Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i3.262527
Y. Sylla, M. Diané, Valey Edgard Adjogoua, H. Kadjo, M. Dosso
Dengue fever is a major public health problem in the world, because it is especially endemic in the tropical and subtropical areas. Arbovirus infection is less well documented in African countries. We aimed to assess the distribution of patients in the dengue epidemic and the seroprevalence of different serotypes of the circulating dengue virus. A retrospective study included analyses of human blood samples sent to the National Reference Laboratory for diagnosis during dengue infection outbreak. Samples were screened by IgM capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA) or by RT-PCR. Of the 2,849 serum samples from suspected dengue cases, 2,297 (80.6%) were from Abidjan. The seroprevalence of dengue was (15.1%) during this epidemic. The seroprevalence of dengue virus serotypes in cocirculation was predominated by DENV-2 with 189 cases (6.6%), followed by DENV-3 77 cases (2.7%), and DENV-1 14 cases (0.5%). The seroprevalence in children was 8.7% compared to 19.0% in adults. The age group of 16 to less than 45 years accounted for 54.0% of total positive cases. In addition, positive peak was observed in July (28.3%) and Abidjan East was the most affected locality. The increasing trend of serotypes of the dengue virus cocirculation suggests that Abidjan is becoming a hyperendemic state from an endemic one.
{"title":"Dengue Outbreaks in Abidjan: Seroprevalence and Cocirculating of Three Serotypes in 2017","authors":"Y. Sylla, M. Diané, Valey Edgard Adjogoua, H. Kadjo, M. Dosso","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i3.262527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i3.262527","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue fever is a major public health problem in the world, because it is especially endemic in the tropical and subtropical areas. Arbovirus infection is less well documented in African countries. We aimed to assess the distribution of patients in the dengue epidemic and the seroprevalence of different serotypes of the circulating dengue virus. A retrospective study included analyses of human blood samples sent to the National Reference Laboratory for diagnosis during dengue infection outbreak. Samples were screened by IgM capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA) or by RT-PCR. Of the 2,849 serum samples from suspected dengue cases, 2,297 (80.6%) were from Abidjan. The seroprevalence of dengue was (15.1%) during this epidemic. The seroprevalence of dengue virus serotypes in cocirculation was predominated by DENV-2 with 189 cases (6.6%), followed by DENV-3 77 cases (2.7%), and DENV-1 14 cases (0.5%). The seroprevalence in children was 8.7% compared to 19.0% in adults. The age group of 16 to less than 45 years accounted for 54.0% of total positive cases. In addition, positive peak was observed in July (28.3%) and Abidjan East was the most affected locality. The increasing trend of serotypes of the dengue virus cocirculation suggests that Abidjan is becoming a hyperendemic state from an endemic one.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116265545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i3.262529
T. Thamarangsi, Payao Phonsuk, R. Suphanchaimat, N. Rajatanavin
The need for medical oxygen in Thailand tends to be increasing due to rising coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. An analysis of oxygen supply and demand can provide a useful insight into the demand for oxygen therapy during the pandemic. To overcome the oxygen supply crisis, the government needs to address the shortage of related equipment, such as oxygen cylinders, generators and concentrators, which are mostly used for home and community isolations and also in field hospitals. We recommend that the government should dramatically increase the capacity for oxygen production as well as the production of related equipment. Furthermore, mechanisms to ensure adequate and equitable distribution of oxygen therapy should be in place. A promotion of domestic research and development to increase the capacity of oxygen production and ensure equitable oxygen distribution is urgently needed.
