Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s47
S. Reder, Lilli Waßermann, J. Mund
The aim of this study was to develop an easily applicable, cost-efficient workflow for tree height estimation in remote, inaccessible rainforest areas in Ecuador and Brazil. Structure from Motion (SfM) was combined with a digital terrain model (DTM) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) to complement relief information from photogrammetric point clouds (PPC) which represent the upper canopy layers. Based on ground points extracted from a 3D model, a vertical shift of the model was applied to adjust the ellipsoid level of the PPC. Digital surface models (DSM) of 22 research plots were normalized to canopy height models (CHM) to allow the estimation of relative tree heights in all research plots without using ground control points (GCP). The calculated tree height values indicate the applicability of the proposed workflow even in tropical rainforests with dense canopies. This approach allows the classification of canopy structures for identifying forest succession and other ecological forest monitoring purposes. The results highlight the potential of 3D models for tree height estimation derived from PPCs based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery in rainforest research.
{"title":"UAV-based Tree Height Estimation in Dense Tropical Rainforest Areas in Ecuador and Brazil","authors":"S. Reder, Lilli Waßermann, J. Mund","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s47","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to develop an easily applicable, cost-efficient workflow for tree height estimation in remote, inaccessible rainforest areas in Ecuador and Brazil. Structure from Motion (SfM) was combined with a digital terrain model (DTM) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) to complement relief information from photogrammetric point clouds (PPC) which represent the upper canopy layers. Based on ground points extracted from a 3D model, a vertical shift of the model was applied to adjust the ellipsoid level of the PPC. Digital surface models (DSM) of 22 research plots were normalized to canopy height models (CHM) to allow the estimation of relative tree heights in all research plots without using ground control points (GCP). The calculated tree height values indicate the applicability of the proposed workflow even in tropical rainforests with dense canopies. This approach allows the classification of canopy structures for identifying forest succession and other ecological forest monitoring purposes. The results highlight the potential of 3D models for tree height estimation derived from PPCs based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery in rainforest research.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75698773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s163
M.S.C.E. Vorage
Chronic exposure to loud noise has detrimental effects on health, subjective wellbeing and concentration levels of both adults and children. Over two million people in Austria reside in areas where traffic noise surpasses the legal threshold for action. Hundreds of schools are also affected. A similar situation is present throughout large parts of the European Union. Because traffic noise can be heard and measured relatively easily, awareness among the general population is high. Publicly funded data collection has taken place based on EU regulations, and reliable noise maps are available online. This paper aims to provide teachers with multidisciplinary tools to improve their students’ understanding of noise. It suggests project ideas for students to choose depending on their strengths and affinities. The ultimate goal is to enable and motivate students to engage in informed spatial citizenship, notably in taking action to help keep exposure to traffic noise at acceptable levels.
{"title":"Traffic Noise Education in Secondary Schools: From Basic Understanding to Active Angagement","authors":"M.S.C.E. Vorage","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s163","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic exposure to loud noise has detrimental effects on health, subjective wellbeing and concentration levels of both adults and children. Over two million people in Austria reside in areas where traffic noise surpasses the legal threshold for action. Hundreds of schools are also affected. A similar situation is present throughout large parts of the European Union. Because traffic noise can be heard and measured relatively easily, awareness among the general population is high. Publicly funded data collection has taken place based on EU regulations, and reliable noise maps are available online. This paper aims to provide teachers with multidisciplinary tools to improve their students’ understanding of noise. It suggests project ideas for students to choose depending on their strengths and affinities. The ultimate goal is to enable and motivate students to engage in informed spatial citizenship, notably in taking action to help keep exposure to traffic noise at acceptable levels.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76251337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s206
Manuel Huyer
{"title":"Linguistic Landscaping at School - A Teaching Design","authors":"Manuel Huyer","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73239932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s3
S. Chmielewski, Cait Bailey, A. Gawryluk
This paper discusses a research-in-progress project engaging citizens in the collaborative 3D reconstruction of special urban features (SUFs) – visual works of art located in urban public spaces. While most artists modelling urban public spaces use basic 3D building models, these models do not include visual artworks. Because urban planners use artists’ models when designing urban public spaces, we believe it is necessary to incorporate SUFs into 3D city models to help urban planners and artists visualize urban spaces more effectively. To achieve this goal, we propose a bottom-up approach to the geographic visualization of SUF cultural assets (i.e. cultural mapping) which so far has not been undertaken as a citizen science project. The main aims of this project are to engage citizens in contributing to 3D SUF models and to familiarize them with citizen science. The method includes crowdsourcing SUF data and analysing it using ‘structure from motion’ (SfM) algorithms. After a 6-month campaign in Lublin, Poland, this project has so far resulted in 271 observations and 144 collaborative 3D models, creating a 3D open-data product which can be used for further culturally sensitive urban planning purposes.
