Conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity under international law is marked by a myriad of treaties and soft-law instruments applicable to areas within and beyond national jurisdiction. The most relevant global treaties in this context are the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, its Fish Stocks Agreement, and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. In order to assess the state of play of conservation, including with respect to the creation of marine protected areas, and the sustainable use of marine biodiversity under international law, this chapter examines the inter-relationship between these conventions in light of recent developments in international policy and law. Some of these developments include the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems by regional fisheries management organisations, the CBD description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas, as well as relevant Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In this context, governance gaps, especially concerning marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, are also highlighted, along with opportunities for achieving and mainstreaming marine biodiversity conservation in a comprehensive manner towards sustainable development.
{"title":"Unravelling the Intricacies of Marine Biodiversity Conservation and its Sustainable Use: An Overview of Global Frameworks and Applicable Concepts","authors":"D. Diz","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2764502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2764502","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity under international law is marked by a myriad of treaties and soft-law instruments applicable to areas within and beyond national jurisdiction. The most relevant global treaties in this context are the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, its Fish Stocks Agreement, and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. In order to assess the state of play of conservation, including with respect to the creation of marine protected areas, and the sustainable use of marine biodiversity under international law, this chapter examines the inter-relationship between these conventions in light of recent developments in international policy and law. Some of these developments include the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems by regional fisheries management organisations, the CBD description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas, as well as relevant Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In this context, governance gaps, especially concerning marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, are also highlighted, along with opportunities for achieving and mainstreaming marine biodiversity conservation in a comprehensive manner towards sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116075407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper compares the effects of market-based and command-and-control climate policies on the direction of technical change and the prevention of environmental disasters. Drawing on the model proposed in Acemoglu et al. (2012, American Economic Review), we show that market-based policies (carbon taxes and subsidies towards clean sectors) exhibit bounded window of opportunities: delays in their implementation make them completely ineffective both in redirecting technical change and in avoiding environmental catastrophes. On the contrary, we find that command-and-control interventions guarantee policy effectiveness irrespectively on the timing of their introduction. As command-and-control policies are always able to direct technical change toward "green" technologies and to prevent climate disasters, they constitute a valuable alternative to market-based interventions.
{"title":"Preventing Environmental Disasters: Market-Based vs. Command-and-Control Policies","authors":"F. Lamperti, M. Napoletano, A. Roventini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2709577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2709577","url":null,"abstract":"The paper compares the effects of market-based and command-and-control climate policies on the direction of technical change and the prevention of environmental disasters. Drawing on the model proposed in Acemoglu et al. (2012, American Economic Review), we show that market-based policies (carbon taxes and subsidies towards clean sectors) exhibit bounded window of opportunities: delays in their implementation make them completely ineffective both in redirecting technical change and in avoiding environmental catastrophes. On the contrary, we find that command-and-control interventions guarantee policy effectiveness irrespectively on the timing of their introduction. As command-and-control policies are always able to direct technical change toward \"green\" technologies and to prevent climate disasters, they constitute a valuable alternative to market-based interventions.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130424915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В работе показано, что в основе идеологии и стратегии социально-экономического развития может лежать парадигма устойчивого развития. Это подразумевает увеличение национального богатства - запасов капиталов (человеческого, природного, физического, социально-культурного и структурного) во времени. В работе предложены инструменты для перехода России к парадигме устойчивого развития.English Abstract: It is shown that the ideology and strategy of socio-economic development can be based on the paradigm of sustainable development. This implies an increase of the national wealth as stocks of capital (human, natural, physical, social, cultural and structural) in time. The paper proposes measures for Russia's transition to the paradigm of sustainable development.
{"title":"Реализация Концепции Устойчивого Развития в России (The Implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Development in Russia)","authors":"V. Komarov, Vladimir Kotsyubinskiy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2747405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2747405","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В работе показано, что в основе идеологии и стратегии социально-экономического развития может лежать парадигма устойчивого развития. Это подразумевает увеличение национального богатства - запасов капиталов (человеческого, природного, физического, социально-культурного и структурного) во времени. В работе предложены инструменты для перехода России к парадигме устойчивого развития.English Abstract: It is shown that the ideology and strategy of socio-economic development can be based on the paradigm of sustainable development. This implies an increase of the national wealth as stocks of capital (human, natural, physical, social, cultural and structural) in time. The paper proposes measures for Russia's transition to the paradigm of sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126815663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-10DOI: 10.18601/01207555.N16.07
M. Korstanje
The present essay-review explores the conceptual limitations of mobility as an all encompassing theory, which explains why thousand of citizens are unable to make tourism worldwide. Imagining tourism as a massindustry not only rests on a great fallacy but also ignores the effects of last financial crisis in global economies. Only less 1% of total population in the world has the necessary resources to vacation abroad. We need to rethink mobilities in terms of the great asymmetries caused by capitalism, where behaviour of few ones is ideologically presented as the guiding values to follow. Like chivalry in Middle Age, mobility and tourism are privileges for global mobile elite alone.
