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Commentary on Secularism: The Basics 评论世俗主义:基础
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10045
P. Zuckerman
Berlinerblau’s latest work, Secularism: The Basics, is a thoughtful, insightful, brilliant, and accessible introduction to political secularism—full of global examples, relevant controversies, and ten core principles that underly the entire secularist phenomenon.
Berlinerblau的最新著作《世俗主义:基础》是对政治世俗主义深思熟虑、富有洞察力、才华横溢、通俗易懂的介绍,其中充满了全球的例子、相关的争议,以及构成整个世俗主义现象的十个核心原则。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary on Secularism: The Basics 评论世俗主义:基础
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10044
Stacey Gutkowski
My article offers commentary about Jacques Berlinerblau's new book Secularism: The Basics.
我的文章是对雅克·柏林布劳的新书《世俗主义:基础》的评论。
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引用次数: 0
A Quiet Tsunami 安静的海啸
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10032
J. Eller
Both scholars and the general public have tended to assume that Islam is immune to modernization and secularization and that Muslims are all fanatical religionists. However, the growing and increasingly active number of nonbelievers in Muslim-majority countries has been called a tsunami by religious authorities. This article surveys the current research on nonreligion and atheism in Islam-dominated countries, with special attention to Egypt. After examining the statistical information on nonbelief, including in unlikely places such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, the article considers the terminology of nonbelief in Arabic, which is not equivalent to English terminology and illustrates the local nature of nonreligion, constructed in relation to local concepts of religion. The article then discusses the social and legal perils of nonbelievers in societies still committed to religious belief and finally investigates the lives and activities of nonbelievers and atheists, individually, in groups, and online. The article concludes with some reflections on modernization and secularization, noting the forces that have made nonbelief more possible and prevalent in Muslim-majority contexts but also led to multiple specific secularities and atheisms.
学者和公众都倾向于认为伊斯兰教不受现代化和世俗化的影响,穆斯林都是狂热的宗教信徒。然而,在穆斯林占多数的国家,不断增长和日益活跃的非信徒人数被宗教当局称为海啸。本文综述了目前在伊斯兰教占主导地位的国家对非宗教和无神论的研究,并特别关注埃及。在研究了不信仰的统计信息之后,包括在伊朗和沙特阿拉伯等不太可能的地方,文章考虑了阿拉伯语中的不信仰术语,这与英语术语并不等同,并说明了不信仰的地方性质,与当地的宗教概念有关。文章随后讨论了在仍致力于宗教信仰的社会中,无信仰者所面临的社会和法律风险,最后调查了无信仰者和无神论者的生活和活动,包括个人、团体和网络。文章最后对现代化和世俗化进行了一些反思,指出在穆斯林占多数的背景下,这些力量使不信仰变得更加可能和普遍,但也导致了多种特定的世俗化和无神论。
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引用次数: 0
Has Religion Been Explained Away? 宗教被解释掉了吗?
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10035
A. Atkinson
This paper re-engages with the science versus religion debate in the light of the last three decades of scholarly progress in the study of religion coming from the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion. I begin by asking (1) ‘if it is indeed possible to account for the origins of religious belief, its cultural transmission and evolution, and its maintenance—without any appeal to the real existence of any supernatural deity—then are we in a position to say we have explained it all away?’ If we are, how does this affect central themes in the philosophy of religion about God’s existence? In (2) I provide an outline of the cognitive and evolutionary approach to explaining religion. In section (3) I discuss abductive reasoning (3.1), problems with the accusation of having committed the genetic fallacy when answering (1) in favour of positive atheism (3.2), the need for first-order justifications of religious belief (3.3), and in (3.4) a peculiar divine attribute (i.e. omnipotent potential in a causal chain of events) that appears to immunise religious belief in a particular kind of supernatural deity from having been explained away.
本文根据过去三十年宗教研究的学术进展,重新探讨了科学与宗教的争论,这些进展来自于宗教的认知科学和进化科学。我首先要问(1)“如果确实有可能解释宗教信仰的起源,它的文化传播和演变,以及它的维持——而不诉诸任何超自然的神的真实存在——那么我们是否可以说我们已经解释了一切?”如果是,这对宗教哲学中关于上帝存在的中心主题有何影响?在(2)中,我概述了解释宗教的认知和进化方法。在第(3)节中,我讨论了溯因推理(3.1),在回答第(1)节支持积极无神论(3.2)时被指控犯了遗传谬误的问题,宗教信仰需要一阶证明(3.3),以及在第(3.4)节中,一种特殊的神性属性(即事件因果链中的全能潜力)似乎使对某种特殊超自然神的宗教信仰免于被解释掉。
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引用次数: 0
The Great Man Theory of History and the Paleolithic Curse of Humankind 历史伟人理论与旧石器时代的人类诅咒
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10036
Carl P. Ellerman
This study is motivated by the plea of a renowned philosopher who urged humankind to break the habit of reverencing and submitting to seemingly great human beings, whose great mistakes issue in tragic historical events that threaten the survival of civilization. Conceiving World War Two as a modern tragedy, and using instructive elements of this era to identify an enraptured nation’s worship of a seemingly great leader, the author sources evolutionary biology to evidence the thesis that hereditary human nature, now conceived as a maladaptive Paleolithic Curse, is the origin of humankind’s emotional instability, ruinous aggression, enduring worship of fallible alphas, divisive tribalism, and mastery of artful deceptions. While challenging the facile claim of epigenetic science that education will produce a worldwide enlightenment enabling humankind to defeat the Paleolithic Curse, the forced choice of retrofitting the human genotype by advocates of volitional selection underlies this analysis of humankind’s lesser greatness.
