuel, resulting from fuel rubbing against the injection nozzle metal parts and the measuring device electrodes. The temperature gradient in the ring electrode is caused by droplets hitting it at the velocity of 100 to 300 m/s. Their kinetic energy is instantly transformed into the thermal energy the consequence of which is the temperature gradient in the ring electrode. The crystal in which the temperature gradient exists is minor generator of electric charge. The electric charge was then led to a charge amplifier, where it was converted into electric current. Numerous tests proved good linearity and reliability of the measuring method.
{"title":"Sensor for spray evaporation measurements","authors":"M. Marčič","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159835","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of liquid fuel radial distribution measurements of 25 different spray cross-sections at various distances from the injection nozzle. For the purpose of measuring the liquid fuel in a spray we developed a device using ring electrodes to measure electric charge of the fuel, resulting from fuel rubbing against the injection nozzle metal parts and the measuring device electrodes. The temperature gradient in the ring electrode is caused by droplets hitting it at the velocity of 100 to 300 m/s. Their kinetic energy is instantly transformed into the thermal energy the consequence of which is the temperature gradient in the ring electrode. The crystal in which the temperature gradient exists is minor generator of electric charge. The electric charge was then led to a charge amplifier, where it was converted into electric current. Numerous tests proved good linearity and reliability of the measuring method.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132244038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159798
D. Starikov, F. Benkabou, N. Medelci, A. Bensaoula
Significant efforts have been made to implement capabilities of a laboratory system into a compact portable fluorometer composed of solid-state components, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiode (PDs). These devices, still use statistical sampling, lenses and glass filters, and do not meet the requirements addressed for multi-functional fluorescence sensors capable of performing in super-ambient environments. We have shown that UV/blue GaN/InGaN-based LEDs and optically filtered Si PDs can be employed in compact optoelectronic sensors capable of multi-functional operation in the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence mode. To take advantage of the high temperature and chemical stability of the III nitrides it would be beneficial to use these materials for the fabrication of all sensor components including the wavelength-selective features. In this work we fabricated a multi-wavelength fluorescence sensor prototype using III nitride-based component's. This device was tested for measurements of fluorescein, chlorophyll, aromatic hydrocarbons, and E.coli bacteria expressing various fluorescence proteins. The new sensor prototype exhibited a lower detection limit and a larger dynamic range, than those achieved with previous prototypes. It has a compact size and a low fabrication cost.
{"title":"Integrated multi-wavelength fluorescence sensors","authors":"D. Starikov, F. Benkabou, N. Medelci, A. Bensaoula","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159798","url":null,"abstract":"Significant efforts have been made to implement capabilities of a laboratory system into a compact portable fluorometer composed of solid-state components, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiode (PDs). These devices, still use statistical sampling, lenses and glass filters, and do not meet the requirements addressed for multi-functional fluorescence sensors capable of performing in super-ambient environments. We have shown that UV/blue GaN/InGaN-based LEDs and optically filtered Si PDs can be employed in compact optoelectronic sensors capable of multi-functional operation in the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence mode. To take advantage of the high temperature and chemical stability of the III nitrides it would be beneficial to use these materials for the fabrication of all sensor components including the wavelength-selective features. In this work we fabricated a multi-wavelength fluorescence sensor prototype using III nitride-based component's. This device was tested for measurements of fluorescein, chlorophyll, aromatic hydrocarbons, and E.coli bacteria expressing various fluorescence proteins. The new sensor prototype exhibited a lower detection limit and a larger dynamic range, than those achieved with previous prototypes. It has a compact size and a low fabrication cost.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122314424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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