Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i3.262958
Tassana Thammaros, Kittiphan Chalom, W. Hanshaoworakul, P. Thitichai, P. Tantiworrawit, S. Pongpanich
Microcephaly became of high concern after Zika outbreaks occurred worldwide. An estimation of its prevalence is crucial for public health preparedness and response. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of neonatal microcephaly in Thailand during 2014-2018, describe its epidemiological characteristics, and identify associated factors. This study was a cross-sectional study using data from the Health Data Center, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Neonatal microcephaly, as defined in this study, is a condition where a newborn has a head circumference (HC) less than the 3rd percentile of the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century standard head circumference charts for term newborn, and Fenton's growth charts for preterm newborn by gestational age and gender. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify associated factors. During 2014-2018, 121,448 newborns were identified and the prevalence of neonatal microcephaly was 14.5%. There were 9,871 boys and 7,687 girls. Multivariate analysis showed that small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio (Adjusted OR) 5.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.24, 8.81), birth length less than the 10th percentile (Adjusted OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.36, 6.29), elderly pregnancy (Adjusted OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.07, 3.18), and primigravida (Adjusted OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.37, 2.95) were significantly associated with neonatal microcephaly. The prevalence of neonatal microcephaly in Thailand was higher than expected. The international head circumference chart may not be suitable for Thai newborns suggesting that a head circumference growth standard for Thai newborns is needed.
寨卡病毒在全球爆发后，小头症引起了高度关注。估计其流行程度对于公共卫生准备和应对至关重要。本研究的目的是估计2014-2018年泰国新生儿小头畸形的患病率，描述其流行病学特征，并确定相关因素。本研究是一项横断面研究，使用来自泰国公共卫生部卫生数据中心的数据。本研究定义的新生儿小头畸形是指新生儿的头围(HC)小于国际胎儿和新生儿生长联盟21世纪足月新生儿标准头围图和芬顿早产儿生长图中按胎龄和性别划分的第3百分位。进行单因素和多因素分析以确定相关因素。2014-2018年，共发现121448名新生儿，新生儿小头畸形患病率为14.5%。男生9871人，女生7687人。多因素分析显示，胎龄小(校正比值比(adjusted odds ratio, OR) 5.34, 95%可信区间(CI) 3.24, 8.81)、出生长度小于第10百分位(校正比值比2.92,95% CI 1.36, 6.29)、高龄妊娠(校正比值比1.84,95% CI 1.07, 3.18)和初孕(校正比值比2.01,95% CI 1.37, 2.95)与新生儿小头畸形显著相关。泰国新生儿小头畸形的患病率高于预期。国际头围表可能不适合泰国新生儿，这表明需要制定泰国新生儿头围生长标准。
{"title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Neonatal Microcephaly in Thailand, 2014-2018","authors":"Tassana Thammaros, Kittiphan Chalom, W. Hanshaoworakul, P. Thitichai, P. Tantiworrawit, S. Pongpanich","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i3.262958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i3.262958","url":null,"abstract":"Microcephaly became of high concern after Zika outbreaks occurred worldwide. An estimation of its prevalence is crucial for public health preparedness and response. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of neonatal microcephaly in Thailand during 2014-2018, describe its epidemiological characteristics, and identify associated factors. This study was a cross-sectional study using data from the Health Data Center, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Neonatal microcephaly, as defined in this study, is a condition where a newborn has a head circumference (HC) less than the 3rd percentile of the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century standard head circumference charts for term newborn, and Fenton's growth charts for preterm newborn by gestational age and gender. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify associated factors. During 2014-2018, 121,448 newborns were identified and the prevalence of neonatal microcephaly was 14.5%. There were 9,871 boys and 7,687 girls. Multivariate analysis showed that small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio (Adjusted OR) 5.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.24, 8.81), birth length less than the 10th percentile (Adjusted OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.36, 6.29), elderly pregnancy (Adjusted OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.07, 3.18), and primigravida (Adjusted OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.37, 2.95) were significantly associated with neonatal microcephaly. The prevalence of neonatal microcephaly in Thailand was higher than expected. The international head circumference chart may not be suitable for Thai newborns suggesting that a head circumference growth standard for Thai newborns is needed.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132259382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i3.262938
Ba Soe Thet, W. Swaddiwudhipong, K. Thimasarn, Aung Thi, T. N. Soe, Zaw Lin
