Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159804
J. W. Berthold, L. Jeffers, R. L. Lopushansky
We are manufacturing fiber optic sensor/transducers for the measurement of temperature, pressure, differential pressure, strain, vibration, acceleration and acoustic emission. The major technical advantages of our instrumentation are the small size, the inherent safety, immunity to EMI, and tolerance to high temperatures. Each transducer unit contains the same fundamental fiber optic sensor - a Fabry-Perot displacement sensor. For each individual measurement parameter such as temperature or pressure the transducer is designed and packaged such that the transduction mechanism results in a displacement that is measured by the fiber optic sensor. The packages look similar to commercial transducers that use electronic sensors such as strain gages or piezoelectric crystals, Since our transducers all contain the same type of sensor, the signal conditioners are identical and as a result, we achieve significant benefits including increased reliability, reduced cost and capability to provide a single multiplexed system that can accept inputs from any type of transducer. In this paper, we discuss the Fabry-Perot sensing mechanism and the operation of the optical signal conditioner and readout electronics. We describe the results of an extensive characterization program performed on temperature and pressure transducers. We also discuss the multiplexing approach and communications options. Finally, we discuss other refinery measurement needs and transducers we are developing to make the measurements.
{"title":"Fiber optic sensors for the refinery of the future","authors":"J. W. Berthold, L. Jeffers, R. L. Lopushansky","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159804","url":null,"abstract":"We are manufacturing fiber optic sensor/transducers for the measurement of temperature, pressure, differential pressure, strain, vibration, acceleration and acoustic emission. The major technical advantages of our instrumentation are the small size, the inherent safety, immunity to EMI, and tolerance to high temperatures. Each transducer unit contains the same fundamental fiber optic sensor - a Fabry-Perot displacement sensor. For each individual measurement parameter such as temperature or pressure the transducer is designed and packaged such that the transduction mechanism results in a displacement that is measured by the fiber optic sensor. The packages look similar to commercial transducers that use electronic sensors such as strain gages or piezoelectric crystals, Since our transducers all contain the same type of sensor, the signal conditioners are identical and as a result, we achieve significant benefits including increased reliability, reduced cost and capability to provide a single multiplexed system that can accept inputs from any type of transducer. In this paper, we discuss the Fabry-Perot sensing mechanism and the operation of the optical signal conditioner and readout electronics. We describe the results of an extensive characterization program performed on temperature and pressure transducers. We also discuss the multiplexing approach and communications options. Finally, we discuss other refinery measurement needs and transducers we are developing to make the measurements.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124173784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159807
A. Hossain
Application of statistical process for the purpose of health monitoring of machinery and system is the main purpose of this paper. The system has two main parts. The first, sensing and transmitting of variable by a network of intelligent sensors and transducers. The second, analysis and prognosis of machinery health by a two-step statistical process model (SPM). Most contemporary intelligent sensors have signal-conditioning circuit integrated within the sensor as a single chip device. In many instances sensor and signal conditioning circuit are packaged together as one unit. However, intelligent sensors are becoming increasingly important for many critical applications. An intelligent sensor network system can perform sensing and transmitting of variables for the process controller and can also locally store and transmit sensed variable over wireless link to remote central processing computer. The central processing computer is used for continuous statistical analysis of multiple variables and can be used for predicting machinery failure. Operators at remote location can review processed information at any instant of time and determine imminent and prospective condition of the machinery. Currently we are researching to develop an intelligent sensor network system that will sense and temporarily store process variables and periodically transmit them to a remote location for processing, analyzing, and storing. The process variables are transmitted to the central computer as well as to the controller for continuous control of the process. The statistical process model (SPM) located in the central computer system will analyze the related data for predicting machinery failure and prognostic maintenance.