{"title":"Analysis of Oxygen Supply and Demand amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Thailand, 2021","authors":"T. Thamarangsi, Payao Phonsuk, R. Suphanchaimat, N. Rajatanavin","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i3.262529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i3.262529","url":null,"abstract":"The need for medical oxygen in Thailand tends to be increasing due to rising coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. An analysis of oxygen supply and demand can provide a useful insight into the demand for oxygen therapy during the pandemic. To overcome the oxygen supply crisis, the government needs to address the shortage of related equipment, such as oxygen cylinders, generators and concentrators, which are mostly used for home and community isolations and also in field hospitals. We recommend that the government should dramatically increase the capacity for oxygen production as well as the production of related equipment. Furthermore, mechanisms to ensure adequate and equitable distribution of oxygen therapy should be in place. A promotion of domestic research and development to increase the capacity of oxygen production and ensure equitable oxygen distribution is urgently needed.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129053801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In April 2019, a cluster of prisoners with muscle weakness and palpitation was detected at Prison A in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. An investigation was conducted to describe epidemiological characteristics, and to provide appropriate control measures. A descriptive cross-sectional study was done. Suspected cases were prisoners or prison officers who had at least one of the following manifestations: muscle weakness, palpitation, fatigue, increased perspiration, weight loss, or tachycardia during 1 Jan to 30 Sep 2019. Confirmed cases were suspected cases who had low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. We interviewed food suppliers and examined the food ingredients. Food samples were collected to test for thyroid hormone. Thirty confirmed cases and 61 suspected cases were found. The overall attack rate was 4.6%. Only male prisoners were affected. The majority of the cases had low TSH and low serum potassium levels. All cases had a history of eating pork offals. Pork offal was suspected as the cause of elevated tri-iodothyronine (T3) and levothyroxine (T4) levels. Establishing standard of food quality for food supplier and evaluation of food material could prevent future outbreaks.
{"title":"A Cluster of Thyrotoxicosis, Presenting with Muscle Weakness, at a Prison in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand, 2019","authors":"Pitikhun Setapura, Thanit Rattanathumsakul, Onpirun Yurachai, Khanittha Punturee","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i3.262522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i3.262522","url":null,"abstract":"In April 2019, a cluster of prisoners with muscle weakness and palpitation was detected at Prison A in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. An investigation was conducted to describe epidemiological characteristics, and to provide appropriate control measures. A descriptive cross-sectional study was done. Suspected cases were prisoners or prison officers who had at least one of the following manifestations: muscle weakness, palpitation, fatigue, increased perspiration, weight loss, or tachycardia during 1 Jan to 30 Sep 2019. Confirmed cases were suspected cases who had low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. We interviewed food suppliers and examined the food ingredients. Food samples were collected to test for thyroid hormone. Thirty confirmed cases and 61 suspected cases were found. The overall attack rate was 4.6%. Only male prisoners were affected. The majority of the cases had low TSH and low serum potassium levels. All cases had a history of eating pork offals. Pork offal was suspected as the cause of elevated tri-iodothyronine (T3) and levothyroxine (T4) levels. Establishing standard of food quality for food supplier and evaluation of food material could prevent future outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132247058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i2.262687
P. Dejburum, Ratchadaporn Papwijitsil, Sirima Thananun, R. Suphanchaimat
On 23 Mar 2020, the Situation Awareness Team of the Emergency Operations Center, Department of Disease Control, was notified that a 44-year-old Thai male, who was infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had died in a private hospital in Bangkok, and there was a suspicion that some healthcare workers were infected with SARS-CoV-2 following his death. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. We reviewed medical records of the index case, interviewed relatives of the index case, and performed contact tracing using a standard questionnaire. We could identify 206 high-risk contacts. Twenty out of 206 high-risk contacts were then found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. Fifteen of them were healthcare workers, two of them were current inpatients, and the other three were household contacts. The likely cause of disease spreading was the missed diagnosis of COVID-19 as the index case did not present with upper respiratory tract symptoms at the first visit to the hospital. Meal sharing among healthcare workers and sharing of a portable chest X-ray machine without proper protective equipment potentially served as other causes of COVID-19 spreading.