Malaria is a priority communicable disease in Eastern Shan State (ESS) of Myanmar. This study aimed to describe the malaria situation, epidemiology and treatment services in ESS during 2000-2016. Data from township malaria monthly reports in ESS during 2000-2016 were analyzed by time, place, person, species and treatment services. Malaria morbidity, mortality and case-fatality rate decreased from 25.0 to 3.7 per 1,000 population, 15.0 to 0.2 per 100,000 population and 4.6% to 1.3%, respectively, during 2000-2016. The male to female ratio was 3:2 and those over 15 years old constituted 60% of all cases. The number of cases declined by 88% and 99% among those younger than 5 years of age and pregnant women, respectively. During 2011-2016, the case detection rate increased from 2% to 12%, and 94% of blood examinations used a rapid diagnostic test. Plasmodium vivax (63%) was the most prevalent parasite species, followed by Plasmodium falciparum (33%) while mixed parasites accounted for 4% of all infections. Non-government-controlled areas contributed more than 80% of cases between 2013 and 2016. Remarkable reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality in ESS followed improvements in early detection, appropriate treatment and effective vector control. However, the overwhelming contribution on caseload in non-government-controlled areas remain a challenge for the elimination of malaria in Myanmar.
{"title":"Epidemiological Trends of Malaria in Eastern Shan State, Myanmar 2000-2016","authors":"Ba Soe Thet, W. Swaddiwudhipong, K. Thimasarn, Aung Thi, T. N. Soe, Zaw Lin","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i3.262938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i3.262938","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a priority communicable disease in Eastern Shan State (ESS) of Myanmar. This study aimed to describe the malaria situation, epidemiology and treatment services in ESS during 2000-2016. Data from township malaria monthly reports in ESS during 2000-2016 were analyzed by time, place, person, species and treatment services. Malaria morbidity, mortality and case-fatality rate decreased from 25.0 to 3.7 per 1,000 population, 15.0 to 0.2 per 100,000 population and 4.6% to 1.3%, respectively, during 2000-2016. The male to female ratio was 3:2 and those over 15 years old constituted 60% of all cases. The number of cases declined by 88% and 99% among those younger than 5 years of age and pregnant women, respectively. During 2011-2016, the case detection rate increased from 2% to 12%, and 94% of blood examinations used a rapid diagnostic test. Plasmodium vivax (63%) was the most prevalent parasite species, followed by Plasmodium falciparum (33%) while mixed parasites accounted for 4% of all infections. Non-government-controlled areas contributed more than 80% of cases between 2013 and 2016. Remarkable reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality in ESS followed improvements in early detection, appropriate treatment and effective vector control. However, the overwhelming contribution on caseload in non-government-controlled areas remain a challenge for the elimination of malaria in Myanmar.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115467266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i3.262954
T. Myat, H. M. Thu, Htin Lin, Nang Sarm Hom, Win Lei Kay Khine, M. Kham, T. Shwe, W. Mar, Thida Kyaw, K. S. Aye, H. Thu, Khin Khin Oo, Khaing Moe Aung, M. Htun, Ye Myint Kyaw, K. Thant
A hospital-based prospective active surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) was conducted among hospitalised acute gastroenteritis (AGE) patients to identify the infecting rotavirus strains and to provide epidemiological information on RVGE in Myanmar. Stool samples were collected from children less than 5 years old admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital (YCH) for AGE during January 2015 to September 2017. Collected stool samples were screened for rotavirus antigen by ELISA and genotyped by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Overall, 48.8% (1,167/2,393) of samples were ELISA positive for rotavirus and the most affected were children aged 6-23 months, 81.9% (956/1,167). RVGE occurred in a seasonal cycle with peak detection in the cold and dry months (November to February). As compared with non-RVGE, RVGE cases had significant higher percentage of vomiting (84.5% versus 73.0%; P<0.05), fever (80.1% versus 71.8%; P<0.05) and severe clinical scoring (79.4% versus 67.5%; P<0.05). Genotyping revealed that G9P[8] was predominant in the year 2015 (53.3%) and 2016 (30.9%), but it was replaced in 2017 by G3P[8] (58.2%). Information from this surveillance not only highlights facts for consideration of rotavirus vaccine introduction plan in pre-vaccination era, but also provides vital baseline data for post-vaccination monitoring of vaccine impact and effectiveness.
