S. Elsayed, M. Casada, R. Maghirang, Mingjun Wei, D. Maier
Highlights Develop a CFD model that reveals the detailed mechanisms of phosphine movement in bunkers. Evaluate factors that impact phosphine distribution in grain bunkers. Provide recommendations for best management practices for phosphine fumigation in bunkers. Abstract. Bunker storage is an inexpensive and, thus, popular method for medium- and long-term storage of wheat. To control insect infestations in bunker storage, phosphine (PH3) fumigant, released from aluminum phosphide (AlP) tablets, is commonly used, especially in Australia. For fumigation to be effective, a lethal concentration of PH3 throughout the bunker must be ensured. Because bunkers are exposed to ambient conditions, temperature gradients are created throughout the bunker, resulting in natural convection currents that move PH3 from areas around the fumigation points to the entire bunker. This research used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to investigate the effect of natural convection on fumigation in bunkers. The model was validated against published benchmarks and a field experiment with a full-scale bin with sorption and leakage. The effects of PH3 release points location, bunker shape, bunker orientation, leakage, sorption, ambient temperature fluctuation, and PH3 motion in 3D were studied. Results agreed well with the experimental data and provided various recommendations for best management practices for PH3 fumigations in bunkers. Results showed that diffusion and natural convection solely are insufficient in spreading out PH3 within bunkers. Further research is needed on the effects of tarpaulin billowing in relation to PH3 behavior. Keywords: Bin, Bunker, CFD, Fumigation, Natural convection, Phosphine, Porous media, Simulation, Sorption, Species transport, Wheat.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Phosphine Movement in Bulk-Stored Grain","authors":"S. Elsayed, M. Casada, R. Maghirang, Mingjun Wei, D. Maier","doi":"10.13031/ja.15378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15378","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Develop a CFD model that reveals the detailed mechanisms of phosphine movement in bunkers. Evaluate factors that impact phosphine distribution in grain bunkers. Provide recommendations for best management practices for phosphine fumigation in bunkers. Abstract. Bunker storage is an inexpensive and, thus, popular method for medium- and long-term storage of wheat. To control insect infestations in bunker storage, phosphine (PH3) fumigant, released from aluminum phosphide (AlP) tablets, is commonly used, especially in Australia. For fumigation to be effective, a lethal concentration of PH3 throughout the bunker must be ensured. Because bunkers are exposed to ambient conditions, temperature gradients are created throughout the bunker, resulting in natural convection currents that move PH3 from areas around the fumigation points to the entire bunker. This research used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to investigate the effect of natural convection on fumigation in bunkers. The model was validated against published benchmarks and a field experiment with a full-scale bin with sorption and leakage. The effects of PH3 release points location, bunker shape, bunker orientation, leakage, sorption, ambient temperature fluctuation, and PH3 motion in 3D were studied. Results agreed well with the experimental data and provided various recommendations for best management practices for PH3 fumigations in bunkers. Results showed that diffusion and natural convection solely are insufficient in spreading out PH3 within bunkers. Further research is needed on the effects of tarpaulin billowing in relation to PH3 behavior. Keywords: Bin, Bunker, CFD, Fumigation, Natural convection, Phosphine, Porous media, Simulation, Sorption, Species transport, Wheat.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81044329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongyue Li, Jin Wang, Chengyou Kang, Rui Li, Shaojin Wang, B. Ling
{"title":"Comparative Studies on Continuous Radio Frequency Treatment of Granular Foods Under Belt and Double Screw Conveying: A Case Study of Disinfesting Dried Jujubes","authors":"Hongyue Li, Jin Wang, Chengyou Kang, Rui Li, Shaojin Wang, B. Ling","doi":"10.13031/ja.15404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79668749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights A novel low-cost, modular spectroscopy system is compared to a standard system using synthetic samples, principal component analysis, and partial least squares regression. The information contained in the data produced by the two systems is similar according to principal component analysis. The low-cost system was able to accurately predict nitrate concentrations in concentrated and diluted samples using partial least squares regression. The methodology could be applied to water quality analysis in agriculture and water resources management. Abstract. Water quality data collection is an essential component of water systems management. For instance, the effective management of nutrients in hydroponic systems is necessary for maximizing yields efficiently and sustainably. Additionally, nutrients in natural and engineered waterbodies must be monitored to ensure they are meeting the required chemical characteristics for their ecological and social functions. However, conventional water quality data collection methods place limitations on water systems management due to their high resource requirements. Nitrate (NO3) is a major nutrient in ecological and agricultural systems, which can be reliably measured with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, a highly established technique for water quality analysis. The goal of this research was to evaluate a novel, low-cost, modular UV-Vis spectroscopy setup (GatorSpec) for the measurement of NO3 concentration in chemically complex solutions. UV-Vis absorbance of synthetic samples was measured using the GatorSpec and a commonly used bench-top laboratory spectroscopy system, the NanoDrop2000C. These data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to