Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i3.262364
Mohammad Gazi Shah Alam, M. Billah, A. R. Sharif, Sharmin Sultana, S. Shano, M. Rahman, A. Islam, A. Alamgir, T. Shirin, M. Flora
Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential due to its human-to-human transmission. In Bangladesh, where NiV infection is frequent, NiV spillover from fruit bats to humans usually occurs in winter. This study aimed to describe the magnitude and scope of a NiV outbreak in February 2019, identify the source of infection, and contain the spread of disease. We interviewed the cases’ family members, conducted verbal autopsies, and collected samples for laboratory tests. Five family members reported died from, at the time, an unknown disease. All had fever, altered mental status, vomiting and diarrhea. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed NiV in one person. We suspected secondary transmission occurred when the family traveled with the primary case from their house to the hospital by ambulance. The trip took 8.5 hours and no one wore a face mask or gloves. The secondary attack rate among ambulance travelers was 67%. In this outbreak, NiV was transmitted human-to-human among riders in the ambulance. We recommend that everyone should use protective measures while traveling with suspected NiV infected patients to reduce the risk of transmission. Strengthening the existing Nipah virus surveillance system may generate earlier notification and response to contain further transmission.
{"title":"Secondary Human-to-human Transmission of Nipah Virus in an Ambulance, Northwestern Bangladesh, February 2019","authors":"Mohammad Gazi Shah Alam, M. Billah, A. R. Sharif, Sharmin Sultana, S. Shano, M. Rahman, A. Islam, A. Alamgir, T. Shirin, M. Flora","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i3.262364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i3.262364","url":null,"abstract":"Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential due to its human-to-human transmission. In Bangladesh, where NiV infection is frequent, NiV spillover from fruit bats to humans usually occurs in winter. This study aimed to describe the magnitude and scope of a NiV outbreak in February 2019, identify the source of infection, and contain the spread of disease. We interviewed the cases’ family members, conducted verbal autopsies, and collected samples for laboratory tests. Five family members reported died from, at the time, an unknown disease. All had fever, altered mental status, vomiting and diarrhea. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed NiV in one person. We suspected secondary transmission occurred when the family traveled with the primary case from their house to the hospital by ambulance. The trip took 8.5 hours and no one wore a face mask or gloves. The secondary attack rate among ambulance travelers was 67%. In this outbreak, NiV was transmitted human-to-human among riders in the ambulance. We recommend that everyone should use protective measures while traveling with suspected NiV infected patients to reduce the risk of transmission. Strengthening the existing Nipah virus surveillance system may generate earlier notification and response to contain further transmission.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123022541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i3.262358
Jafrin Jahed Jiti, M. Billah, Mahbubur Rahman, Rashedul Hassan, Z. H. Habib, A. Alamgir, A. Henderson, T. Shirin
On 7 Jan 2021, the health manager at Bheramara, Bangladesh, notified the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research that 18 people were hospitalized for acute gastrointestinal illness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to describe the outbreak and identify its source and took actions to contain it. Cases ate lunch after a funeral service on 5 January in Bheramara and had three or more loose stools in 24 hours, and vomiting or abdominal cramps after 5 January. We interviewed attendees with a semi-structured questionnaire. A Food Safety Inspector examined the food preparation areas. Stool and water samples were tested for enteric pathogens. Food-specific-attack rates, risk ratios, and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Common symptoms were diarrhea (94%) and vomiting (42%). The median incubation period was 16 hours (range 7–23). The attack rate of lunch attendees was 62% (72/117) with one death. Attendees who ate the second serving of rice had significantly higher risk of having acute gastrointestinal illness than those who did not (risk ratio 2.59, 95% CI 1.06–6.34). No pathogenic organism was isolated from stool and water samples. We suspected inadequately stored cooked rice was the source of the outbreak. We recommend proper cooking and storage of rice in a clean environment to prevent future outbreaks.