{"title":"Impact of a Missed Diagnosed COVID-19 Patient on Healthcare Workers at a Private Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, 2020","authors":"P. Dejburum, Ratchadaporn Papwijitsil, Sirima Thananun, R. Suphanchaimat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i2.262687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i2.262687","url":null,"abstract":"On 23 Mar 2020, the Situation Awareness Team of the Emergency Operations Center, Department of Disease Control, was notified that a 44-year-old Thai male, who was infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had died in a private hospital in Bangkok, and there was a suspicion that some healthcare workers were infected with SARS-CoV-2 following his death. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. We reviewed medical records of the index case, interviewed relatives of the index case, and performed contact tracing using a standard questionnaire. We could identify 206 high-risk contacts. Twenty out of 206 high-risk contacts were then found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. Fifteen of them were healthcare workers, two of them were current inpatients, and the other three were household contacts. The likely cause of disease spreading was the missed diagnosis of COVID-19 as the index case did not present with upper respiratory tract symptoms at the first visit to the hospital. Meal sharing among healthcare workers and sharing of a portable chest X-ray machine without proper protective equipment potentially served as other causes of COVID-19 spreading.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130989381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i2.262674
Manoj Kumar Shahi, K. Boonyo, V. Wongphruksasoong, M. Upadhyaya, Sujan Rana, S. Karki, Samjhana K. Kafle, S. Kafle
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and significantly impacts the livelihood of farmers, national economy, and trade of Nepal. However, outbreak investigations are not frequently conducted, and there have been limited studies to understand the associated risk factors. A case-control study was performed in dairy cattle farms of Shankharapur and Kageshwari Municipalities, Kathmandu from March to April 2020 to describe the outbreak and identify the risk factors associated with FMD. There were 31 case farms, while 62 farms were selected as control farms (1:2). The information from case and control farms was collected by semi-structured questionnaire survey through field visits and observations. The univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. The farm-level prevalence of FMD was 25.2% (n=31/123). Among the FMD affected farms, the proportion of positive farms in Shankharapur (61.3% (19/31)) was significantly higher than Kageshwori (38.7% (12/31)). The final multivariable logistic regression analysis identified four variables: cattle purchased within 14 days (OR=12.9; CI=2.4-69.5), milk market distance less than two kilometers from the farm (OR=32.7; CI=5.8-186.3), sharing of the bull from other farms for natural insemination (OR=5.7; CI=1.2-26.8), and no vaccination against FMD in the past six months (OR=19.1; CI=2.0-186.2) as significant risk factors for the occurrence of FMD. This study suggests farmers vaccinate their dairy cattle with FMD vaccine as per the vaccination schedule suggested by the veterinarians, practice quarantine measures when new animals are introduced to their farms, practice biosecurity measures in their farms, and do not use bulls from areas where there are ongoing FMD outbreaks.
{"title":"Investigation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Cattle from Kageshwari and Shankharapur Municipalities, of Kathmandu, Nepal and Associated Risk Factors from March to April 2020","authors":"Manoj Kumar Shahi, K. Boonyo, V. Wongphruksasoong, M. Upadhyaya, Sujan Rana, S. Karki, Samjhana K. Kafle, S. Kafle","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i2.262674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i2.262674","url":null,"abstract":"Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and significantly impacts the livelihood of farmers, national economy, and trade of Nepal. However, outbreak investigations are not frequently conducted, and there have been limited studies to understand the associated risk factors. A case-control study was performed in dairy cattle farms of Shankharapur and Kageshwari Municipalities, Kathmandu from March to April 2020 to describe the outbreak and identify the risk factors associated with FMD. There were 31 case farms, while 62 farms were selected as control farms (1:2). The information from case and control farms was collected by semi-structured questionnaire survey through field visits and observations. The univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. The farm-level prevalence of FMD was 25.2% (n=31/123). Among the FMD affected farms, the proportion of positive farms in Shankharapur (61.3% (19/31)) was significantly higher than Kageshwori (38.7% (12/31)). The final multivariable logistic regression analysis identified four variables: cattle purchased within 14 days (OR=12.9; CI=2.4-69.5), milk market distance less than two kilometers from the farm (OR=32.7; CI=5.8-186.3), sharing of the bull from other farms for natural insemination (OR=5.7; CI=1.2-26.8), and no vaccination against FMD in the past six months (OR=19.1; CI=2.0-186.2) as significant risk factors for the occurrence of FMD. This study suggests farmers vaccinate their dairy cattle with FMD vaccine as per the vaccination schedule suggested by the veterinarians, practice quarantine measures when new animals are introduced to their farms, practice biosecurity measures in their farms, and do not use bulls from areas where there are ongoing FMD outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130237170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i2.262689
P. Sriphiromya, S. Wechwithan
In 1984, the Health Product Vigilance Center of Thailand was established and has continuously collected adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports across the country. Severe drug-induced skin reactions with dimenhydrinate can result in death in some cases. All ADRs with dimenhydrinate from 1 Jan 1993 to 31 Dec 2016 were reviewed. Characteristics and system organ class ADRs from 7,282 patients were described. Most patients had no history of allergy (77%) and no underlying disease (83%) and the majority were female (75%). Skin appendage ADRs were the most commonly reported (52%) events and 1,431 reports were severe skin ADRs, including bullous fixed drug eruption (89%) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (9%). Among patients who received dimenhydrinate and had ADRs, 63% completely recovered and 0.18% died. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients aged more than 65 years or having a history of allergy were more likely to have a serious ADR than those in the other groups. Dimenhydrinate must be avoided or used with vigilance when prescribed to the elderly or patients with a history of allergy due to its seriousness.