compare the spectral data produced by each system and partial least squares (PLS) regression to compare their ability to predict NO3 concentration. Results showed that data from both measurement systems were similar, indicating that the low-cost GatorSpec provided similar measurement accuracy to that of the laboratory reference system, the NanoDrop2000C. The PLS results revealed that for the diluted samples, the models derived from both systems were very good at predicting NO3 concentration. With these outcomes, it can be concluded that the GatorSpec is effective at measuring NO3 concentration in complex solutions and is comparable in performance to that of the NanoDrop2000C. In the future, this low-cost setup could be used to manage NO3 concentrations more efficiently in various applications such as hydroponic plant production, environmental monitoring, and stormwater treatment, which, in turn, could reduce the economic and environmental costs of these systems. Keywords: Low-cost, Synthetic samples, Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, Water quality.
{"title":"Evaluation of Low-Cost UV-Vis Spectroscopy for Measuring Nitrate Using Synthetic Water Samples","authors":"J. Carter, A. Sarkees, A. Singh, E. Bean","doi":"10.13031/ja.15502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15502","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A novel low-cost, modular spectroscopy system is compared to a standard system using synthetic samples, principal component analysis, and partial least squares regression. The information contained in the data produced by the two systems is similar according to principal component analysis. The low-cost system was able to accurately predict nitrate concentrations in concentrated and diluted samples using partial least squares regression. The methodology could be applied to water quality analysis in agriculture and water resources management. Abstract. Water quality data collection is an essential component of water systems management. For instance, the effective management of nutrients in hydroponic systems is necessary for maximizing yields efficiently and sustainably. Additionally, nutrients in natural and engineered waterbodies must be monitored to ensure they are meeting the required chemical characteristics for their ecological and social functions. However, conventional water quality data collection methods place limitations on water systems management due to their high resource requirements. Nitrate (NO3) is a major nutrient in ecological and agricultural systems, which can be reliably measured with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, a highly established technique for water quality analysis. The goal of this research was to evaluate a novel, low-cost, modular UV-Vis spectroscopy setup (GatorSpec) for the measurement of NO3 concentration in chemically complex solutions. UV-Vis absorbance of synthetic samples was measured using the GatorSpec and a commonly used bench-top laboratory spectroscopy system, the NanoDrop2000C. These data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to compare the spectral data produced by each system and partial least squares (PLS) regression to compare their ability to predict NO3 concentration. Results showed that data from both measurement systems were similar, indicating that the low-cost GatorSpec provided similar measurement accuracy to that of the laboratory reference system, the NanoDrop2000C. The PLS results revealed that for the diluted samples, the models derived from both systems were very good at predicting NO3 concentration. With these outcomes, it can be concluded that the GatorSpec is effective at measuring NO3 concentration in complex solutions and is comparable in performance to that of the NanoDrop2000C. In the future, this low-cost setup could be used to manage NO3 concentrations more efficiently in various applications such as hydroponic plant production, environmental monitoring, and stormwater treatment, which, in turn, could reduce the economic and environmental costs of these systems. Keywords: Low-cost, Synthetic samples, Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, Water quality.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74262505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Equations for a modified steady-state thermal balance model solved with a spreadsheet are described. The modified model describes heat exchange between lactating cows and the surrounding environment. New relations were used for tissue insulation, sweat rate, longwave radiation, and convective heat exchange. A companion paper compares model results to published body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures. Abstract. Dairy cow heat stress impacts cow well-being, reduces milk yield, and leads to economic losses. Understanding heat stress mechanics supports ongoing and future efforts to mitigate heat stress. The purpose of this project was to modify a steady-state heat transfer model developed by McGovern and Bruce (2000) by incorporating work by Berman (2005), McArthur (1987), Turnpenny et al. (2000a,b), Thompson et al. (2014), Gwadera et al. (2017), two new empirical relations for tissue insulation and sweat rate, and a new solution method that allowed for overlapping changes in heat exchange. The modified model describes heat exchange between a lactating cow and the environment through respiration, convection, sweating, and shortwave and longwave radiation. This article describes the process-based model equations, compares results from the two new empirical relations used to published work, and presents the inputs and results for a cow on pasture in sunlight. The modified model, which can be solved with a spreadsheet, provides insight into factors and processes that affect lactating cow heat exchange. A companion paper compares the modified model results with published average measured body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures and unpublished body temperature data for cows on pasture in the sunshine. Keywords: Body temperature, Dairy, Heat stress, Lactating cow, Respiration rate, Thermal balance model.