2021年1月7日，孟加拉国比拉马拉的卫生管理人员通知流行病学、疾病控制和研究所，有18人因急性胃肠道疾病住院。我们进行了一项回顾性队列研究，以描述疫情并确定其来源，并采取措施控制疫情。病例于1月5日在Bheramara参加葬礼后吃了午餐，24小时内出现三次或更多稀便，1月5日之后出现呕吐或腹部痉挛。我们用半结构化问卷采访了与会者。一名食品安全检查员检查了食品制备区。对粪便和水样进行肠道病原体检测。计算食物特异性攻击率、风险比和95%置信区间(CI)。常见症状为腹泻(94%)和呕吐(42%)。中位潜伏期为16小时(范围7-23小时)。午餐参与者的发病率为62%(72/117)，死亡1例。吃第二份米饭的参与者患急性胃肠道疾病的风险明显高于不吃米饭的参与者(风险比2.59,95% CI 1.06-6.34)。粪便和水样未检出致病菌。我们怀疑未妥善储存的煮熟米饭是爆发的根源。我们建议在清洁的环境中妥善烹调和储存大米，以防止未来爆发疫情。
{"title":"An Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak from Rice, Bangladesh, January 2021","authors":"Jafrin Jahed Jiti, M. Billah, Mahbubur Rahman, Rashedul Hassan, Z. H. Habib, A. Alamgir, A. Henderson, T. Shirin","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i3.262358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i3.262358","url":null,"abstract":"On 7 Jan 2021, the health manager at Bheramara, Bangladesh, notified the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research that 18 people were hospitalized for acute gastrointestinal illness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to describe the outbreak and identify its source and took actions to contain it. Cases ate lunch after a funeral service on 5 January in Bheramara and had three or more loose stools in 24 hours, and vomiting or abdominal cramps after 5 January. We interviewed attendees with a semi-structured questionnaire. A Food Safety Inspector examined the food preparation areas. Stool and water samples were tested for enteric pathogens. Food-specific-attack rates, risk ratios, and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Common symptoms were diarrhea (94%) and vomiting (42%). The median incubation period was 16 hours (range 7–23). The attack rate of lunch attendees was 62% (72/117) with one death. Attendees who ate the second serving of rice had significantly higher risk of having acute gastrointestinal illness than those who did not (risk ratio 2.59, 95% CI 1.06–6.34). No pathogenic organism was isolated from stool and water samples. We suspected inadequately stored cooked rice was the source of the outbreak. We recommend proper cooking and storage of rice in a clean environment to prevent future outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127812807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 31 May 2019, the Division of Epidemiology (DoE) was notified of a confirmed extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) case in Bangkok. The DoE and local teams conducted a joint investigation to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the case, identify possible source cases and contacts, and implement control measures. A descriptive study was performed among cases and close contacts by interviewing and reviewing the medical records using a standard case definition. An environmental study was performed at the case's house, workplaces, and tuberculosis (TB) clinic. The TB drugs were tested to analyze the content of active ingredients and dissolution. The case was a 36-year-old Thai male. In 2011, he was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and had received inappropriate treatment. He developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) eight months later and XDR-TB in May 2019 with delayed hospital admission. Two possible source cases, both co-workers of the index case, were identified. Of 21 contacts, 13 were screened with a chest x-ray and found to have no abnormality. At the TB-clinic, drugs were stored in a room with inappropriate levels of temperature and humidity; however, the content of active ingredients and dissolution of TB drugs were within normal limits. Early hospital admission and monitoring of drug stockpile environments according to standard guidelines are recommended.
{"title":"An Investigation of Extensively Drug - resistant Tuberculosis: Revealing Potential Improvements for Tuberculosis Control Program","authors":"Suphanat Wongsanuphat, Charuttaporn Jitpeera, Orathai Suwanchairob, Wannisa Theprongthong, P. Tantiworrawit, Panithee Thammavijaya","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i3.262368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i3.262368","url":null,"abstract":"On 31 May 2019, the Division of Epidemiology (DoE) was notified of a confirmed extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) case in Bangkok. The DoE and local teams conducted a joint investigation to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the case, identify possible source cases and contacts, and implement control measures. A descriptive study was performed among cases and close contacts by interviewing and reviewing the medical records using a standard case definition. An environmental study was performed at the case's house, workplaces, and tuberculosis (TB) clinic. The TB drugs were tested to analyze the content of active ingredients and dissolution. The case was a 36-year-old Thai male. In 2011, he was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and had received inappropriate treatment. He developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) eight months later and XDR-TB in May 2019 with delayed hospital admission. Two possible source cases, both co-workers of the index case, were identified. Of 21 contacts, 13 were screened with a chest x-ray and found to have no abnormality. At the TB-clinic, drugs were stored in a room with inappropriate levels of temperature and humidity; however, the content of active ingredients and dissolution of TB drugs were within normal limits. Early hospital admission and monitoring of drug stockpile environments according to standard guidelines are recommended.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125546911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i3.262370
J. Kaewkungwal