{"title":"Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Dimenhydrinate, Thailand, 1993-2016","authors":"P. Sriphiromya, S. Wechwithan","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i2.262689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i2.262689","url":null,"abstract":"In 1984, the Health Product Vigilance Center of Thailand was established and has continuously collected adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports across the country. Severe drug-induced skin reactions with dimenhydrinate can result in death in some cases. All ADRs with dimenhydrinate from 1 Jan 1993 to 31 Dec 2016 were reviewed. Characteristics and system organ class ADRs from 7,282 patients were described. Most patients had no history of allergy (77%) and no underlying disease (83%) and the majority were female (75%). Skin appendage ADRs were the most commonly reported (52%) events and 1,431 reports were severe skin ADRs, including bullous fixed drug eruption (89%) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (9%). Among patients who received dimenhydrinate and had ADRs, 63% completely recovered and 0.18% died. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients aged more than 65 years or having a history of allergy were more likely to have a serious ADR than those in the other groups. Dimenhydrinate must be avoided or used with vigilance when prescribed to the elderly or patients with a history of allergy due to its seriousness.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133683546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i2.262643
Watinee Kunpeuk, Sataporn Julchoo, Mathudara Phaiyarom, Jeerapa Sosom, Pigunkeaw Sinam, Thitiporn Sukaew, N. Rajatanavin, R. Suphanchaimat, P. Thammawijaya, S. Siriruttanapruk
Pneumoconiosis is one of the most common occupational lung diseases in Thailand and worldwide. Workplace exposure to asbestos and silica is the main contributor to the prevalence of occupational pneumoconiosis. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of occupational exposure to asbestos and silica among industrial workers in Thailand. A scoping literature review searched MEDLINE and universities in Thailand. The results from screening 113 were 11 studies selected for further review. Ten studies were cross-sectional and only one study was a retrospective cohort study. Four studies focused on asbestos exposure, whereas seven studies measured silica exposure. From four asbestos exposure studies, three studies showed a higher than standard exposure limit. From seven studies on silica exposure, four studies showed the measured exposure was above the standard level. However, the prevalence of exposure among people working in low-risk areas was not presented. The standard protocol of asbestos and silica exposure measurement was reported. The results showed that the average asbestos and silica exposure exceeded occupational exposure limits stated in either international or national guidelines. The highest level of asbestos exposure was found in a brake pad factory (9.95 fibres/cc). The highest amount of total silica dust was reported in a stone grinding factory (24.3 mg/m3). Prevention measures and active surveillance programs should be in place for all populations at risk. National surveys on occupational exposure of asbestos and silica are needed to explore current industrial practices and their compliance according to the standard national exposure limit.
{"title":"A Scoping Review on Occupational Exposure of Silica and Asbestos among Industrial Workers in Thailand","authors":"Watinee Kunpeuk, Sataporn Julchoo, Mathudara Phaiyarom, Jeerapa Sosom, Pigunkeaw Sinam, Thitiporn Sukaew, N. Rajatanavin, R. Suphanchaimat, P. Thammawijaya, S. Siriruttanapruk","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i2.262643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i2.262643","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumoconiosis is one of the most common occupational lung diseases in Thailand and worldwide. Workplace exposure to asbestos and silica is the main contributor to the prevalence of occupational pneumoconiosis. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of occupational exposure to asbestos and silica among industrial workers in Thailand. A scoping literature review searched MEDLINE and universities in Thailand. The results from screening 113 were 11 studies selected for further review. Ten studies were cross-sectional and only one study was a retrospective cohort study. Four studies focused on asbestos exposure, whereas seven studies measured silica exposure. From four asbestos exposure studies, three studies showed a higher than standard exposure limit. From seven studies on silica exposure, four studies showed the measured exposure was above the standard level. However, the prevalence of exposure among people working in low-risk areas was not presented. The standard protocol of asbestos and silica exposure measurement was reported. The results showed that the average asbestos and silica exposure exceeded occupational exposure limits stated in either international or national guidelines. The highest level of asbestos exposure was found in a brake pad factory (9.95 fibres/cc). The highest amount of total silica dust was reported in a stone grinding factory (24.3 mg/m3). Prevention measures and active surveillance programs should be in place for all populations at risk. National surveys on occupational exposure of asbestos and silica are needed to explore current industrial practices and their compliance according to the standard national exposure limit.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121780665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i2.262691