{"title":"Rethinking Mobilities: Is Tourism Dying?","authors":"M. Korstanje","doi":"10.18601/01207555.N16.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.N16.07","url":null,"abstract":"The present essay-review explores the conceptual limitations of mobility as an all encompassing theory, which explains why thousand of citizens are unable to make tourism worldwide. Imagining tourism as a massindustry not only rests on a great fallacy but also ignores the effects of last financial crisis in global economies. Only less 1% of total population in the world has the necessary resources to vacation abroad. We need to rethink mobilities in terms of the great asymmetries caused by capitalism, where behaviour of few ones is ideologically presented as the guiding values to follow. Like chivalry in Middle Age, mobility and tourism are privileges for global mobile elite alone.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133411947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy policies around the world are increasingly focussed on promoting the transition towards a more sustainable energy system. Evidence-based decision-making regarding such policies need a solid knowledge foundation. We take stock of our existing knowledge in terms of the statistics and data that forms the basis for research, policy and business decision making regarding investments in the energy sector. The available measurement techniques and data on energy production and investments inform such debates, yet we call for improvements. A number of challenges relate to a true identification of the sector, the measurement of technological change and industry dynamics, and a comprehensive overview of the investments and investors in this sector. We argue that especially activities and barriers regarding investments and investors should be thought into the knowledge foundation we need for wise decision-making. This information is important not only in a research and policy context, but also for practical reasons. Potentially, the quality and amount of statistics may create virtuous or viscous cycles of investment behaviour because investment areas only covered by weak statistical evidence may receive limited attention from investors, which may in turn render fewer incentives for producing better statistics.
{"title":"Knowing Where to Go: The Knowledge Foundation for Investments in Energy Innovation","authors":"J. Christensen, D. Hain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2745304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2745304","url":null,"abstract":"Energy policies around the world are increasingly focussed on promoting the transition towards a more sustainable energy system. Evidence-based decision-making regarding such policies need a solid knowledge foundation. We take stock of our existing knowledge in terms of the statistics and data that forms the basis for research, policy and business decision making regarding investments in the energy sector. The available measurement techniques and data on energy production and investments inform such debates, yet we call for improvements. A number of challenges relate to a true identification of the sector, the measurement of technological change and industry dynamics, and a comprehensive overview of the investments and investors in this sector. We argue that especially activities and barriers regarding investments and investors should be thought into the knowledge foundation we need for wise decision-making. This information is important not only in a research and policy context, but also for practical reasons. Potentially, the quality and amount of statistics may create virtuous or viscous cycles of investment behaviour because investment areas only covered by weak statistical evidence may receive limited attention from investors, which may in turn render fewer incentives for producing better statistics.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116921558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Little has been written about the real hot-button issues facing Somali Americans in Minnesota. This study investigates to determine what Somali American community might consider as the current challenges as of 2015. The result would assist public and private sector efforts in planning community resilience and sustainable development in the long-run. In an attempt to probe and further illicit insightful information from wider interdisciplinary professions, the study employed triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The study found that there is a correlation between community’s hot-button issues, dissatisfaction, and sociopolitical participation. The study recommends that in order to cope with the changing social and political landscape, a multifaceted strategy to empowering this impacted community and dealing with the rapid turnaround of population be devised.
{"title":"A Study on Somali Minnesotans: Present Challenges and Future Prosperity","authors":"A. Farah","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2736493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2736493","url":null,"abstract":"Little has been written about the real hot-button issues facing Somali Americans in Minnesota. This study investigates to determine what Somali American community might consider as the current challenges as of 2015. The result would assist public and private sector efforts in planning community resilience and sustainable development in the long-run. In an attempt to probe and further illicit insightful information from wider interdisciplinary professions, the study employed triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The study found that there is a correlation between community’s hot-button issues, dissatisfaction, and sociopolitical participation. The study recommends that in order to cope with the changing social and political landscape, a multifaceted strategy to empowering this impacted community and dealing with the rapid turnaround of population be devised.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122189926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we consider some of the economic implications of climate change scenarios as described in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). By comparing potential water demand with estimates of (sustainable) water availability in different regions, we identify regions that are likely to be constrained in their future economic growth potential by the scarcity of water resources. We assess the macroeconomic impact of water scarcity under alternative allocation rules finding that, by assigning more water to sectors in which it has a higher value, shifting production to less water intensive sectors, and importing more water intensive goods, constrained regions can effectively neutralize these water related climate risks and adapt to a changing water environment. However, this adaptation effort is likely to imply some radical changes in water management policies.