对缅甸住院急性胃肠炎(AGE)患者进行了轮状病毒胃肠炎(RVGE)的医院前瞻性主动监测，以确定感染轮状病毒株并提供有关RVGE的流行病学信息。收集了2015年1月至2017年9月期间仰光儿童医院(YCH)因AGE入院的5岁以下儿童的粪便样本。收集粪便标本，采用ELISA法筛选轮状病毒抗原，逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分型。总体而言，48.8%(1167 / 2393)的样本轮状病毒酶联免疫吸附试验呈阳性，其中6-23月龄儿童感染最多，为81.9%(956/ 1167)。RVGE的发生具有季节性，在寒冷和干燥月份(11月至2月)达到高峰。与非RVGE患者相比，RVGE患者的呕吐率显著高于非RVGE患者(84.5% vs 73.0%;P<0.05)，发热(80.1%比71.8%;P<0.05)和重度临床评分(79.4% vs 67.5%;P < 0.05)。基因分型显示G9P[8]在2015年(53.3%)和2016年(30.9%)占主导地位，但在2017年被G3P[8](58.2%)取代。来自这一监测的信息不仅突出了在疫苗接种前考虑轮状病毒疫苗引入计划的事实，而且还为疫苗接种后监测疫苗影响和有效性提供了重要的基线数据。
{"title":"Surveillance of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (2015-2017): Epidemiology and Circulating Rotavirus Genotypes in Pre-rotavirus Vaccine Introduction Period in Myanmar","authors":"T. Myat, H. M. Thu, Htin Lin, Nang Sarm Hom, Win Lei Kay Khine, M. Kham, T. Shwe, W. Mar, Thida Kyaw, K. S. Aye, H. Thu, Khin Khin Oo, Khaing Moe Aung, M. Htun, Ye Myint Kyaw, K. Thant","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i3.262954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i3.262954","url":null,"abstract":"A hospital-based prospective active surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) was conducted among hospitalised acute gastroenteritis (AGE) patients to identify the infecting rotavirus strains and to provide epidemiological information on RVGE in Myanmar. Stool samples were collected from children less than 5 years old admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital (YCH) for AGE during January 2015 to September 2017. Collected stool samples were screened for rotavirus antigen by ELISA and genotyped by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Overall, 48.8% (1,167/2,393) of samples were ELISA positive for rotavirus and the most affected were children aged 6-23 months, 81.9% (956/1,167). RVGE occurred in a seasonal cycle with peak detection in the cold and dry months (November to February). As compared with non-RVGE, RVGE cases had significant higher percentage of vomiting (84.5% versus 73.0%; P<0.05), fever (80.1% versus 71.8%; P<0.05) and severe clinical scoring (79.4% versus 67.5%; P<0.05). Genotyping revealed that G9P[8] was predominant in the year 2015 (53.3%) and 2016 (30.9%), but it was replaced in 2017 by G3P[8] (58.2%). Information from this surveillance not only highlights facts for consideration of rotavirus vaccine introduction plan in pre-vaccination era, but also provides vital baseline data for post-vaccination monitoring of vaccine impact and effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132160974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i2.262970
Nisa Limsuwan, Bhurinud Salakij, Suppakrit Thanajirasak, P. Thammawijaya
Scabies is a neglected contagious skin disease and mostly occurs in crowded environment. After an increase in scabies cases at a prison, an investigation team was deployed. The objectives were to describe the epidemiological characteristics of cases, identify risk factors for infection and implement control measures. We defined a scabies confirmed case as a person with at least one itchy skin lesion, and diagnosed as scabies by both a physician and a dermatologist. We inspected the prison environment and observed sanitation practices. A case-control study was conducted among male inmates to identify risk factors for scabies. The overall attack rate was 29.4% among inmates. All 251 confirmed cases were typical scabies and 250 were male. The environmental inspection revealed poor hygiene and overcrowded at men’s zones. Sharing a bedroom (Adjusted odds ratio AOR = 9.72, 95% CI = 5.33-17.73) and sharing clothes with cases (AOR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.66-7.84) were significantly associated with having scabies. After interventions of setting scabies surveillance, separation of new comers, universal treatment for all inmates, and disinfection of bedrooms, bedding and clothes with detergents, no more new cases were found. Improving sanitation especially in bedrooms, enhancing scabies detection, and early interventions after case detection could help prevent scabies outbreak in prisons.