这项研究的动机是一位著名哲学家的呼吁,他敦促人类打破对看似伟大的人的尊敬和服从的习惯,这些人的重大错误在威胁文明生存的悲惨历史事件中暴露出来。作者将第二次世界大战视为一场现代悲剧,并利用这个时代的教育元素来确定一个狂喜的国家对一位看似伟大的领袖的崇拜,作者从进化生物学的角度来证明这样一个论点:遗传的人性,现在被认为是一种不适应旧石器时代的诅咒,是人类情绪不稳定、破坏性的侵略、对易犯错误的首领的持久崇拜、分裂的部落主义和对巧妙欺骗的掌握的起源。表观遗传科学轻率地宣称,教育将产生世界性的启蒙,使人类能够战胜旧石器时代的诅咒,尽管这一说法受到了挑战,但自愿选择的倡导者强迫选择改造人类基因型,这是对人类不那么伟大的分析的基础。
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引用次数: 0
The Waste Land 100 Years On 100年后的荒原
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10034
J. Vanheste
Over the past century, there have been remarkable changes in the appreciation of T.S. Eliot (1888–1965). From the interwar years up to the 1950s, he was for decades an icon of high culture and outstanding moral values, of everything that is beautiful and good and deserves admiration; while from the 1970s onwards he became a symbol of a completely different kind: one of elitism and conservatism, of everything that is wrong and deserves condemnation. Over the past twenty years, gradually a more balanced view has been established. In this article I outline this development, relate it to general changes in the cultural climate, and argue that, a hundred years after publication of his major poem The Waste Land (1922), T.S. Eliot remains highly significant to us both as a poet and a cultural critic.
在过去的一个世纪里,人们对T.S.艾略特(1888-1965)的欣赏发生了显著的变化。从两次世界大战之间的年代到20世纪50年代,他几十年来一直是高雅文化和杰出道德价值观的象征,是一切美好、善良、值得钦佩的事物的象征;而从20世纪70年代开始,他成为了一种完全不同的象征:精英主义和保守主义的象征,一切错误的、应该受到谴责的象征。在过去的二十年里,逐渐建立了一种更加平衡的观点。在这篇文章中,我概述了这一发展,并将其与文化气候的总体变化联系起来,并认为,在他的主要诗歌《荒原》(1922年)发表100年后,T.S.艾略特作为诗人和文化评论家对我们仍然具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 1
The Kiss of a Philosopher 哲学家的吻
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10031
Carl P. Ellerman
Motivated by Socrates’ warning to avoid the kisses of beautiful people, given the risk of losing rational self-government if seduced by a beautiful face, this account of Heidegger’s seemingly apolitical, Socratic defense of philosophy is a warning about the corruption of reason that may issue from commerce with the deceptively beautiful arguments, or cognitive kisses, of philosophers. Particularly philosophers who have a political agenda, this having been true of Heidegger, whose philosophy was infected with a militant fascism antithetic to truth-seeking Socratic philosophers. The test of ideas developed by America’s pragmatic philosophers, Pierce, James, and Dewey, is presented as an antidote to the malignant arguments of Nietzsche and Heidegger, whose deceptively beautiful arguments were destructive to humankind. Concluding remarks identify current threats to rational self-government writ large, by focusing on our postmodern information age in which almost anyone can become a spellbinding producer of deceptively beautiful, virulent information in cyberspace.
苏格拉底警告说要避免与美丽的人接吻,考虑到如果被美丽的面孔诱惑就会失去理性自治的风险,海德格尔看似非政治的、苏格拉底式的哲学辩护是对理性腐败的警告,这种腐败可能来自于哲学家们欺骗性的美丽论点或认知亲吻。特别是那些有政治议程的哲学家,海德格尔就是这样,他的哲学被一种与追求真理的苏格拉底哲学家对立的激进法西斯主义所感染。对美国实用主义哲学家皮尔斯、詹姆斯和杜威提出的思想的检验,是对尼采和海德格尔恶毒论点的一剂解毒剂,后者看似美丽的论点对人类具有破坏性。结束语通过关注我们的后现代信息时代,明确了当前理性自治面临的巨大威胁,在这个时代,几乎任何人都可以成为网络空间中看似美丽而恶毒的信息的引人入胜的生产者。
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引用次数: 0
‘Funerary Culture Wars’ in Late 19th- and Early 20th-Century Europe and the Case of the Brussels’ Freethought Movement 19世纪末和20世纪初欧洲的“丧葬文化战争”和布鲁塞尔的“自由思想运动”
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10029
Christoph De Spiegeleer
This article explores how the control of religious authority over funerary culture became a contentious issue on a pan-European level during the course of the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. A comparative analysis of the conflicts around burial and cremation in various European nation-states highlights the two-dimensional character of these ‘funerary culture wars’. Freethinkers were radical players in these institutional and cultural conflicts as they challenged the tight grip of churches on the ‘death systems’ in their respective cities and countries. We will show how the institutional and cultural secularisation of funerary culture was not a universal and inevitable developmental trend but rather a historically variable and contingent outcome of social and political struggles around concrete change. We zoom in on the city of Brussels where freethinkers made new secular funerary practices very visible from the middle of the 19th century onwards.