{"title":"An intelligent sensor network system coupled with statistical process model for predicting machinery health and failure","authors":"A. Hossain","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159807","url":null,"abstract":"Application of statistical process for the purpose of health monitoring of machinery and system is the main purpose of this paper. The system has two main parts. The first, sensing and transmitting of variable by a network of intelligent sensors and transducers. The second, analysis and prognosis of machinery health by a two-step statistical process model (SPM). Most contemporary intelligent sensors have signal-conditioning circuit integrated within the sensor as a single chip device. In many instances sensor and signal conditioning circuit are packaged together as one unit. However, intelligent sensors are becoming increasingly important for many critical applications. An intelligent sensor network system can perform sensing and transmitting of variables for the process controller and can also locally store and transmit sensed variable over wireless link to remote central processing computer. The central processing computer is used for continuous statistical analysis of multiple variables and can be used for predicting machinery failure. Operators at remote location can review processed information at any instant of time and determine imminent and prospective condition of the machinery. Currently we are researching to develop an intelligent sensor network system that will sense and temporarily store process variables and periodically transmit them to a remote location for processing, analyzing, and storing. The process variables are transmitted to the central computer as well as to the controller for continuous control of the process. The statistical process model (SPM) located in the central computer system will analyze the related data for predicting machinery failure and prognostic maintenance.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128143653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159797
Y. F. Basrawi
The paper talks about the technology, theory and application of transducers to flow measurement sensors used for royalty and custody transfer measurements of crude and hydrocarbon products. It highlights the operations, current research, field test studies and viability of such devices for better precision and higher accuracy in the measurement of volumetric through puts for exports and domestic consumption. Through finer precision and higher accuracy, proper accountability can be achieved and tremendous cost savings realized.
{"title":"Transducers: theory and applications to crude and hydrocarbon flow measurement sensors","authors":"Y. F. Basrawi","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159797","url":null,"abstract":"The paper talks about the technology, theory and application of transducers to flow measurement sensors used for royalty and custody transfer measurements of crude and hydrocarbon products. It highlights the operations, current research, field test studies and viability of such devices for better precision and higher accuracy in the measurement of volumetric through puts for exports and domestic consumption. Through finer precision and higher accuracy, proper accountability can be achieved and tremendous cost savings realized.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126758382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159811
H. Eren
Electronic portable instruments are normally regarded as a subsection of instruments and instrumentation systems. However, with today's advances in communication technology and digital systems, the portable instruments are emerging as a separate discipline in their own right. The emergence of satellite systems and advances RF and microwave communications are greatly impacting development and use of portable instruments. Portable instruments are no longer small devices designed just for simple measurements, but they are much more complex in their functionalities and also can communicate with each other devices or other digital systems while in use. The progress in the hardware as semiconductor, intelligent sensors, microsensors, and the software as in the case of virtual instruments are adding remarkable features portable instruments and opening up many potential areas for applications. Recent sudden progress in portable instruments are forcing established standards and offering challenges to the designers, manufacturers and consumers.
{"title":"Recent technological progress in portable instruments","authors":"H. Eren","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159811","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic portable instruments are normally regarded as a subsection of instruments and instrumentation systems. However, with today's advances in communication technology and digital systems, the portable instruments are emerging as a separate discipline in their own right. The emergence of satellite systems and advances RF and microwave communications are greatly impacting development and use of portable instruments. Portable instruments are no longer small devices designed just for simple measurements, but they are much more complex in their functionalities and also can communicate with each other devices or other digital systems while in use. The progress in the hardware as semiconductor, intelligent sensors, microsensors, and the software as in the case of virtual instruments are adding remarkable features portable instruments and opening up many potential areas for applications. Recent sudden progress in portable instruments are forcing established standards and offering challenges to the designers, manufacturers and consumers.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130404511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159823
I. Shankar, S. Morris, C. Hutchens
This paper describes the operation and design of a simple, low cost period counting system based on a D flip-flop mixer, directly applicable to quartz microbalances and quartz resonator-based sensors. The architecture of the period counting system is based on measuring the period of a low frequency difference signal obtained by subtracting a high stability reference frequency from the unknown frequency to be measured. An analysis of miscount errors caused by phase jitter in the input signals, when the period counting system is used as a quartz resonator based high temperature pressure sensor, is presented. We present a model that predicts miscount rates and discusses design rules to avoid phase jitter induced miscounts. The frequency measurement system was implemented using Peregrine's 0.5 micron silicon-on-insulator (SOI) UTSi/sup /spl reg// process. The integrated system was successfully tested and its functionality verified at 180/spl deg/C ambient temperature. This circuit, implemented as a low power, ultrahigh resolution, frequency measurement circuit, can facilitate the production of inexpensive, high accuracy battery powered sensors.