Suwannachai Wattanayingcharoenchai, Titiporn Tuangratananon, R. Suphanchaimat
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in Thailand in January 2020 with the situation worsening during March-April 2020. The government decided to lockdown most public places, including schools and daycare nurseries even though the proportion of cases in under 15-year-old was small (about 2.8%). Evidence at the global level did not reach consensus on how to manage school openings properly. The Department of Health of the Ministry of Public Health has delivered school guidelines for the prevention and control of COVID-19. The modelling team of the Department of Disease Control demonstrated that the risk of an infective presenting with a long incubation period (more than seven days) was approximately 12%. This figure reduced to only 1% if a fourteen-day cutoff was applied. The infectivity risk did not depend on the incubation period alone, but greatly relied on the ability of a school to detect a case. With a timely and comprehensive detection rate (close to 100%), a seven-day closure policy yielded almost the same infectivity risk as a fourteen-day closure policy. Policy makers should bring the issues of health, education, and the social impact of children to the table and identify the most appropriate measures to control COVID-19 while ensuring the best quality of life of a child.
{"title":"School Management in Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019","authors":"Suwannachai Wattanayingcharoenchai, Titiporn Tuangratananon, R. Suphanchaimat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i2.262691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i2.262691","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in Thailand in January 2020 with the situation worsening during March-April 2020. The government decided to lockdown most public places, including schools and daycare nurseries even though the proportion of cases in under 15-year-old was small (about 2.8%). Evidence at the global level did not reach consensus on how to manage school openings properly. The Department of Health of the Ministry of Public Health has delivered school guidelines for the prevention and control of COVID-19. The modelling team of the Department of Disease Control demonstrated that the risk of an infective presenting with a long incubation period (more than seven days) was approximately 12%. This figure reduced to only 1% if a fourteen-day cutoff was applied. The infectivity risk did not depend on the incubation period alone, but greatly relied on the ability of a school to detect a case. With a timely and comprehensive detection rate (close to 100%), a seven-day closure policy yielded almost the same infectivity risk as a fourteen-day closure policy. Policy makers should bring the issues of health, education, and the social impact of children to the table and identify the most appropriate measures to control COVID-19 while ensuring the best quality of life of a child.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128864019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i1.262697
S. Sirikhetkon, Manash Shrestha, P. Okada, K. Prasert, Poolsap Phonsingh, Suthee Intharachat, Anek Mungomklang
The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of saliva for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes among people in state-sponsored quarantine in Thailand. A cohort of 233 Thais in state-sponsored quarantine in Bangkok was enrolled into the study. Baseline demographic characteristics, presence of underlying diseases, and symptoms related to COVID-19 were collected on day 1 of the quarantine. Saliva specimens and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs collected on day 7 at the quarantine premises were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Overall, the viral RNA was detected in 32 (13.7%) NP swab samples, but only in 12 (5.2%) of the saliva samples. No person had NP negative but saliva positive result. Among the SARS-CoV-2 infected cases, nearly 20% had COVID-19-like illness and around 80% were asymptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity of saliva specimen were found to be 37.5% (95% confidence interval (CI)=21.1-56.3%) and 100% (95% CI=98.2-100%), respectively compared to the NP swab specimens. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was found to be 0.7 (95% CI=0.6-0.8). Our findings indicate that despite no false-positives, a high false-negative rate can occur with saliva specimen due to its low sensitivity, which limits its application in ruling out SARS-CoV-2 infection in quarantine settings.