疥疮是一种被忽视的皮肤病，多发生在人群密集的环境中。在监狱疥疮病例增加后，部署了一个调查小组。目的是描述病例的流行病学特征，确定感染的危险因素并实施控制措施。我们将疥疮确诊病例定义为至少有一个皮肤瘙痒病变的人，并由医生和皮肤科医生诊断为疥疮。我们检查了监狱环境，观察了卫生习惯。在男性囚犯中进行了一项病例对照研究，以确定疥疮的危险因素。囚犯的总体攻击率为29.4%。251例确诊病例均为典型疥疮，其中250例为男性。环境检查发现，男厕区卫生状况不佳，人满为患。与患者共用卧室(调整优势比AOR = 9.72, 95% CI = 5.33-17.73)和共用衣服(AOR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.66-7.84)与疥疮发生显著相关。在实施疥疮监测、隔离新囚犯、对所有囚犯进行普遍治疗以及用洗涤剂对卧室、被褥和衣服进行消毒等干预措施后，没有发现新的病例。改善卫生条件，特别是卧室的卫生条件，加强疥疮的发现，以及在发现病例后进行早期干预，可以帮助预防监狱中疥疮的爆发。
{"title":"A Large Scabies Outbreak at a Prison in Southern Thailand, April – August 2017","authors":"Nisa Limsuwan, Bhurinud Salakij, Suppakrit Thanajirasak, P. Thammawijaya","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i2.262970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i2.262970","url":null,"abstract":"Scabies is a neglected contagious skin disease and mostly occurs in crowded environment. After an increase in scabies cases at a prison, an investigation team was deployed. The objectives were to describe the epidemiological characteristics of cases, identify risk factors for infection and implement control measures. We defined a scabies confirmed case as a person with at least one itchy skin lesion, and diagnosed as scabies by both a physician and a dermatologist. We inspected the prison environment and observed sanitation practices. A case-control study was conducted among male inmates to identify risk factors for scabies. The overall attack rate was 29.4% among inmates. All 251 confirmed cases were typical scabies and 250 were male. The environmental inspection revealed poor hygiene and overcrowded at men’s zones. Sharing a bedroom (Adjusted odds ratio AOR = 9.72, 95% CI = 5.33-17.73) and sharing clothes with cases (AOR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.66-7.84) were significantly associated with having scabies. After interventions of setting scabies surveillance, separation of new comers, universal treatment for all inmates, and disinfection of bedrooms, bedding and clothes with detergents, no more new cases were found. Improving sanitation especially in bedrooms, enhancing scabies detection, and early interventions after case detection could help prevent scabies outbreak in prisons.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128972489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-28DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i2.262969
Thanit Rattanathumsakul, Orathai Suwanchairob, Sriwan Hannarong, W. Wijit, Yongjua Laosiritaworn, W. Swaddiwudhipong
A drug-resistant cholera outbreak occurred at the Thai-Myanmar border in April to May 2015. On 21 Oct 2015, the Bureau of Epidemiology was notified of a cholera outbreak in Mae Sot District, Tak Province. An investigation was conducted to confirm the outbreak, identify source of infection and provide control measures. Medical records were reviewed and all cases and contacts were interviewed. Active case finding was performed in the affected areas and nearby communities. Rectal swabs were collected and tested for Vibrio cholerae O1/O139. Water and food samples were tested for possible contamination. A series of three separate outbreaks of multidrug-resistant V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa infection were identified in the same district. The first cluster occurred among Myanmar migrant workers in a garment factory. Poor hygiene was found among workers and food handlers. The second cluster occurred among persons from Myanmar in Mae Sot Subdistrict. The last cluster occurred among Thai while most of them joined a religious ceremony in Mae Pa Subdistrict. The outbreaks were confirmed as V. cholerae O1 Eltor Ogawa resistant to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline. Rapid response and improvement in hygiene were recommended.