{"title":"Simulating the Macroeconomic Impact of Future Water Scarcity: An Assessment of Alternative Scenarios","authors":"R. Roson, R. Damania","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2742056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2742056","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we consider some of the economic implications of climate change scenarios as described in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). By comparing potential water demand with estimates of (sustainable) water availability in different regions, we identify regions that are likely to be constrained in their future economic growth potential by the scarcity of water resources. We assess the macroeconomic impact of water scarcity under alternative allocation rules finding that, by assigning more water to sectors in which it has a higher value, shifting production to less water intensive sectors, and importing more water intensive goods, constrained regions can effectively neutralize these water related climate risks and adapt to a changing water environment. However, this adaptation effort is likely to imply some radical changes in water management policies.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127581882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.18510/IJMIER.2016.211
Firdouse R Khan, Aisha Al Mamari
Purpose The objective of the study is to investigate into the roles of Corporate Social Responsibility towards the community development of Sohar. This study critically analyzes the current practices of CSR in the selected companies at Sohar Port area, Oman. Design/methodology/approach The study was carried out with ten selected companies from Sohar Industrial Port area selected on a random sampling basis. Findings The study has thrown light on the various activities of CSR carried out by the selected companies in the Al Batinah region of Sultanate of Oman. The study reveals that the manufacturing companies have high inclination towards CSR programs than the other. Practical Implications Further the study shows that the selection of CSR activities by one company does not have any impact on any other company from the same area. This will induce every company to come up with new CSR activities in to their manifold. Social Implications The study confirms that the selected companies play significant role through involving them in social responsibility activities resulting in sustained development of Sultanate of Oman. Originality/value No prior study has examined the CSR activities of the companies at Sohar Port, Oman. This study will pave a way to further scope of study on CSR activities of the companies of Oman.
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities of Selected Companies at Sohar Port, Oman","authors":"Firdouse R Khan, Aisha Al Mamari","doi":"10.18510/IJMIER.2016.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18510/IJMIER.2016.211","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The objective of the study is to investigate into the roles of Corporate Social Responsibility towards the community development of Sohar. This study critically analyzes the current practices of CSR in the selected companies at Sohar Port area, Oman. Design/methodology/approach The study was carried out with ten selected companies from Sohar Industrial Port area selected on a random sampling basis. Findings The study has thrown light on the various activities of CSR carried out by the selected companies in the Al Batinah region of Sultanate of Oman. The study reveals that the manufacturing companies have high inclination towards CSR programs than the other. Practical Implications Further the study shows that the selection of CSR activities by one company does not have any impact on any other company from the same area. This will induce every company to come up with new CSR activities in to their manifold. Social Implications The study confirms that the selected companies play significant role through involving them in social responsibility activities resulting in sustained development of Sultanate of Oman. Originality/value No prior study has examined the CSR activities of the companies at Sohar Port, Oman. This study will pave a way to further scope of study on CSR activities of the companies of Oman.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127037171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Bosetti, G. Marangoni, E. Borgonovo, Laura Diaz Anadon, R. Barron, H. Mcjeon, S. Politis, Paul Friley
In the present paper we use the output of multiple expert elicitation surveys on the future cost of key low-carbon technologies and use it as input of three Integrated Assessment models, GCAM, MARKAL_US and WITCH. By means of a large set of simulations we aim to assess the implications of these subjective distributions of technological costs over key model outputs. We are able to detect what sources of technology uncertainty are more influential, how this differs across models, and whether and how results are affected by the time horizon, the metric considered or the stringency of the climate policy. In unconstrained emission scenarios, within the range of future technology performances considered in the present analysis, the cost of nuclear energy is shown to dominate all others in affecting future emissions. Climate-constrained scenarios, stress the relevance, in addition to that of nuclear energy, of biofuels, as they represent the main source of decarbonization of the transportation sector and bioenergy, since the latter can be coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to produce negative emissions.