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{"title":"The Grammar of Science: How do We Count Time?","authors":"J. Kaewkungwal","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i3.262370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i3.262370","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122912414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i2.262424
J. Kaewkungwal
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{"title":"The Grammar of Science: Are You Positive that Your Test is Positive?","authors":"J. Kaewkungwal","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i2.262424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i2.262424","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129806279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i2.262416
Sein Hlyan Bo, W. Swaddiwudhipong, R. Suphanchaimat, Saran Sujinpram, Chanasan Sawangpol, Vanlaya Srethapranai
On 16 Sep 2021, Thailand's Division of Epidemiology, was notified of an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a garment factory in Tak Province. An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine epidemiological characteristics of cases, identify risk factors associated with infection, and recommend appropriate preventive measures. A review of COVID-19 surveillance data and outbreak reports was performed. An active case finding was conducted among the factory workers. We interviewed the manager and workers of the factory and performed an environmental observation and conducted a case-control study. Logistic regression models were employed. Of 242 workers tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by rapid antigen test kit, 90 (37.2%) were found positive. The attack rate was highest in the sewing department (47.4%) and among female workers (53.8%). The prevalence of asymptomatic infection was 15.6%. One case with pneumonia was found and there were no deaths. Working in the sewing department was a significant risk factor [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–9.79] while mask wearing [adjusted OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14–0.82] was a protective factor. Overcrowding and poorly ventilated conditions were observed in the workplace. Our investigation confirmed a COVID-19 outbreak in a garment factory. Reorienting the environment and strengthening individual protective measures, such as mandatory mask wearing and physical distancing amongst the workers, are recommended.
{"title":"An Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a Garment Factory near the Thailand–Myanmar Border, Tak Province, Thailand, August–September 2021","authors":"Sein Hlyan Bo, W. Swaddiwudhipong, R. Suphanchaimat, Saran Sujinpram, Chanasan Sawangpol, Vanlaya Srethapranai","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i2.262416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i2.262416","url":null,"abstract":"On 16 Sep 2021, Thailand's Division of Epidemiology, was notified of an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a garment factory in Tak Province. An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine epidemiological characteristics of cases, identify risk factors associated with infection, and recommend appropriate preventive measures. A review of COVID-19 surveillance data and outbreak reports was performed. An active case finding was conducted among the factory workers. We interviewed the manager and workers of the factory and performed an environmental observation and conducted a case-control study. Logistic regression models were employed. Of 242 workers tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by rapid antigen test kit, 90 (37.2%) were found positive. The attack rate was highest in the sewing department (47.4%) and among female workers (53.8%). The prevalence of asymptomatic infection was 15.6%. One case with pneumonia was found and there were no deaths. Working in the sewing department was a significant risk factor [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–9.79] while mask wearing [adjusted OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14–0.82] was a protective factor. Overcrowding and poorly ventilated conditions were observed in the workplace. Our investigation confirmed a COVID-19 outbreak in a garment factory. Reorienting the environment and strengthening individual protective measures, such as mandatory mask wearing and physical distancing amongst the workers, are recommended.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133530263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i2.262422
C. Sangsawang, Nalinee Chuaydamrong, Thawatchai Luankaew, Thidapon Thepparat, Nutjamee Leesahud
In late January 2022, a cluster of methemoglobinemia cases across five provinces of Thailand was notified to the regional public health authorities. A joint investigation was conducted aiming to describe characteristics of the outbreak in one of the provinces, traceback the suspected food, and recommend prevention and control measures. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study, interviewing the cases, reviewing their medical records, and interviewing their parents and treating physicians. An active case finding was conducted. A probable case was defined as a person who presented with acute central cyanosis with oxygen saturation less than 92% by pulse oximetry. Suspected food samples were collected for nitrates and nitrites testing. Three cases (2 males, 1 female) were identified and there was no death. Their ages ranged from 8–12 years. The sausages came from the same source and were found to have high concentrations of nitrates (1,270.8–1,690.0 mg/kg) and nitrites (3,554.5–3,776.2 mg/kg). The sausages were identified as a likely cause of the outbreak. Government regulation, product liability laws, and food safety concerns among food retailers and customers are important to reduce the impact of consuming unsafe foods.