{"title":"Dairy Cow Thermal Balance Model During Heat Stress: Part 1. Model Development","authors":"Chad R. Nelson, K. Janni","doi":"10.13031/ja.15190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15190","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Equations for a modified steady-state thermal balance model solved with a spreadsheet are described. The modified model describes heat exchange between lactating cows and the surrounding environment. New relations were used for tissue insulation, sweat rate, longwave radiation, and convective heat exchange. A companion paper compares model results to published body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures. Abstract. Dairy cow heat stress impacts cow well-being, reduces milk yield, and leads to economic losses. Understanding heat stress mechanics supports ongoing and future efforts to mitigate heat stress. The purpose of this project was to modify a steady-state heat transfer model developed by McGovern and Bruce (2000) by incorporating work by Berman (2005), McArthur (1987), Turnpenny et al. (2000a,b), Thompson et al. (2014), Gwadera et al. (2017), two new empirical relations for tissue insulation and sweat rate, and a new solution method that allowed for overlapping changes in heat exchange. The modified model describes heat exchange between a lactating cow and the environment through respiration, convection, sweating, and shortwave and longwave radiation. This article describes the process-based model equations, compares results from the two new empirical relations used to published work, and presents the inputs and results for a cow on pasture in sunlight. The modified model, which can be solved with a spreadsheet, provides insight into factors and processes that affect lactating cow heat exchange. A companion paper compares the modified model results with published average measured body temperatures, respiration rates, and skin temperatures and unpublished body temperature data for cows on pasture in the sunshine. Keywords: Body temperature, Dairy, Heat stress, Lactating cow, Respiration rate, Thermal balance model.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74725417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Woomer, R. Schendel, Jennifer Lovely, P. Vijayakumar, A. Adedeji
Highlights Distillers spent grain (DSG) constitutes a major disposal problem for the bourbon industry. The impact of DSG particle size and addition level on the quality attributes of extruded products was evaluated. Particle size and addition level modulated the extrusion of DSG-proso millet-based extrudate. Some quality of extrudates with up to 10% DSG addition level and 300 µm particle size compared favorably with the control. Abstract. Bourbon is an important export for the US, especially in the state of Kentucky, which accounts for 95% of global production. The disposal of the main byproduct of bourbon distilling is a major problem for the industry. Distiller’s spent grain (DSG) produced contains insoluble and soluble fibers and protein, making it an attractive option as a health-promoting functional ingredient in food production. The objective of this research was to determine the DSG properties needed for the development of high-fiber extruded products with millet as the base-starch ingredient. Samples were produced using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. A two-way factorial design was used to test the effect of DSG particle size (180, 300, and 500 µm) and addition levels (5%, 10%, and 15%) on some physico-functional properties of the extrudates, such as specific mechanical energy, water solubility index, water absorption index, radial expansion ratio, fracturability, hardness, porosity, degree of gelatinization, and pasting properties. In general, higher DSG addition levels resulted in decreased radial expansion and porosity, and created harder, bulkier, and darker color products. However, samples produced with medium particle size DSG (300 µm) at 5% addition level saw no significant decrease in expansion or hardness compared to the control (0% DSG). Similarly, at 10% DSG addition level and coarse (500 µm) particle size, there was no significant difference in porosity compared to the control group. This study shows that optimized particle size and DSG addition level allow the incorporation of bourbon spent grain into an extruded-expanded product without significant loss of attributes but with higher dietary fiber content. Keywords: Bourbon, Distillers Spent Grain, Extrusion, High-fiber, Proso Millet.