{"title":"Sensitivity to Energy Technology Costs: A Multi-Model Comparison Analysis","authors":"V. Bosetti, G. Marangoni, E. Borgonovo, Laura Diaz Anadon, R. Barron, H. Mcjeon, S. Politis, Paul Friley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2718029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2718029","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper we use the output of multiple expert elicitation surveys on the future cost of key low-carbon technologies and use it as input of three Integrated Assessment models, GCAM, MARKAL_US and WITCH. By means of a large set of simulations we aim to assess the implications of these subjective distributions of technological costs over key model outputs. We are able to detect what sources of technology uncertainty are more influential, how this differs across models, and whether and how results are affected by the time horizon, the metric considered or the stringency of the climate policy. In unconstrained emission scenarios, within the range of future technology performances considered in the present analysis, the cost of nuclear energy is shown to dominate all others in affecting future emissions. Climate-constrained scenarios, stress the relevance, in addition to that of nuclear energy, of biofuels, as they represent the main source of decarbonization of the transportation sector and bioenergy, since the latter can be coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to produce negative emissions.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123473832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change caused by human activity is well established from scientific, economic, social and legal perspectives. Production of energy to meet human needs has been identified as the main source of Greenhouse Gas (BHG) emissions of CO2 that causes climate change.Yet energy is something real estate and transactional attorneys know little about. Just as transactional /business lawyers are not expected to know federal tax law, but are expected to know enough to ask the right questions from tax attorneys to structure a transaction, transactional attorneys need to know the basics of energy sources, regulation and the second order effects of energy generation and production. The 14th Kratovil Conference on Real Estate Law & Practice focused on "Fracking, Energy Sources, Climate Change & Real Estate" for the symposium issue of the John Marshall Law Review. This article is part of the symposium issue. It provides basic information about sources of energy including coal, oil, natural gas-collectively known as fossil fuels and renewables that do not cause CO2 emissions. Fracking or Fracturing is the unconventional fossil fuel that produces reduced GHG emissions but that may have other second order effects. Part I considers implications of evidence that climate change is principally due to human activity.Part II looks at the relatively new business of fracking, which relets the successes of innovation and the limits of this relatively new industry. Part III provides a primer of basic real property law about land that may be suitable for fracking or that may be affected by fracking. Separation of ownership between surface and sub-surface mineral rights is achieved by contract, leases and government intervention. Yet regulation of privately owned real estate and fracking is by state and local government, rather than federal law. Part IV reviews the three categories of risks associated with fracking: environmental, social and economic in the context of implications for those owning, developing, financing, leasing and using real estate. Part V provides a conclusion: may questions remain on the real estate implications of fracking.
{"title":"Fracking the Unconventional Energy Response to Climate Change: Implications for the Real Estate Industry","authors":"C. Hammond","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2755730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2755730","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change caused by human activity is well established from scientific, economic, social and legal perspectives. Production of energy to meet human needs has been identified as the main source of Greenhouse Gas (BHG) emissions of CO2 that causes climate change.Yet energy is something real estate and transactional attorneys know little about. Just as transactional /business lawyers are not expected to know federal tax law, but are expected to know enough to ask the right questions from tax attorneys to structure a transaction, transactional attorneys need to know the basics of energy sources, regulation and the second order effects of energy generation and production. The 14th Kratovil Conference on Real Estate Law & Practice focused on \"Fracking, Energy Sources, Climate Change & Real Estate\" for the symposium issue of the John Marshall Law Review. This article is part of the symposium issue. It provides basic information about sources of energy including coal, oil, natural gas-collectively known as fossil fuels and renewables that do not cause CO2 emissions. Fracking or Fracturing is the unconventional fossil fuel that produces reduced GHG emissions but that may have other second order effects. Part I considers implications of evidence that climate change is principally due to human activity.Part II looks at the relatively new business of fracking, which relets the successes of innovation and the limits of this relatively new industry. Part III provides a primer of basic real property law about land that may be suitable for fracking or that may be affected by fracking. Separation of ownership between surface and sub-surface mineral rights is achieved by contract, leases and government intervention. Yet regulation of privately owned real estate and fracking is by state and local government, rather than federal law. Part IV reviews the three categories of risks associated with fracking: environmental, social and economic in the context of implications for those owning, developing, financing, leasing and using real estate. Part V provides a conclusion: may questions remain on the real estate implications of fracking.","PeriodicalId":296234,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115958102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：