{"title":"Investigation of a Methemoglobinemia Outbreak Caused by Eating Sausages with High Concentrations of Nitrates and Nitrites in Trang Province, Thailand, January 2022","authors":"C. Sangsawang, Nalinee Chuaydamrong, Thawatchai Luankaew, Thidapon Thepparat, Nutjamee Leesahud","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i2.262422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i2.262422","url":null,"abstract":"In late January 2022, a cluster of methemoglobinemia cases across five provinces of Thailand was notified to the regional public health authorities. A joint investigation was conducted aiming to describe characteristics of the outbreak in one of the provinces, traceback the suspected food, and recommend prevention and control measures. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study, interviewing the cases, reviewing their medical records, and interviewing their parents and treating physicians. An active case finding was conducted. A probable case was defined as a person who presented with acute central cyanosis with oxygen saturation less than 92% by pulse oximetry. Suspected food samples were collected for nitrates and nitrites testing. Three cases (2 males, 1 female) were identified and there was no death. Their ages ranged from 8–12 years. The sausages came from the same source and were found to have high concentrations of nitrates (1,270.8–1,690.0 mg/kg) and nitrites (3,554.5–3,776.2 mg/kg). The sausages were identified as a likely cause of the outbreak. Government regulation, product liability laws, and food safety concerns among food retailers and customers are important to reduce the impact of consuming unsafe foods.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116643531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A mass vaccination campaign with the inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine, CoronaVac, was implemented in Thailand during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the Delta variant became the dominant strain in the country, we aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of this particular vaccine among adults in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. A test-negative case-control study was conducted from 1 Jun to 31 Jul 2021 to evaluate the effectiveness of CoronaVac against symptomatic COVID-19 infection, severe disease, admission to intensive care unit (ICU)/semi-ICU and mortality. We estimated odds ratios using multiple logistic regression. Among 11,371 participants included in the study, 3,116 (27.4%) tested positive for COVID-19 and 3,333 (29.3%) completed two doses of vaccine. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness of two-dose CoronaVac was 65.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 61.9 – 69.3) for the prevention of symptomatic infection, 71.8% (95% CI 58.5 – 81.6) for severe disease, 72.7% (95% CI 56.6 – 83.9) for ICU/semi-ICU admission and 86.7% (95% CI 34.8 – 99.3) for mortality. Results of this study demonstrate that CoronaVac had moderate effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 infection, while it was effective in preventing severe disease, ICU/semi-ICU admission and COVID-19 related deaths in a setting where the two variants were circulating.
在2019冠状病毒病大流行的最初几个月，泰国开展了大规模接种严重急性呼吸综合征2型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)灭活疫苗CoronaVac的运动。随着Delta型变异成为该国的主要毒株，我们的目标是评估这种特殊疫苗在泰国Samut Sakhon省成人中的实际有效性。2021年6月1日至7月31日进行了一项检测阴性病例对照研究，以评估冠状病毒抗症状性COVID-19感染、重症、重症监护病房(ICU)/半ICU住院和死亡率的有效性。我们使用多元逻辑回归估计比值比。在纳入该研究的11371名参与者中，3116名(27.4%)的COVID-19检测呈阳性，3333名(29.3%)完成了两剂疫苗接种。双剂量CoronaVac的调整后疫苗预防症状感染的有效性为65.8%(95%可信区间(CI) 61.9 ~ 69.3)，预防重症的有效性为71.8% (95% CI 58.5 ~ 81.6)，预防ICU/半ICU住院的有效性为72.7% (95% CI 56.6 ~ 83.9)，预防死亡率为86.7% (95% CI 34.8 ~ 99.3)。本研究结果表明，CoronaVac对有症状的COVID-19感染具有中等疗效，而在两种变体流行的环境中，它在预防重症、ICU/半ICU住院和COVID-19相关死亡方面有效。
{"title":"Effectiveness of the CoronaVac Vaccine on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection, Severe Disease, ICU/semi-ICU Admission, and Mortality in Samut Sakhon Province: a Test-Negative Case-Control Study","authors":"Pornchanan Duriyaprapan, Anchalee Erjongmanee, Withoone Kittiphichai, Kanokwan Sengkhampha, Kunyanut Tuboonmar","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i2.262418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i2.262418","url":null,"abstract":"A mass vaccination campaign with the inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine, CoronaVac, was implemented in Thailand during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the Delta variant became the dominant strain in the country, we aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of this particular vaccine among adults in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. A test-negative case-control study was conducted from 1 Jun to 31 Jul 2021 to evaluate the effectiveness of CoronaVac against symptomatic COVID-19 infection, severe disease, admission to intensive care unit (ICU)/semi-ICU and mortality. We estimated odds ratios using multiple logistic regression. Among 11,371 participants included in the study, 3,116 (27.4%) tested positive for COVID-19 and 3,333 (29.3%) completed two doses of vaccine. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness of two-dose CoronaVac was 65.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 61.9 – 69.3) for the prevention of symptomatic infection, 71.8% (95% CI 58.5 – 81.6) for severe disease, 72.7% (95% CI 56.6 – 83.9) for ICU/semi-ICU admission and 86.7% (95% CI 34.8 – 99.3) for mortality. Results of this study demonstrate that CoronaVac had moderate effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 infection, while it was effective in preventing severe disease, ICU/semi-ICU admission and COVID-19 related deaths in a setting where the two variants were circulating.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132351508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i1.262494