2015年4月至5月，泰缅边境爆发了一次抗药性霍乱疫情。2015年10月21日，向流行病学局通报了在德省Mae Sot区发生的霍乱疫情。开展了调查，以确认疫情，确定传染源并提供控制措施。审查了医疗记录，并对所有病例和接触者进行了面谈。在受影响地区和附近社区开展了积极的病例发现工作。收集直肠拭子并检测霍乱弧菌O1/O139。对水和食物样本进行了可能的污染检测。在同一地区发现了一系列三次单独的耐多药霍乱弧菌O1 El Tor Ogawa感染暴发。第一批病例发生在一家服装厂的缅甸移民工人中。工人和食品处理人员卫生状况不佳。第二起聚集性病例发生在Mae Sot街道的缅甸人当中。最后一次聚集发生在泰国人中间，当时大多数人在美帕街道参加宗教仪式。经确认，疫情为对氨苄西林、复方新诺明和四环素耐药的O1 Eltor Ogawa型霍乱弧菌。建议快速反应和改善卫生。
{"title":"Sequential Clusters of Multidrug-resistant Cholera Cases in the Thai-Myanmar Border, 2015","authors":"Thanit Rattanathumsakul, Orathai Suwanchairob, Sriwan Hannarong, W. Wijit, Yongjua Laosiritaworn, W. Swaddiwudhipong","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i2.262969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i2.262969","url":null,"abstract":"A drug-resistant cholera outbreak occurred at the Thai-Myanmar border in April to May 2015. On 21 Oct 2015, the Bureau of Epidemiology was notified of a cholera outbreak in Mae Sot District, Tak Province. An investigation was conducted to confirm the outbreak, identify source of infection and provide control measures. Medical records were reviewed and all cases and contacts were interviewed. Active case finding was performed in the affected areas and nearby communities. Rectal swabs were collected and tested for Vibrio cholerae O1/O139. Water and food samples were tested for possible contamination. A series of three separate outbreaks of multidrug-resistant V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa infection were identified in the same district. The first cluster occurred among Myanmar migrant workers in a garment factory. Poor hygiene was found among workers and food handlers. The second cluster occurred among persons from Myanmar in Mae Sot Subdistrict. The last cluster occurred among Thai while most of them joined a religious ceremony in Mae Pa Subdistrict. The outbreaks were confirmed as V. cholerae O1 Eltor Ogawa resistant to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline. Rapid response and improvement in hygiene were recommended.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"406 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122788306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-28DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i2.262971
R. Suphanchaimat, Hathairat Kosiyaporn, Attaya Limwattanayingyong
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{"title":"Migrant Policies in Thailand in Light of the Universal Health Coverage: Evolution and Remaining Challenges","authors":"R. Suphanchaimat, Hathairat Kosiyaporn, Attaya Limwattanayingyong","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i2.262971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i2.262971","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125999157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-28DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i2.262964
T. Mon, Thanit Rattanathumsakul, Duangdeun Puangmanee, San Kyawt Khine, Wint Phyo Than, Azmani Wahab, Ngo Huy Tu, O. Arjkumpa, P. Thitichai, Anupong Sirirungreung, Seesai Yeesoonsang, P. Thammawijaya, K. Thimasarn
Evaluation of the malaria surveillance system was conducted in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The objective of the study was to describe the surveillance system and assess the system performance in reporting malaria cases. The study applied cross-sectional approach. Key qualitative and quantitative attributes were assessed. Document review on malaria cases treated in Sai Yok Hospital and data collection at Vector Borne Disease Control Unit (VBDU) in 2015 were performed. In-depth interviews with policy makers and health care workers were exercised. Findings showed that sustainability of the surveillance system might be undermined if the Global Fund support would curtail after 2017. There were some discrepancies between number of cases reported by VBDU and those by health facility via the R506 national reporting system. Sensitivity of VBDU reports was slightly higher than the reports by the hospital though the overall sensitivity of the whole district was of acceptable quality. Concerning policy recommendations, a substantial shift of budgetary support from the Global Fund to domestic resources was suggested. Health personnel at the hospital should be more emphasized on the utilization of R506 reporting system. In addition, the R506 reporting system and the VBDU system should be harmonized.