本文探讨了在19世纪下半叶和20世纪初,宗教权威对丧葬文化的控制如何成为泛欧洲层面上一个有争议的问题。对欧洲各民族国家围绕土葬和火葬的冲突进行比较分析,突出了这些“丧葬文化战争”的二维特征。在这些制度和文化冲突中,自由思想者是激进的参与者,因为他们挑战了教会对各自城市和国家“死亡制度”的严格控制。我们将展示丧葬文化的制度和文化世俗化如何不是一个普遍和不可避免的发展趋势,而是围绕具体变化的社会和政治斗争的历史变量和偶然结果。我们把镜头拉近到布鲁塞尔,从19世纪中期开始,自由思想家们就在这里开创了新的世俗葬礼习俗。
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引用次数: 0
Secularity and Belgium’s Death System, 1850–1950 世俗主义与比利时的死亡制度,1850-1950
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10027
Christoph De Spiegeleer, Niels De Nutte, Jeffrey Tyssens
The newly founded Secular Studies Association Brussels (ssab)1 brings together scholars from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel with expertise in the philosophical, historical, political and legal aspects of secularism and nonreligion. As founding sabb-members, we decided to devote a theme section to one of the interdisciplinary research group’s main lines of research: the role of secularity and secularisation in shifting attitudes and practices surrounding death throughout history. As an analytical term, secularity refers to “forms and arrangements for distinguishing between religion and other societal areas, practices and interpretations”. Secularisation indicates the decline of religion’s cultural and institutional authority in other societal sub-domains (Kleine & Wholrab-Sahr 2016). With this introduction to the theme section, our aim is to link the history of death to ongoing sociological debates on secularisation and secularity.
新成立的布鲁塞尔世俗研究协会(ssab)汇集了来自布鲁塞尔自由大学的学者,他们在世俗主义和非宗教的哲学、历史、政治和法律方面具有专长。作为创始sabb成员,我们决定将一个主题部分用于跨学科研究小组的主要研究方向之一:世俗化和世俗化在历史上改变对死亡的态度和实践中的作用。作为一个分析术语,世俗性指的是“区分宗教与其他社会领域、实践和解释的形式和安排”。世俗化表明宗教在其他社会子领域的文化和制度权威的下降(Kleine & wholrabb - sahr 2016)。通过对主题部分的介绍,我们的目的是将死亡的历史与正在进行的关于世俗化和世俗性的社会学辩论联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Early Secular Burials in 19th-Century Flemish Provincial Towns 19世纪佛兰德省城镇的早期世俗墓葬
IF 0.3 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1163/25892525-bja10028
Jeffrey Tyssens
In 19th-century Belgium, cemeteries and burials gave rise to a major conflict between the Catholic Church and different kinds of secular people in Belgium. While these confrontations are quite well known in large urban environments, far less research has been produced about their counterparts in small-town settings. This article studies the options secular people had in those ‘backwater’ contexts in the province of Antwerp from the first secular burials in the 1860s up to the turn of the century. Following Albert Hirschman’s ‘voice / exit / loyalty’-scheme, we focus upon the choices that could be made and who could make them within the framework of local power relations. We will show how the particularities of social integration (or the lack thereof) generated the profiles of the individuals best equipped to break with Church-dominated community rituals and help to enforce local funerary policy transformations.
在19世纪的比利时,墓地和葬礼引发了天主教会和比利时不同类型的世俗人士之间的重大冲突。虽然这些对抗在大城市环境中是众所周知的,但在小城镇环境中对它们的对应物的研究却少得多。本文研究了从19世纪60年代第一次世俗葬礼到世纪之交,安特卫普省那些“落后”环境中的世俗人的选择。根据阿尔伯特·赫希曼的“发声/退出/忠诚”方案,我们将重点关注在地方权力关系框架内可以做出的选择以及谁可以做出选择。我们将展示社会整合的特殊性(或缺乏社会整合的特殊性)是如何产生个人档案的,这些个人最有能力打破教会主导的社区仪式,并帮助执行当地殡葬政策的转变。
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引用次数: 0
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Secular Studies
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