Thana Sehgaran Shanmugam, S. K. Bakon, Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad, Alagi Selvi Perumal, Kaliaperumal Rathakrishnan, Tharmarajah Nagalingam, M. Munisamy
On 9 Dec 2020, a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case was reported in Telok Datuk Panglima Garang, Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. The findings revealed that the virus originated from a distributing site of a furniture factory, where the index case worked as a lorry driver. The outbreak investigation was conducted by health district officers using a COVID-19 public health risk assessment. We determined the exposure risk of the index case, and close contacts (families, relatives, work colleagues, and segments of the population) that were likely to be infected. One hundred furniture factory workers were screened and five workers, including the index case, were confirmed positive using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Those who tested positive were lorry drivers and lorry attendants who were stationed at loading area A. No workers from the other areas were tested positive, suggesting localized transmission in the factory. The COVID-19 public health risk assessment, isolation of index cases and quarantine of close contacts have enabled effective control measures in preventing further spread and community transmission.
{"title":"An Outbreak Investigation of COVID-19 among Furniture Factory Workers at Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia","authors":"Thana Sehgaran Shanmugam, S. K. Bakon, Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad, Alagi Selvi Perumal, Kaliaperumal Rathakrishnan, Tharmarajah Nagalingam, M. Munisamy","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i1.262494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i1.262494","url":null,"abstract":"On 9 Dec 2020, a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case was reported in Telok Datuk Panglima Garang, Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. The findings revealed that the virus originated from a distributing site of a furniture factory, where the index case worked as a lorry driver. The outbreak investigation was conducted by health district officers using a COVID-19 public health risk assessment. We determined the exposure risk of the index case, and close contacts (families, relatives, work colleagues, and segments of the population) that were likely to be infected. One hundred furniture factory workers were screened and five workers, including the index case, were confirmed positive using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Those who tested positive were lorry drivers and lorry attendants who were stationed at loading area A. No workers from the other areas were tested positive, suggesting localized transmission in the factory. The COVID-19 public health risk assessment, isolation of index cases and quarantine of close contacts have enabled effective control measures in preventing further spread and community transmission.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132450594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.59096/osir.v15i1.262499
P. Teekasap, Titiporn Tuangratananon, Mathudara Phaiyarom, R. Suphanchaimat
Thailand, along with many other countries, was hit by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 vaccines were known to be effective in mitigating the spread and preventing deaths. However, Thailand faced a crisis in mid-2021 before the vaccines could disseminated to the population. Thus, the Government introduced a lockdown policy to control the outbreak. However, many questioned the effectiveness of the policy as it did not immediately result in favorable outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to unravel results of the lockdown using deterministic system dynamics and compartmental models. We found that there was a misperception surrounding the idea that the lockdown policy could reduce the number of newly reported cases within few days. In addition, the epidemic would always continue as long as there were susceptible people remaining in the system. Therefore, the Government needs to consider other supporting policies alongside the lockdown and communicate with the wider public about its objectives.
{"title":"Misperceptions about the Impact of Lockdown on the Number of Newly Reported COVID-19 Cases","authors":"P. Teekasap, Titiporn Tuangratananon, Mathudara Phaiyarom, R. Suphanchaimat","doi":"10.59096/osir.v15i1.262499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59096/osir.v15i1.262499","url":null,"abstract":"Thailand, along with many other countries, was hit by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 vaccines were known to be effective in mitigating the spread and preventing deaths. However, Thailand faced a crisis in mid-2021 before the vaccines could disseminated to the population. Thus, the Government introduced a lockdown policy to control the outbreak. However, many questioned the effectiveness of the policy as it did not immediately result in favorable outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to unravel results of the lockdown using deterministic system dynamics and compartmental models. We found that there was a misperception surrounding the idea that the lockdown policy could reduce the number of newly reported cases within few days. In addition, the epidemic would always continue as long as there were susceptible people remaining in the system. Therefore, the Government needs to consider other supporting policies alongside the lockdown and communicate with the wider public about its objectives.","PeriodicalId":296285,"journal":{"name":"Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115719884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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