{"title":"Value-Added Application of Bourbon Spent Grain and Proso Millet for High-Fiber Extruded Product","authors":"Joseph Woomer, R. Schendel, Jennifer Lovely, P. Vijayakumar, A. Adedeji","doi":"10.13031/ja.15507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15507","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Distillers spent grain (DSG) constitutes a major disposal problem for the bourbon industry. The impact of DSG particle size and addition level on the quality attributes of extruded products was evaluated. Particle size and addition level modulated the extrusion of DSG-proso millet-based extrudate. Some quality of extrudates with up to 10% DSG addition level and 300 µm particle size compared favorably with the control. Abstract. Bourbon is an important export for the US, especially in the state of Kentucky, which accounts for 95% of global production. The disposal of the main byproduct of bourbon distilling is a major problem for the industry. Distiller’s spent grain (DSG) produced contains insoluble and soluble fibers and protein, making it an attractive option as a health-promoting functional ingredient in food production. The objective of this research was to determine the DSG properties needed for the development of high-fiber extruded products with millet as the base-starch ingredient. Samples were produced using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. A two-way factorial design was used to test the effect of DSG particle size (180, 300, and 500 µm) and addition levels (5%, 10%, and 15%) on some physico-functional properties of the extrudates, such as specific mechanical energy, water solubility index, water absorption index, radial expansion ratio, fracturability, hardness, porosity, degree of gelatinization, and pasting properties. In general, higher DSG addition levels resulted in decreased radial expansion and porosity, and created harder, bulkier, and darker color products. However, samples produced with medium particle size DSG (300 µm) at 5% addition level saw no significant decrease in expansion or hardness compared to the control (0% DSG). Similarly, at 10% DSG addition level and coarse (500 µm) particle size, there was no significant difference in porosity compared to the control group. This study shows that optimized particle size and DSG addition level allow the incorporation of bourbon spent grain into an extruded-expanded product without significant loss of attributes but with higher dietary fiber content. Keywords: Bourbon, Distillers Spent Grain, Extrusion, High-fiber, Proso Millet.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88362019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microwave-Cooking of Rice in Steam-Venting Packages and Impacts on Quality Attributes","authors":"Eva Owusu, K. Luthra, G. Atungulu","doi":"10.13031/ja.15382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15382","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78693282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tekeste, T. Way, Wayne Birkenholz, Sally Brodbeck
Highlights IF and VF agricultural radial tires are capable of carrying a greater load at the same inflation pressure than a standard radial tire. For this MFWD tractor and central-fill planter, the rear tractor tire is the main source of soil compaction during planting. The peak soil stress for the rear tractor tire was greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Potential soil compaction is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Abstract. New agricultural tire standards, designated as Increased Flexion (IF) and Very High Flexion (VF), have been introduced for agricultural machines that offer larger contact areas compared to the standard radial tire carrying the same axle load. Limited studies have been conducted on how the newly adopted IF tires and precision tire inflation pressure management systems affect soil compaction, fuel economy, and crop yield responses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of field and transport (road) tire inflation pressure settings of row-crop agricultural tractor and planter tires on soil compaction. A completely randomized design experiment was conducted at the Iowa State University farm at Boone, Iowa, for two tire inflation pressure levels on the dual front (Firestone IF 420/85R34) and dual rear (Firestone IF 480/80R50) tires on a John Deere 8310R MFWD tractor, as well as transport tires (Super single 445/50R22.5) on a John Deere DB60 central-fill planter. Soil compaction was measured using Stress State Transducers (SSTs) buried at 150 mm and 300 mm depths beneath the untrafficked soil surface. The soil cone index depth profile was measured at the tire centerline before and after the tractor and planter tire passes. After the tractor and planter tire passes, rut depth was also measured at the tire centerline. Peak octahedral normal stress (soct) and the corresponding octahedral shear stress (toct) values in soil were calculated from the SST data. The peak soct for the rear tractor tire was significantly greater for the Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment than for the IF Radial Tire Pressures treatment. The tire inflation pressure treatment did not significantly affect the peak soct for the front tractor tire and the planter transport tire. For this tractor and planter configuration, soil stress results identify the rear tractor tires as the main source of soil compaction during planting. The Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment caused significantly higher soil cone index and soil rut depth compared with the IF Radial Tire Pressures (P < 0.05). As indicated by soil stresses, potential soil compaction from the tractor and planter transport tires is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Keywords: Increased Flexion (IF) radial tire, Soil compaction, Soil cone index,
