Highlights This study analyzes the feasibility of using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to estimate canopy temperatures. A methodology is introduced to forecast canopy temperatures using historical canopy temperatures. ANNs can predict canopy temperatures with satisfactory accuracy for plant stress-based irrigation scheduling. The methodology can be useful to add redundancy to plant stress-based irrigation scheduling methods. Abstract. Recent advances can provide farmers with irrigation scheduling tools based on crop stress indicators to assist in the management of Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) center pivot systems. These tools were integrated into an Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (ISSCADAS) developed by scientists with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The ISSCADAS automates the collection of data from a network of wireless infrared thermometers (IRTs) distributed on a center pivot’s lateral and in the field irrigated by the center pivot, as well as data from a wireless soil water sensor network and a microclimate weather station. This study analyzes the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), a type of machine learning algorithm, for the forecasting of canopy temperatures obtained by a wireless network of IRTs mounted on a three-span VRI center pivot irrigating corn near Bushland, TX, during the summer of 2017. Among the predictors used by the ANNs were weather variables relevant to the estimation of evapotranspiration (i.e., air temperature, relative humidity, solar irradiance, and wind speed), irrigation management variables (irrigation treatment, irrigation scheduling method, and the amount of water received during the last 5 days as irrigation or rainfall), and days after planting. Two case studies were conducted using data collected from periodic scans of the field performed during the growing season by running the pivot dry. In the first case, data from the first three scans were used to train an ANN, and canopy temperatures estimated using the ANN were then compared against canopy temperatures measured by the network of IRTs during the fourth scan. In the second case, data from the first six scans were used to train ANNs, and canopy temperatures estimated using the ANN were then compared against canopy temperatures measured by the network of IRTs during the seventh scan. The Root of the Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of ANN predictions in the first case ranged from 1.04°C to 2.49°C, whereas the RMSE of ANN predictions in the second case ranged from 2.14°C to 2.77°C. To assess the impact of ANN accuracy on irrigation management, estimated canopy temperatures were fed to a plant-stress-based irrigation scheduling method, and the resulting prescription maps were compared against prescription maps obtained by the same method using the canopy temperatures measured by the network of IRTs. In the first case, no difference was found between both prescription map
{"title":"Forecasting of Canopy Temperatures Using Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"M. Andrade, S. O'Shaughnessy, S. Evett","doi":"10.13031/ja.15213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15213","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This study analyzes the feasibility of using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to estimate canopy temperatures. A methodology is introduced to forecast canopy temperatures using historical canopy temperatures. ANNs can predict canopy temperatures with satisfactory accuracy for plant stress-based irrigation scheduling. The methodology can be useful to add redundancy to plant stress-based irrigation scheduling methods. Abstract. Recent advances can provide farmers with irrigation scheduling tools based on crop stress indicators to assist in the management of Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) center pivot systems. These tools were integrated into an Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (ISSCADAS) developed by scientists with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The ISSCADAS automates the collection of data from a network of wireless infrared thermometers (IRTs) distributed on a center pivot’s lateral and in the field irrigated by the center pivot, as well as data from a wireless soil water sensor network and a microclimate weather station. This study analyzes the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), a type of machine learning algorithm, for the forecasting of canopy temperatures obtained by a wireless network of IRTs mounted on a three-span VRI center pivot irrigating corn near Bushland, TX, during the summer of 2017. Among the predictors used by the ANNs were weather variables relevant to the estimation of evapotranspiration (i.e., air temperature, relative humidity, solar irradiance, and wind speed), irrigation management variables (irrigation treatment, irrigation scheduling method, and the amount of water received during the last 5 days as irrigation or rainfall), and days after planting. Two case studies were conducted using data collected from periodic scans of the field performed during the growing season by running the pivot dry. In the first case, data from the first three scans were used to train an ANN, and canopy temperatures estimated using the ANN were then compared against canopy temperatures measured by the network of IRTs during the fourth scan. In the second case, data from the first six scans were used to train ANNs, and canopy temperatures estimated using the ANN were then compared against canopy temperatures measured by the network of IRTs during the seventh scan. The Root of the Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of ANN predictions in the first case ranged from 1.04°C to 2.49°C, whereas the RMSE of ANN predictions in the second case ranged from 2.14°C to 2.77°C. To assess the impact of ANN accuracy on irrigation management, estimated canopy temperatures were fed to a plant-stress-based irrigation scheduling method, and the resulting prescription maps were compared against prescription maps obtained by the same method using the canopy temperatures measured by the network of IRTs. In the first case, no difference was found between both prescription map","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79560478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongyue Li, Jin Wang, Chengyou Kang, Rui Li, Shaojin Wang, B. Ling