{"title":"Field Evaluation of Malaria Surveillance System in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand","authors":"T. Mon, Thanit Rattanathumsakul, Duangdeun Puangmanee, San Kyawt Khine, Wint Phyo Than, Azmani Wahab, Ngo Huy Tu, O. Arjkumpa, P. Thitichai, Anupong Sirirungreung, Seesai Yeesoonsang, P. Thammawijaya, K. Thimasarn","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i2.262964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i2.262964","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of the malaria surveillance system was conducted in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The objective of the study was to describe the surveillance system and assess the system performance in reporting malaria cases. The study applied cross-sectional approach. Key qualitative and quantitative attributes were assessed. Document review on malaria cases treated in Sai Yok Hospital and data collection at Vector Borne Disease Control Unit (VBDU) in 2015 were performed. In-depth interviews with policy makers and health care workers were exercised. Findings showed that sustainability of the surveillance system might be undermined if the Global Fund support would curtail after 2017. There were some discrepancies between number of cases reported by VBDU and those by health facility via the R506 national reporting system. Sensitivity of VBDU reports was slightly higher than the reports by the hospital though the overall sensitivity of the whole district was of acceptable quality. Concerning policy recommendations, a substantial shift of budgetary support from the Global Fund to domestic resources was suggested. Health personnel at the hospital should be more emphasized on the utilization of R506 reporting system. In addition, the R506 reporting system and the VBDU system should be harmonized.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116600247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-28DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i2.262968
D. Nugroho, M. Syibli, L. Schoonman, D. Pfeiffer, K. Chanachai, V. Punyapornwithaya
Surveillance system evaluation is essential for the system improvement. The Indonesia government is conducting the animal brucellosis surveillance to determine herd prevalence and detect infected animals in the herd. This study was conducted to evaluate this brucellosis surveillance system using the Outild’analyse des systèmes de surveillance (OASIS) tool. The questionnaire, developed based on the OASIS tool, was sent to officers in charge of the surveillance system at national, regional and local levels. After collection of information, a consensus panel meeting was conducted to validate and summarize the responses. The OASIS tool assessed the level of satisfaction, critical points and attributes of the surveillance system. There were 37 respondents, including 27 provincial, eight regional and two national officers. The respondents were most satisfied with the information dissemination component of the system. They were also satisfied with the utility of the system, laboratory capacity, surveillance tool, data analysis and communication. In contrast, attention was needed for field institutional organization, surveillance procedures and evaluation, sampling points, and representativeness. Corrective actions can be taken and prioritized based on the evaluation findings, focusing at specific elements which did not meet the officers’ expectation.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Indonesian Animal Brucellosis Surveillance System in 2016 using the Outild’analyse des systèmes de surveillance (OASIS) Method","authors":"D. Nugroho, M. Syibli, L. Schoonman, D. Pfeiffer, K. Chanachai, V. Punyapornwithaya","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i2.262968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i2.262968","url":null,"abstract":"Surveillance system evaluation is essential for the system improvement. The Indonesia government is conducting the animal brucellosis surveillance to determine herd prevalence and detect infected animals in the herd. This study was conducted to evaluate this brucellosis surveillance system using the Outild’analyse des systèmes de surveillance (OASIS) tool. The questionnaire, developed based on the OASIS tool, was sent to officers in charge of the surveillance system at national, regional and local levels. After collection