{"title":"Beyond 3D Building Modelling: Citizen Science for 3D Cultural Mapping","authors":"S. Chmielewski, Cait Bailey, A. Gawryluk","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a research-in-progress project engaging citizens in the collaborative 3D reconstruction of special urban features (SUFs) – visual works of art located in urban public spaces. While most artists modelling urban public spaces use basic 3D building models, these models do not include visual artworks. Because urban planners use artists’ models when designing urban public spaces, we believe it is necessary to incorporate SUFs into 3D city models to help urban planners and artists visualize urban spaces more effectively. To achieve this goal, we propose a bottom-up approach to the geographic visualization of SUF cultural assets (i.e. cultural mapping) which so far has not been undertaken as a citizen science project. The main aims of this project are to engage citizens in contributing to 3D SUF models and to familiarize them with citizen science. The method includes crowdsourcing SUF data and analysing it using ‘structure from motion’ (SfM) algorithms. After a 6-month campaign in Lublin, Poland, this project has so far resulted in 271 observations and 144 collaborative 3D models, creating a 3D open-data product which can be used for further culturally sensitive urban planning purposes.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73160787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s113
A. Czech, Robert Kalasek, Florian Pühringer
For many years, GIS has been a flexible tool for a wide range of spatial tasks in the spatial planning curriculum of at TU Wien. The steadily increasing number of students, the rising number of participants struggling with solving analytical problems, as well as suboptimal evaluation strategies initiated a total redesign of the course. We have rebuilt the didactic concept to better support the learning process and strengthen the understanding of learned skills, and have automated large parts of the evaluation, which allows for a more thorough assessment of quantitative results.
{"title":"Blended Learning and Automated Evaluation in GIS Education","authors":"A. Czech, Robert Kalasek, Florian Pühringer","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s113","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, GIS has been a flexible tool for a wide range of spatial tasks in the spatial planning curriculum of at TU Wien. The steadily increasing number of students, the rising number of participants struggling with solving analytical problems, as well as suboptimal evaluation strategies initiated a total redesign of the course. We have rebuilt the didactic concept to better support the learning process and strengthen the understanding of learned skills, and have automated large parts of the evaluation, which allows for a more thorough assessment of quantitative results.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89246276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/GISCIENCE2019_01_S134
L. Juhász, H. Hochmair
Social media services generate enormous amounts of spatiotemporal data that can be used to characterize and analyse user activities and social behaviour. Although crowdsourced data have the advantage of comprehensive spatial and temporal coverage compared to data collected in more traditional ways, the various social media platforms target different user groups, which leads to user selection bias. Since data from social media platforms are used for a variety of geospatial applications, understanding such differences and their implications for analysis results is important for geoscientists. Therefore, this research analyses differences in spatial and temporal contribution patterns to three online platforms, namely Flickr, Twitter and Snapchat, over a six-week period in Florida. For the comparison of spatial contribution patterns, a set of negative binomial regression models are estimated to identify which socio-economic factors and characteristics of the built and natural environments are associated with contribution activities. The contribution differences observed are discussed in light of the targeted user groups and different purposes of the three platforms.