中频和VF农用子午线轮胎能够在相同的充气压力下比标准子午线轮胎承载更大的载荷。对于MFWD拖拉机和中央填充播种机，拖拉机后轮胎是种植过程中土壤压实的主要来源。标准子午线轮胎充气压力下拖拉机后轮胎的峰值土应力大于IF子午线轮胎充气压力下的峰值土应力。标准子午线轮胎充气压力下的潜在土壤压实比IF子午线轮胎充气压力下的更大。摘要新的农用轮胎标准，被指定为增加挠度(IF)和极高挠度(VF)，已被引入农业机械，提供更大的接触面积相比，标准子午线轮胎承载相同的轴载荷。关于新采用的IF轮胎和精密轮胎充气压力管理系统如何影响土壤压实、燃油经济性和作物产量的响应，已经进行了有限的研究。本研究旨在探讨大田和运输(道路)轮胎充气压力设置的行作物农业拖拉机和播种机轮胎对土壤压实的影响。在爱荷华州布恩的爱荷华州立大学农场进行了一项完全随机设计实验，对约翰迪尔8310R MFWD拖拉机上的双前胎(Firestone IF 420/85R34)和双后胎(Firestone IF 480/80R50)以及约翰迪尔DB60中央填充种植机上的运输轮胎(超级单胎445/50R22.5)的两个轮胎充气压力水平进行了研究。使用应力状态传感器(SSTs)测量土壤压实度，埋设在未交通的土壤表面下150 mm和300 mm深度。在拖拉机和播种机轮胎通过前后的轮胎中心线处测量了土壤锥指数深度剖面。在拖拉机和播种机轮胎通过后，还在轮胎中心线处测量车辙深度。根据海表温度数据计算了土体的峰值八面体正应力(soct)和相应的八面体剪应力(toct)值。标准子午线胎压处理后拖拉机轮胎的峰值sot明显大于IF子午线胎压处理。轮胎充气压力处理对前拖拉机轮胎和播种机运输轮胎的峰值温度没有显著影响。对于这种拖拉机和播种机配置，土壤应力结果表明拖拉机后轮胎是种植过程中土壤压实的主要来源。标准子午线胎压处理显著高于中频子午线胎压处理(P < 0.05)。如土壤应力所示，在标准子午线轮胎充气压力下，拖拉机和播种机运输轮胎产生的潜在土壤压实量预计大于IF子午线轮胎充气压力。关键词:增弯子午线轮胎，土压实，土锥指数，土应力状态，轮胎充气压力
{"title":"Effect of Increased Deflection Tire Technology on Soil Compaction","authors":"M. Tekeste, T. Way, Wayne Birkenholz, Sally Brodbeck","doi":"10.13031/ja.14794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14794","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights IF and VF agricultural radial tires are capable of carrying a greater load at the same inflation pressure than a standard radial tire. For this MFWD tractor and central-fill planter, the rear tractor tire is the main source of soil compaction during planting. The peak soil stress for the rear tractor tire was greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Potential soil compaction is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Abstract. New agricultural tire standards, designated as Increased Flexion (IF) and Very High Flexion (VF), have been introduced for agricultural machines that offer larger contact areas compared to the standard radial tire carrying the same axle load. Limited studies have been conducted on how the newly adopted IF tires and precision tire inflation pressure management systems affect soil compaction, fuel economy, and crop yield responses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of field and transport (road) tire inflation pressure settings of row-crop agricultural tractor and planter tires on soil compaction. A completely randomized design experiment was conducted at the Iowa State University farm at Boone, Iowa, for two tire inflation pressure levels on the dual front (Firestone IF 420/85R34) and dual rear (Firestone IF 480/80R50) tires on a John Deere 8310R MFWD tractor, as well as transport tires (Super single 445/50R22.5) on a John Deere DB60 central-fill planter. Soil compaction was measured using Stress State Transducers (SSTs) buried at 150 mm and 300 mm depths beneath the untrafficked soil surface. The soil cone index depth profile was measured at the tire centerline before and after the tractor and planter tire passes. After the tractor and planter tire passes, rut depth was also measured at the tire centerline. Peak octahedral normal stress (soct) and the corresponding octahedral shear stress (toct) values in soil were calculated from the SST data. The peak soct for the rear tractor tire was significantly greater for the Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment than for the IF Radial Tire Pressures treatment. The tire inflation pressure treatment did not significantly affect the peak soct for the front tractor tire and the planter transport tire. For this tractor and planter configuration, soil stress results identify the rear tractor tires as the main source of soil compaction during planting. The Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment caused significantly higher soil cone index and soil rut depth compared with the IF Radial Tire Pressures (P < 0.05). As indicated by soil stresses, potential soil compaction from the tractor and planter transport tires is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Keywords: Increased Flexion (IF) radial tire, Soil compaction, Soil cone index, ","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74291907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. D. Kariyama, Weixiang Li, Shaoqi Yu, Long Chen, R. Qi, Hao Zhang, Xiaxia Li, Xin Deng, Jiansen Lin, Binxin Wu