{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Saliva for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in State-sponsored Quarantine in Thailand","authors":"S. Sirikhetkon, Manash Shrestha, P. Okada, K. Prasert, Poolsap Phonsingh, Suthee Intharachat, Anek Mungomklang","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i1.262697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i1.262697","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of saliva for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes among people in state-sponsored quarantine in Thailand. A cohort of 233 Thais in state-sponsored quarantine in Bangkok was enrolled into the study. Baseline demographic characteristics, presence of underlying diseases, and symptoms related to COVID-19 were collected on day 1 of the quarantine. Saliva specimens and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs collected on day 7 at the quarantine premises were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Overall, the viral RNA was detected in 32 (13.7%) NP swab samples, but only in 12 (5.2%) of the saliva samples. No person had NP negative but saliva positive result. Among the SARS-CoV-2 infected cases, nearly 20% had COVID-19-like illness and around 80% were asymptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity of saliva specimen were found to be 37.5% (95% confidence interval (CI)=21.1-56.3%) and 100% (95% CI=98.2-100%), respectively compared to the NP swab specimens. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was found to be 0.7 (95% CI=0.6-0.8). Our findings indicate that despite no false-positives, a high false-negative rate can occur with saliva specimen due to its low sensitivity, which limits its application in ruling out SARS-CoV-2 infection in quarantine settings.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125771174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.59096/osir.v14i1.262785
Nisha Chowdhury, M. Billah, A. Sarker, A. Akram, T. Shirin, M. Flora
A sudden increase in patients with acute febrile illness (AFI) in Rangamati General Hospital in June 2018 prompted an investigation to confirm the unusual occurrence of this condition, to identify the cause, and to recommend control measures. All patients had acute onset of fever and joint pain. We used our review of hospital records, interviews of active cases in hospital and the community, and environmental and entomological investigations to generate a hypothesis of possible etiologic agents. Blood samples were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. We identified 51 AFI cases in Rangamati Hill District, of which 64.7% were male, 25.5% were aged 21-30 years, and 76.5% were in the community. The outbreak lasted from 27 May to 19 Jun 2018. We concluded that chikungunya caused the outbreak in Rangamati because the AFI cases had fever, joint pain, rash and headache. Twenty-one (41.1%) of the cases were positive for chikungunya virus and Aedes aegypti larvae were found in the households near the cases. This was the first report of chikungunya in this municipal area. We recommended increased public awareness to reduce mosquito breeding places near houses, distributing leaflets on chikungunya disease and using insecticide treated nets.
2018年6月，兰加马蒂总医院(Rangamati General Hospital)急性发热性疾病(AFI)患者突然增加，促使开展了一项调查，以确认这种情况的不寻常发生，确定原因，并建议采取控制措施。所有患者均有急性发热和关节疼痛。我们回顾了医院记录，访问了医院和社区的活跃病例，并进行了环境和昆虫学调查，得出了可能的病原假设。采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对血样进行基孔肯雅、登革热和寨卡病毒检测。我们在Rangamati Hill区发现51例AFI病例，其中64.7%为男性，25.5%为21-30岁，76.5%为社区。疫情从2018年5月27日持续至6月19日。我们的结论是基孔肯雅热引起了兰加马提的暴发，因为AFI病例有发热、关节痛、皮疹和头痛。基孔肯雅病毒阳性21例(41.1%)，病例附近家庭中发现埃及伊蚊幼虫。这是该市首次报告基孔肯雅热。我们建议提高公众意识，减少房屋附近的蚊虫滋生地，散发基孔肯雅病传单，并使用经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐。
{"title":"The First Outbreak of Chikungunya in a Hilly District in Bangladesh, 2018","authors":"Nisha Chowdhury, M. Billah, A. Sarker, A. Akram, T. Shirin, M. Flora","doi":"10.59096/osir.v14i1.262785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v14i1.262785","url":null,"abstract":"A sudden increase in patients with acute febrile illness (AFI) in Rangamati General Hospital in June 2018 prompted an investigation to confirm the unusual occurrence of this condition, to identify the cause, and to recommend control measures. All patients had acute onset of fever and joint pain. We used our review of hospital records, interviews of active cases in hospital and the community, and environmental and entomological investigations to generate a hypothesis of possible etiologic agents. Blood samples were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. We identified 51 AFI cases in Rangamati Hill District, of which 64.7% were male, 25.5% were aged 21-30 years, and 76.5% were in the community. The outbreak lasted from 27 May to 19 Jun 2018. We concluded that chikungunya caused the outbreak in Rangamati because the AFI cases had fever, joint pain, rash and headache. Twenty-one (41.1%) of the cases were positive for chikungunya virus and Aedes aegypti larvae were found in the households near the cases. This was the first report of chikungunya in this municipal area. We recommended increased public awareness to reduce mosquito breeding places near houses, distributing leaflets on chikungunya disease and using insecticide treated nets.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122636184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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