{"title":"Comparing the Spatial and Temporal Activity Patterns between Snapchat, Twitter and Flickr in Florida","authors":"L. Juhász, H. Hochmair","doi":"10.1553/GISCIENCE2019_01_S134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/GISCIENCE2019_01_S134","url":null,"abstract":"Social media services generate enormous amounts of spatiotemporal data that can be used to characterize and analyse user activities and social behaviour. Although crowdsourced data have the advantage of comprehensive spatial and temporal coverage compared to data collected in more traditional ways, the various social media platforms target different user groups, which leads to user selection bias. Since data from social media platforms are used for a variety of geospatial applications, understanding such differences and their implications for analysis results is important for geoscientists. Therefore, this research analyses differences in spatial and temporal contribution patterns to three online platforms, namely Flickr, Twitter and Snapchat, over a six-week period in Florida. For the comparison of spatial contribution patterns, a set of negative binomial regression models are estimated to identify which socio-economic factors and characteristics of the built and natural environments are associated with contribution activities. The contribution differences observed are discussed in light of the targeted user groups and different purposes of the three platforms.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75482136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s153
Claudia Lindner, Christina Müller, H. Hodam, C. Jürgens, Annette Ortwein, Johannes Schultz, Fabian Selg, A. Rienow
A new elective school subject called ‘Geography-Physics’ was developed by the Universities of Bonn and Bochum in cooperation with a German high school. With a focus on remote sensing, the modules of this STEM subject convey information, and present methodology and applications. There are two main sections: the physics of remote sensing, including both mathematics and computer science, and the geographic applications. GIS is a major part of the exploitation of Earth Observation data, but the use of GIS and EO data is not feasible in school lessons due to financial and time constraints. Instead, small specialized GIS tools with embedded EO imagery are used. The tools were developed by two projects, FIS and Columbus Eye/KEPLER ISS, and evaluation and meetings with experts were conducted in close cooperation with the partner school. The first 2-year course of the new subject was completed in summer 2018. The teachers implementing the course have since re-evaluated their concept and revised the syllabus to enhance applicability in professional contexts, to reduce redundancies with other subjects, and to ensure that the overall content fits into the allotted number of teaching hours. The pupils also evaluated the materials and the subject.
{"title":"Expanding STEM Education in Secondary Schools: An Innovative Geography-Physics Course Focusing on Remote Sensing","authors":"Claudia Lindner, Christina Müller, H. Hodam, C. Jürgens, Annette Ortwein, Johannes Schultz, Fabian Selg, A. Rienow","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s153","url":null,"abstract":"A new elective school subject called ‘Geography-Physics’ was developed by the Universities of Bonn and Bochum in cooperation with a German high school. With a focus on remote sensing, the modules of this STEM subject convey information, and present methodology and applications. There are two main sections: the physics of remote sensing, including both mathematics and computer science, and the geographic applications. GIS is a major part of the exploitation of Earth Observation data, but the use of GIS and EO data is not feasible in school lessons due to financial and time constraints. Instead, small specialized GIS tools with embedded EO imagery are used. The tools were developed by two projects, FIS and Columbus Eye/KEPLER ISS, and evaluation and meetings with experts were conducted in close cooperation with the partner school. The first 2-year course of the new subject was completed in summer 2018. The teachers implementing the course have since re-evaluated their concept and revised the syllabus to enhance applicability in professional contexts, to reduce redundancies with other subjects, and to ensure that the overall content fits into the allotted number of teaching hours. The pupils also evaluated the materials and the subject.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84678216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_01_s69
Christoph Erlacher, A. Desch, Karl-Heinrich Anders, P. Jankowski, Gernot Paulus
This article focuses on a cluster-based parallel and distributed approach for large raster datasets in the context of Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis (S-MCDA). The research addresses a land-prioritization model with respect to conservation practices. The reliability of the model results is examined using a variance-based Spatially-Explicit Uncertainty and Sensitivity (SEUSA) framework. The original case study area to which we applied the model was located in southwest Michigan, USA, and incorporated millions of mapping units (pixels). As part of the model sensitivity analysis, several thousand intermediate raster datasets representing suitability surfaces are generated by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The creation of the suitability surfaces represents the most timeconsuming and memory-intensive step within the SEUSA framework. Sequential computational approaches to implementing SEUSA often have to accept a compromise with respect to problem size and the number of simulations, resulting in the low quality of the model sensitivity measures. This article presents the concept and implementation of a distributed and parallel solution based on the Python-Dask framework in order to improve the quality of SEUSA results for computationally-intensive spatial models.