Highlights HSAD is a cost-effective approach for managing high-solids manure. Batch digestion of HSAD at a low inoculum ratio is unsuitable. Mixing once a day was enough to maintain a stable digestion process. The stoichiometric method with an appropriate biodegradability factor provided perfect prediction. Simplified biokinetics can predict methane productivity at steady-state conditions. Abstract. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered one of the most effective methods of managing dairy manure. To effectively and economically treat the huge volumes of manure produced by commercial dairy farms, high-solids anaerobic digestion (HSAD) is to be encouraged. In this manuscript, batch and semi-continuous anaerobic digestion experiments of dairy manure with a high volatile solid (VS) content were conducted in a pilot-scale stirred digester with an effective volume of 1.63 m3, operated under mesophilic temperature conditions. Three intermittent mixing treatments (50, 100, and 150 rpm) were mixed once a day during feeding with a constant mixing duration of 5 minutes, including a non-mixed experiment, operating at a 30-day hydraulic retention time. The objectives were to determine an optimum mixing intensity to enhance HSAD efficiency and economy and to apply simplified models to model the digestion process. The simplified kinetic models were modified to accurately predict methane growth, yield, and production rates. The modified Gompertz growth model predicted the methane growth at the batch experiment perfectly. The first-order kinetic model predictions of the biodegradability factor, the specific methane yield, and the specific methane production rate were consistent with the batch experimental results. The stoichiometric method and the Karim model were modified to accurately model the effect of mixing intensity on the methane yield and the specific methane production rate. Three linear equations were successfully developed to predict the methane production rate. Optimized mixing intensity and organic loading rate are critical for high methane production rates. This study contributes to the ongoing research to improve the efficiency of HSAD. Keywords: Dairy manure, High-solids anaerobic digestion, Methane productivity, Mixing intensity.
{"title":"Simplified Modeling of High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure in a Pilot-Scale Stirred Tank Anaerobic Digester","authors":"I. D. Kariyama, Weixiang Li, Shaoqi Yu, Long Chen, R. Qi, Hao Zhang, Xiaxia Li, Xin Deng, Jiansen Lin, Binxin Wu","doi":"10.13031/ja.15203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15203","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights HSAD is a cost-effective approach for managing high-solids manure. Batch digestion of HSAD at a low inoculum ratio is unsuitable. Mixing once a day was enough to maintain a stable digestion process. The stoichiometric method with an appropriate biodegradability factor provided perfect prediction. Simplified biokinetics can predict methane productivity at steady-state conditions. Abstract. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered one of the most effective methods of managing dairy manure. To effectively and economically treat the huge volumes of manure produced by commercial dairy farms, high-solids anaerobic digestion (HSAD) is to be encouraged. In this manuscript, batch and semi-continuous anaerobic digestion experiments of dairy manure with a high volatile solid (VS) content were conducted in a pilot-scale stirred digester with an effective volume of 1.63 m3, operated under mesophilic temperature conditions. Three intermittent mixing treatments (50, 100, and 150 rpm) were mixed once a day during feeding with a constant mixing duration of 5 minutes, including a non-mixed experiment, operating at a 30-day hydraulic retention time. The objectives were to determine an optimum mixing intensity to enhance HSAD efficiency and economy and to apply simplified models to model the digestion process. The simplified kinetic models were modified to accurately predict methane growth, yield, and production rates. The modified Gompertz growth model predicted the methane growth at the batch experiment perfectly. The first-order kinetic model predictions of the biodegradability factor, the specific methane yield, and the specific methane production rate were consistent with the batch experimental results. The stoichiometric method and the Karim model were modified to accurately model the effect of mixing intensity on the methane yield and the specific methane production rate. Three linear equations were successfully developed to predict the methane production rate. Optimized mixing intensity and organic loading rate are critical for high methane production rates. This study contributes to the ongoing research to improve the efficiency of HSAD. Keywords: Dairy manure, High-solids anaerobic digestion, Methane productivity, Mixing intensity.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90325834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights This study presented a new optimization methodology using a prismatic joint with high stiffness and damping. The virtual suspension model contained the main bodies, an optimization subsystem, and a free-floating cylinder. Under aggressive terrain, an optimized chassis platform resulted in a 19.5% increase in boom height stability. Abstract. Multibody dynamics (MBD) models are continuing to be valuable for engineering design and product development, especially regarding subsystem optimization. Most MBD optimization processes begin with a sensitivity analysis of treatment factors and levels to understand how uncertainty in model inputs can be attributed to different sources of uncertainty