{"title":"A novel frequency measurement technique for quartz microbalance systems and other resonator-based sensor systems","authors":"I. Shankar, S. Morris, C. Hutchens","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159823","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the operation and design of a simple, low cost period counting system based on a D flip-flop mixer, directly applicable to quartz microbalances and quartz resonator-based sensors. The architecture of the period counting system is based on measuring the period of a low frequency difference signal obtained by subtracting a high stability reference frequency from the unknown frequency to be measured. An analysis of miscount errors caused by phase jitter in the input signals, when the period counting system is used as a quartz resonator based high temperature pressure sensor, is presented. We present a model that predicts miscount rates and discusses design rules to avoid phase jitter induced miscounts. The frequency measurement system was implemented using Peregrine's 0.5 micron silicon-on-insulator (SOI) UTSi/sup /spl reg// process. The integrated system was successfully tested and its functionality verified at 180/spl deg/C ambient temperature. This circuit, implemented as a low power, ultrahigh resolution, frequency measurement circuit, can facilitate the production of inexpensive, high accuracy battery powered sensors.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126039884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159837
A. Filipov, N. Srour, M. Falco, N.H. Nashua
ARL in conjunction with the Advanced Sensors Collaborative Technology Alliance (ASCTA) has embarked on a research program to develop technology that enables distributed Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) to form ad hock networks which will be inexpensive and will be able to operate for months at a time on a single battery. These networks will cooperatively process multi-modal sensor data to achieve multi-target Detection, Classification and Tracking (DCT) of vehicles and people. To best accomplish this goal, a modular, scalable, and robust decentralized fusion architecture capable of operating under constrained bandwidth conditions is being developed that will perform data, feature, and information level fusion across all levels of the system hierarchy. Algorithms will be developed to autonomously allocate resources to optimize system performance; these will include self-calibration and localization, target handoff sensor cueing, power management, and overall improvement in performance of DCT. This will allow for rapid deployment of UGS fields that provide information about large unoccupied areas. Finally, system modeling and simulation will help optimize overall network performance, cost, operating life and bandwidth usage. This will identify new required sensor modalities and areas where sensor improvements are necessary. Furthermore in those areas where significant processing load is anticipated, tools will be developed to exploit power/energy techniques for efficiently implementing complex algorithms. Progress will be reported in all of these areas and new research opportunities will be identified.
{"title":"Networked microsensor research at ARL and the ASCTA","authors":"A. Filipov, N. Srour, M. Falco, N.H. Nashua","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159837","url":null,"abstract":"ARL in conjunction with the Advanced Sensors Collaborative Technology Alliance (ASCTA) has embarked on a research program to develop technology that enables distributed Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) to form ad hock networks which will be inexpensive and will be able to operate for months at a time on a single battery. These networks will cooperatively process multi-modal sensor data to achieve multi-target Detection, Classification and Tracking (DCT) of vehicles and people. To best accomplish this goal, a modular, scalable, and robust decentralized fusion architecture capable of operating under constrained bandwidth conditions is being developed that will perform data, feature, and information level fusion across all levels of the system hierarchy. Algorithms will be developed to autonomously allocate resources to optimize system performance; these will include self-calibration and localization, target handoff sensor cueing, power management, and overall improvement in performance of DCT. This will allow for rapid deployment of UGS fields that provide information about large unoccupied areas. Finally, system modeling and simulation will help optimize overall network performance, cost, operating life and bandwidth usage. This will identify new required sensor modalities and areas where sensor improvements are necessary. Furthermore in those areas where significant processing load is anticipated, tools will be developed to exploit power/energy techniques for efficiently implementing complex algorithms. Progress will be reported in all of these areas and new research opportunities will be identified.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122560509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159816
Song Chen, T. Yamaguchi, K. Watanabe
A non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO/sub 2/ monitor is developed for air quality assessment, The NDIR CO/sub 2/ sensor consists of one IR source, a pipe in which IR beam interacts with CO/sub 2/ molecules in the air, and a beam splitter terminated by two thermopiles with optical band-pass windows. One thermopile measures the spectrum absorption due to CO/sub 2/ molecules, while the other monitors the light emission level of the IR source. The signal processing electronics take the ratio between the outputs of the two detectors to make the CO/sub 2/ concentration measurement insensitive to the aging of the IR source and temperature. The ratio is a nonlinear function of CO/sub 2/ concentration and the cubic spline function is used for the linearization and the calibration. A prototype monitor demonstrates performances quite satisfactory for practical applications.