of information, a consensus panel meeting was conducted to validate and summarize the responses. The OASIS tool assessed the level of satisfaction, critical points and attributes of the surveillance system. There were 37 respondents, including 27 provincial, eight regional and two national officers. The respondents were most satisfied with the information dissemination component of the system. They were also satisfied with the utility of the system, laboratory capacity, surveillance tool, data analysis and communication. In contrast, attention was needed for field institutional organization, surveillance procedures and evaluation, sampling points, and representativeness. Corrective actions can be taken and prioritized based on the evaluation findings, focusing at specific elements which did not meet the officers’ expectation.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127152645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i1.263021
Yamin Thaung, W. Swaddiwudhipong, Htun Tin, P. Thammawijaya, P. Thitichai, T. C. Tin
Japanese encephalitis (JE) was confirmed in Myanmar since 1974 and sporadic outbreaks have been reported. A descriptive study was conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics of JE among acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases during 2014-2016 and identify potential risk factors for JE infection. The reported AES cases increased from 252 in 2014 to 1,911 in 2016. The annual proportion of JE among AES cases were 22.1-22.6% during 2014-2016. The highest proportion of JE among AES case was found in Rakhine State (44.6%) in 2016. Proportions of JE among AES cases were high in the rural areas, and in children aged 1-14 years. None of AES cases had previous JE vaccination prior to onset. JE infection was confirmed in 53.4% of serum and 47.0% of cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained 3-7 days after onset of illness. In multivariate analysis, people aged one year and above, living in rural areas (Adjusted odds ratio = 2.9, 95% CI = 2.2-4.0) and having chickens and/or ducks in/nearby house (Adjusted odds ratio = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-1.9) were significantly associated with JE positivity among AES cases. An effective immunization campaign should be implemented nationwide, with prioritization given to the most affected areas and those aged 1-14 years.
自1974年以来，缅甸确认了日本脑炎，并报告了零星暴发。通过描述性研究确定2014-2016年急性脑炎综合征(AES)病例乙脑的流行病学特征，并确定乙脑感染的潜在危险因素。报告的AES病例从2014年的252例增加到2016年的1911例。2014-2016年，乙脑占AES病例的年比例为22.1-22.6%。2016年AES病例中乙脑比例最高的是若开邦(44.6%)。乙脑在ae病例中的比例在农村地区和1-14岁儿童中较高。所有AES病例发病前均未接种过乙脑疫苗。发病后3 ~ 7天采集的血清和脑脊液标本中分别有53.4%和47.0%的人感染乙脑。在多因素分析中，1岁及以上、居住在农村地区(调整优势比= 2.9,95% CI = 2.2-4.0)和附近有鸡和/或鸭(调整优势比= 1.4,95% CI = 1.0-1.9)的人群与AES病例中的乙脑阳性显著相关。应在全国范围内实施有效的免疫运动，优先考虑受影响最严重的地区和1-14岁的儿童。
{"title":"Epidemiological Features of Japanese Encephalitis among Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Cases in Myanmar, 2014-2016: Implications to the Vaccination Program","authors":"Yamin Thaung, W. Swaddiwudhipong, Htun Tin, P. Thammawijaya, P. Thitichai, T. C. Tin","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i1.263021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i1.263021","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese encephalitis (JE) was confirmed in Myanmar since 1974 and sporadic outbreaks have been reported. A descriptive study was conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics of JE among acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases during 2014-2016 and identify potential risk factors for JE infection. The reported AES cases increased from 252 in 2014 to 1,911 in 2016. The annual proportion of JE among AES cases were 22.1-22.6% during 2014-2016. The highest proportion of JE among AES case was found in Rakhine State (44.6%) in 2016. Proportions of JE among AES cases were high in the rural areas, and in children aged 1-14 years. None of AES cases had previous JE vaccination prior to onset. JE infection was confirmed in 53.4% of serum and 47.0% of cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained 3-7 days after onset of illness. In multivariate analysis, people aged one year and above, living in rural areas (Adjusted odds ratio = 2.9, 95% CI = 2.2-4.0) and having chickens and/or ducks in/nearby house (Adjusted odds ratio = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-1.9) were significantly associated with JE positivity among AES cases. An effective immunization campaign should be implemented nationwide, with prioritization given to the most affected areas and those aged 1-14 years.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114335745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.59096/osir.v12i1.263016