within model outputs; however, this study developed a new MBD methodology to automatically determine the optimized dynamic chassis suspension responses on each corner of the vehicle from a single simulation for a self-propelled sprayer model as the chosen application use-case. This technique leveraged a prismatic joint (with a high spring stiffness and damping coefficient) connected between the chassis mainframe and the simplified optimization tire to create a distance constraint that held the chassis body at a near-consistent height above the ground. Then the solver optimized the response of the chassis suspension system to maintain a stable chassis platform relative to the terrain beneath it as the vehicle traversed across dynamic terrain conditions. This optimization response was also accomplished by replacing the baseline chassis suspension components with a free-floating cylinder, which permitted the unrestricted, optimized motion needed to keep the chassis body at a near-level position with respect to the roll and pitch profiles of the terrain. For a simulation with an aggressive terrain configuration, the analysis showed that an optimized suspension system resulted in a 46% decrease in operator comfort and a 19.5% increase in overall boom height stability as the boom height control system better maintained a dynamic position closer to the specified target height. Keywords: Boom height, Chassis suspension, Multibody dynamics (MBD), Optimization, Prismatic joint, Simulation, Terrain.
{"title":"Optimized Chassis Stability Relative to Dynamic Terrain Profiles in a Self-Propelled Sprayer Multibody Dynamics Model","authors":"Bailey Adams, M. Darr, Aditya Shah","doi":"10.13031/ja.15230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15230","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This study presented a new optimization methodology using a prismatic joint with high stiffness and damping. The virtual suspension model contained the main bodies, an optimization subsystem, and a free-floating cylinder. Under aggressive terrain, an optimized chassis platform resulted in a 19.5% increase in boom height stability. Abstract. Multibody dynamics (MBD) models are continuing to be valuable for engineering design and product development, especially regarding subsystem optimization. Most MBD optimization processes begin with a sensitivity analysis of treatment factors and levels to understand how uncertainty in model inputs can be attributed to different sources of uncertainty within model outputs; however, this study developed a new MBD methodology to automatically determine the optimized dynamic chassis suspension responses on each corner of the vehicle from a single simulation for a self-propelled sprayer model as the chosen application use-case. This technique leveraged a prismatic joint (with a high spring stiffness and damping coefficient) connected between the chassis mainframe and the simplified optimization tire to create a distance constraint that held the chassis body at a near-consistent height above the ground. Then the solver optimized the response of the chassis suspension system to maintain a stable chassis platform relative to the terrain beneath it as the vehicle traversed across dynamic terrain conditions. This optimization response was also accomplished by replacing the baseline chassis suspension components with a free-floating cylinder, which permitted the unrestricted, optimized motion needed to keep the chassis body at a near-level position with respect to the roll and pitch profiles of the terrain. For a simulation with an aggressive terrain configuration, the analysis showed that an optimized suspension system resulted in a 46% decrease in operator comfort and a 19.5% increase in overall boom height stability as the boom height control system better maintained a dynamic position closer to the specified target height. Keywords: Boom height, Chassis suspension, Multibody dynamics (MBD), Optimization, Prismatic joint, Simulation, Terrain.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89617301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandi Brown, Miguel Fudolig, T. Brown-Brandl, Deepak R. Keshwani
Highlights Teamwork data from engineering capstone courses were analyzed to detect impacts of emergency remote teaching. The Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) data was analyzed via statistical modeling. Qualitative data attained from student responses were analyzed for patterns. Students found the lack of team camaraderie even more challenging than limitations on testing designs. This study offers avenues for developing engineering students’ teamwork skills in remote settings. Abstract. The onset of the global pandemic forced universities to rapidly shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT), which could cause even more perturbations for engineering courses with a hands-on, project-oriented focus. Thus, the purpose of this project was to gain a data-driven appreciation of how teamwork performance was impacted for engineering students in this environment and recommend focus areas for instructional designers. The Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) tool was used to assess different aspects of teamwork performance for 108 students in an