{"title":"Parallel and Distributed Computing for large raster-based Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis Problems: A Computational Performance Comparison","authors":"Christoph Erlacher, A. Desch, Karl-Heinrich Anders, P. Jankowski, Gernot Paulus","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_01_s69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_01_s69","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on a cluster-based parallel and distributed approach for large raster datasets in the context of Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis (S-MCDA). The research addresses a land-prioritization model with respect to conservation practices. The reliability of the model results is examined using a variance-based Spatially-Explicit Uncertainty and Sensitivity (SEUSA) framework. The original case study area to which we applied the model was located in southwest Michigan, USA, and incorporated millions of mapping units (pixels). As part of the model sensitivity analysis, several thousand intermediate raster datasets representing suitability surfaces are generated by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The creation of the suitability surfaces represents the most timeconsuming and memory-intensive step within the SEUSA framework. Sequential computational approaches to implementing SEUSA often have to accept a compromise with respect to problem size and the number of simulations, resulting in the low quality of the model sensitivity measures. This article presents the concept and implementation of a distributed and parallel solution based on the Python-Dask framework in order to improve the quality of SEUSA results for computationally-intensive spatial models.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"301 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77926772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s194
Michael Lehner, J. Pokraka, Inga Gryl
John Brian Harley’s canonical paper ‘Deconstructing the map’ (1989) has been one of the main bases of Critical Cartography, Critical GIScience, and reflexive approaches to working with maps and geomedia in geography education. However, reducing deconstruction mainly to reading the map’s margins is only part of the potential that deconstruction offers. In this paper, following Derrida’s approach of deconstruction more closely, we build on the discussion of Harley’s paper and try to develop a deconstructive practice for reflexive cartography in educational contexts.
{"title":"From ‘The Map’ to an Internalized Concept. Developing a Method of Deconstruction as Practice for Reflexive Cartography","authors":"Michael Lehner, J. Pokraka, Inga Gryl","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s194","url":null,"abstract":"John Brian Harley’s canonical paper ‘Deconstructing the map’ (1989) has been one of the main bases of Critical Cartography, Critical GIScience, and reflexive approaches to working with maps and geomedia in geography education. However, reducing deconstruction mainly to reading the map’s margins is only part of the potential that deconstruction offers. In this paper, following Derrida’s approach of deconstruction more closely, we build on the discussion of Harley’s paper and try to develop a deconstructive practice for reflexive cartography in educational contexts.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83693240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1553/giscience2019_02_s34
Sven Schmuderer, Roland Zink, Werner Gamerith
The effects of digitization on social coexistence have been a subject of controversy not only since the increased use of social media for political campaigns. Digital platforms are also being developed which, from the perspective of spatial planning and geography, enhance communication between administrations and citizens at the local municipal level. These applications are being developed in relation to three areas: (1) the everyday experiences and competences of citizens in dealing with geomedia, especially the use of smartphones; (2) the individual process design for a particular participatory case; (3) the desired societal or local political benefit. This paper deals with these three aspects and discusses five selected examples of how digital participation platforms can be designed to include the use of geomedia. Based on experiences with the proprietary development of the web application PUBinPLAN in particular and on its comparison with other platforms, insights can be derived with regard to success factors as well as to opportunities and risks.
{"title":"Citizen Participation via Digital Maps: A Comparison of Current Applications","authors":"Sven Schmuderer, Roland Zink, Werner Gamerith","doi":"10.1553/giscience2019_02_s34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2019_02_s34","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of digitization on social coexistence have been a subject of controversy not only since the increased use of social media for political campaigns. Digital platforms are also being developed which, from the perspective of spatial planning and geography, enhance communication between administrations and citizens at the local municipal level. These applications are being developed in relation to three areas: (1) the everyday experiences and competences of citizens in dealing with geomedia, especially the use of smartphones; (2) the individual process design for a particular participatory case; (3) the desired societal or local political benefit. This paper deals with these three aspects and discusses five selected examples of how digital participation platforms can be designed to include the use of geomedia. Based on experiences with the proprietary development of the web application PUBinPLAN in particular and on its comparison with other platforms, insights can be derived with regard to success factors as well as to opportunities and risks.","PeriodicalId":29645,"journal":{"name":"GI_Forum","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80985167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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