Pirun Chutipongvivate, Pongpon Homkong, K. Chanachai
While surgical sterilization is applied in the animal birth control program, Chiang Mai Municipality, with limited resources under field condition, there was concern about complications in post-operative wound healing. This study aimed to describe the incidence of wound complication after surgical sterilization and evaluate the associated risk factors. The investigators conducted a cross-sectional study on the owners and animals participated in the program from March to June 2017. The investigators recorded wound complications and possible risk factors for seven days after the operation, and assessed those factors using risk ratios (RR) with 95% level of confidence. Out of total 141 owners of 252 animals included in this study, 15 (6.0%) animals had post-operative wound complications. Animal receiving cefazolin injection prior to the operation was 0.36 times (95% CI = 0.14–0.97) likely to have wound healing complication than those received penicillin with dihydrostreptomycin. Complete course of either antibiotic or anti-inflammatory drug after the operation could protect animals from wound complications (RR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.05–0.43). Among female animals, midline incision had lower incidence of complication than flank incision (RR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07-0.77). In conclusion, there were 6% of post-operative wound complications in this program. Monitoring of wound complications should be included in every surgical sterilization campaign.
虽然在动物节育项目中应用了手术绝育，但清迈市在野外条件下资源有限，存在手术后伤口愈合并发症的担忧。本研究旨在描述手术消毒后伤口并发症的发生率，并评估相关危险因素。调查人员在2017年3月至6月期间对参与该计划的主人和动物进行了横断面研究。调查人员记录术后7天的伤口并发症和可能的危险因素，并使用95%置信水平的风险比(RR)对这些因素进行评估。在这项研究中，共有141名252只动物的主人中，15只(6.0%)动物出现了术后伤口并发症。术前使用头孢唑林注射液的动物出现伤口愈合并发症的可能性是使用青霉素和双氢链霉素的动物的0.36倍(95% CI = 0.14 ~ 0.97)。术后使用抗生素或消炎药完成疗程均可保护动物免受伤口并发症(RR = 0.15;95% ci = 0.05-0.43)。雌性动物中线切口并发症发生率低于侧腹切口(RR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07 ~ 0.77)。总之，在这个方案中有6%的术后伤口并发症。伤口并发症的监测应包括在每次手术消毒运动。
{"title":"Risk Factors Associated with Post-operative Wound Complications in the Animal Birth Control Program, Chiang Mai Municipality, Thailand, 2017","authors":"Pirun Chutipongvivate, Pongpon Homkong, K. Chanachai","doi":"10.59096/osir.v12i1.263016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v12i1.263016","url":null,"abstract":"While surgical sterilization is applied in the animal birth control program, Chiang Mai Municipality, with limited resources under field condition, there was concern about complications in post-operative wound healing. This study aimed to describe the incidence of wound complication after surgical sterilization and evaluate the associated risk factors. The investigators conducted a cross-sectional study on the owners and animals participated in the program from March to June 2017. The investigators recorded wound complications and possible risk factors for seven days after the operation, and assessed those factors using risk ratios (RR) with 95% level of confidence. Out of total 141 owners of 252 animals included in this study, 15 (6.0%) animals had post-operative wound complications. Animal receiving cefazolin injection prior to the operation was 0.36 times (95% CI = 0.14–0.97) likely to have wound healing complication than those received penicillin with dihydrostreptomycin. Complete course of either antibiotic or anti-inflammatory drug after the operation could protect animals from wound complications (RR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.05–0.43). Among female animals, midline incision had lower incidence of complication than flank incision (RR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07-0.77). In conclusion, there were 6% of post-operative wound complications in this program. Monitoring of wound complications should be included in every surgical sterilization campaign.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130973796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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