undergraduate engineering capstone course during an in-person course offered in 2019-2020 (pre-pandemic) and an ERT course offered in 2020-2021 at a major Midwestern university. The classes were divided into teams for their capstone projects using the CATME Team-Maker tool. Students were asked to rate their teammates at the beginning, middle, and end of the course across five CATME dimensions: (1) Contribution to Team’s Work, (2) Interacting with Teammates, (3) Keeping the Team on Track, (4) Expecting Quality, and (5) Having Relevant Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs). Statistical modeling was implemented to decipher how ratings differed throughout the year in each course as well as to identify specific CATME areas that varied between the in-person and ERT courses. A qualitative assessment was also implemented for the ERT course based on student responses to a prompt that asked them to comment on how the pandemic impacted their personal and team performance. Results revealed that engineering students showed a significant reduction in three categories in the ERT course compared to in-person: Contributing to Team’s Work, Expecting Quality, and Having Relevant KSAs. Interestingly, these three categories deal largely with student motivation toward team efforts, which was echoed in the qualitative assessment. The majority of alarming comments made by students were regarding not being able to build camaraderie with their teammates in the ERT environment. It was surprising to find that engineering students found this lack of team camaraderie even more challenging than the limitations on testing their designs. Thus, more data-driven analyses are necessary to examine which methods and technologies are ideal for teleworking project-based courses in terms of facilitating team bonding, helping teams brainstorm, and fostering more en
{"title":"Impacts on Teamwork Performance for an Engineering Capstone in Emergency Remote Teaching","authors":"Brandi Brown, Miguel Fudolig, T. Brown-Brandl, Deepak R. Keshwani","doi":"10.13031/ja.15265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15265","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Teamwork data from engineering capstone courses were analyzed to detect impacts of emergency remote teaching. The Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) data was analyzed via statistical modeling. Qualitative data attained from student responses were analyzed for patterns. Students found the lack of team camaraderie even more challenging than limitations on testing designs. This study offers avenues for developing engineering students’ teamwork skills in remote settings. Abstract. The onset of the global pandemic forced universities to rapidly shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT), which could cause even more perturbations for engineering courses with a hands-on, project-oriented focus. Thus, the purpose of this project was to gain a data-driven appreciation of how teamwork performance was impacted for engineering students in this environment and recommend focus areas for instructional designers. The Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) tool was used to assess different aspects of teamwork performance for 108 students in an undergraduate engineering capstone course during an in-person course offered in 2019-2020 (pre-pandemic) and an ERT course offered in 2020-2021 at a major Midwestern university. The classes were divided into teams for their capstone projects using the CATME Team-Maker tool. Students were asked to rate their teammates at the beginning, middle, and end of the course across five CATME dimensions: (1) Contribution to Team’s Work, (2) Interacting with Teammates, (3) Keeping the Team on Track, (4) Expecting Quality, and (5) Having Relevant Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs). Statistical modeling was implemented to decipher how ratings differed throughout the year in each course as well as to identify specific CATME areas that varied between the in-person and ERT courses. A qualitative assessment was also implemented for the ERT course based on student responses to a prompt that asked them to comment on how the pandemic impacted their personal and team performance. Results revealed that engineering students showed a significant reduction in three categories in the ERT course compared to in-person: Contributing to Team’s Work, Expecting Quality, and Having Relevant KSAs. Interestingly, these three categories deal largely with student motivation toward team efforts, which was echoed in the qualitative assessment. The majority of alarming comments made by students were regarding not being able to build camaraderie with their teammates in the ERT environment. It was surprising to find that engineering students found this lack of team camaraderie even more challenging than the limitations on testing their designs. Thus, more data-driven analyses are necessary to examine which methods and technologies are ideal for teleworking project-based courses in terms of facilitating team bonding, helping teams brainstorm, and fostering more en","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88154606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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