{"title":"A simple, low-cost non-dispersive infrared CO/sub 2/ monitor","authors":"Song Chen, T. Yamaguchi, K. Watanabe","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159816","url":null,"abstract":"A non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO/sub 2/ monitor is developed for air quality assessment, The NDIR CO/sub 2/ sensor consists of one IR source, a pipe in which IR beam interacts with CO/sub 2/ molecules in the air, and a beam splitter terminated by two thermopiles with optical band-pass windows. One thermopile measures the spectrum absorption due to CO/sub 2/ molecules, while the other monitors the light emission level of the IR source. The signal processing electronics take the ratio between the outputs of the two detectors to make the CO/sub 2/ concentration measurement insensitive to the aging of the IR source and temperature. The ratio is a nonlinear function of CO/sub 2/ concentration and the cubic spline function is used for the linearization and the calibration. A prototype monitor demonstrates performances quite satisfactory for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124089923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159822
O. Postolache, P. Girão, M. Pereira, H. Ramos
This paper reports the implementation of a neural processing structure as a component of an intelligent measuring system that uses ion selective electrodes (ISEs) as sensing elements of heavy metal ions (Pb/sup +2/, Cd/sup +2/) concentration. The neural network (NN), designed and implemented to reduce errors due to ion interference and to pH and temperature variations, is of the multiple-input multiple-output Multilayer Perception (MLP-NN) type The NN is a component of a virtual instrument that includes a PC laptop, a PCMCI data acquisition board with associated conditioning circuits and the specific ISE sensors. A practical approach concerning the optimal neural processing solution (number of NN structures, number of neurons, neuron transfer functions) to increase the performance of low cost ISEs is presented. Results are presented to evaluate the performance of the NN intelligent ISE system and to discuss the possibility of transferring the acquisition and processing task to a low cost acquisition and control unit such as a microcontroller.
{"title":"Increasing ion selective electrodes performance using neural networks","authors":"O. Postolache, P. Girão, M. Pereira, H. Ramos","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159822","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the implementation of a neural processing structure as a component of an intelligent measuring system that uses ion selective electrodes (ISEs) as sensing elements of heavy metal ions (Pb/sup +2/, Cd/sup +2/) concentration. The neural network (NN), designed and implemented to reduce errors due to ion interference and to pH and temperature variations, is of the multiple-input multiple-output Multilayer Perception (MLP-NN) type The NN is a component of a virtual instrument that includes a PC laptop, a PCMCI data acquisition board with associated conditioning circuits and the specific ISE sensors. A practical approach concerning the optimal neural processing solution (number of NN structures, number of neurons, neuron transfer functions) to increase the performance of low cost ISEs is presented. Results are presented to evaluate the performance of the NN intelligent ISE system and to discuss the possibility of transferring the acquisition and processing task to a low cost acquisition and control unit such as a microcontroller.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132145433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159829
B. Sanderford
Recent advances in wireless technology have opened the door to a new class of process monitoring architecture that has the potential to significantly change the rules for industrial automation. Driven by huge cost savings in conduit installation and logistics, as well as dramatic improvements in the frequency and reliability of field data collection, automation experts and IS professionals are presented with an opportunity to deliver a major positive impact to their company's bottom line. Attributes of wireless technology, which are essential for successful SCADA systems, will be explored including power management of sensors allowing 3-10 years of battery life, thus eliminating power conduit and solar panels. Actual field experience from various wire-free applications will be reviewed, including various liquid level sensors, temperature and vibration sensors and 12 bit analog inputs and outputs.
{"title":"Wireless sensor networks - battery operation of link and sensor","authors":"B. Sanderford","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159829","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in wireless technology have opened the door to a new class of process monitoring architecture that has the potential to significantly change the rules for industrial automation. Driven by huge cost savings in conduit installation and logistics, as well as dramatic improvements in the frequency and reliability of field data collection, automation experts and IS professionals are presented with an opportunity to deliver a major positive impact to their company's bottom line. Attributes of wireless technology, which are essential for successful SCADA systems, will be explored including power management of sensors allowing 3-10 years of battery life, thus eliminating power conduit and solar panels. Actual field experience from various wire-free applications will be reviewed, including various liquid level sensors, temperature and vibration sensors and 12 bit analog inputs and outputs.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123792787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-11-19DOI: 10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159834
C. Christy, S. Dyer
Four-electrode arrays are commonly used to measure electrical resistivity. They typically require a single measurement of current and voltage. This paper presents a modified method of using a four-electrode array that results in a measurement of both resistivity and contact resistance. The method requires an extra voltage and current measurement but yields information about the quality of the resistivity measurement. Implementation of the method is discussed and measurement examples are provided.
{"title":"Non-stationary electrical resistivity sensor with contact resistance measurement","authors":"C. Christy, S. Dyer","doi":"10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SFICON.2002.1159834","url":null,"abstract":"Four-electrode arrays are commonly used to measure electrical resistivity. They typically require a single measurement of current and voltage. This paper presents a modified method of using a four-electrode array that results in a measurement of both resistivity and contact resistance. The method requires an extra voltage and current measurement but yields information about the quality of the resistivity measurement. Implementation of the method is discussed and measurement examples are provided.","PeriodicalId":294424,"journal":{"name":"2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference,","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125165040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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