{"title":"Comparative Studies on Continuous Radio Frequency Treatment of Granular Foods Under Belt and Double Screw Conveying: A Case Study of Disinfesting Dried Jujubes","authors":"Hongyue Li, Jin Wang, Chengyou Kang, Rui Li, Shaojin Wang, B. Ling","doi":"10.13031/ja.15404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79668749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights This study designed a corn ear picking device to reduce grain loss and corn header power consumption. The fracture force of corn peduncles under different deflection angles was studied as the basis of the design. The working parameters were optimized through an orthogonal experiment. Abstract. In corn ear picking, the corn peduncles are fractured under pure tensile forces. The large force demands in the fracture brought severe grain loss, an enormous instantaneous load, and high power consumption in the corn harvest. In this paper, the fracture behavior of the corn peduncles under different tensile orientations was studied. It showed the fracture force of corn peduncle could be reduced by more than 80% when its fracture mode transformed from tensile fracture to bending fracture as long as the corn ear was deflected to the critical angle of 55°. Based on this, a corn picking device was designed to reduce peduncle fracture force by deflecting corn ears to the critical angle. The optimal parameters of the designed corn picking device were determined as follows: the diameter of the snapping rollers was 20 mm, the rotating speed of the stalk rolls was 700 rpm, and the inclination angle of the corn picking unit was 28.3°. A comparative test between the designed corn picking device and a commonly used corn picking device was performed. It showed the designed corn picking device could reduce grain loss, average power consumption, and peak power. This study will provide a theoretical basis and design reference for corn harvester design to reduce grain loss and power consumption. Keywords: Corn ear picking, Corn harvest, Corn harvester header, Fracture force, Fracture mechanics, Grain loss, Power consumption.
{"title":"Design and Experimental Study on a Corn Picking Device Based on the Fracture Mechanics of Corn Peduncle","authors":"Qiankun Fu, Jun Fu, Zhi Chen, Luquan Ren","doi":"10.13031/ja.15105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15105","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This study designed a corn ear picking device to reduce grain loss and corn header power consumption. The fracture force of corn peduncles under different deflection angles was studied as the basis of the design. The working parameters were optimized through an orthogonal experiment. Abstract. In corn ear picking, the corn peduncles are fractured under pure tensile forces. The large force demands in the fracture brought severe grain loss, an enormous instantaneous load, and high power consumption in the corn harvest. In this paper, the fracture behavior of the corn peduncles under different tensile orientations was studied. It showed the fracture force of corn peduncle could be reduced by more than 80% when its fracture mode transformed from tensile fracture to bending fracture as long as the corn ear was deflected to the critical angle of 55°. Based on this, a corn picking device was designed to reduce peduncle fracture force by deflecting corn ears to the critical angle. The optimal parameters of the designed corn picking device were determined as follows: the diameter of the snapping rollers was 20 mm, the rotating speed of the stalk rolls was 700 rpm, and the inclination angle of the corn picking unit was 28.3°. A comparative test between the designed corn picking device and a commonly used corn picking device was performed. It showed the designed corn picking device could reduce grain loss, average power consumption, and peak power. This study will provide a theoretical basis and design reference for corn harvester design to reduce grain loss and power consumption. Keywords: Corn ear picking, Corn harvest, Corn harvester header, Fracture force, Fracture mechanics, Grain loss, Power consumption.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camila Jange, Rhonda Graef, Chad Penn, Carl Wassgren, Kingsly Ambrose
Highlights Effect of granule microstructure, formulation design on nutrient leaching was investigated. Reduction in nutrient leaching was observed in denser core granules with binder compared to low density granules. The power-law model overpredicted the inorganic dissolved nitrogen content. Abstract. Ammonium and nitrate are byproducts of urea fertilizer hydrolysis in soil. Ammonium is highly unstable and can volatilize in the form of ammonia, a greenhouse gas. Meanwhile, nitrate is highly hydrophilic and can contaminate surface and groundwater systems. This study investigated the influence of a biopolymer binder (a mixture of xanthan and konjac gums) and granule microstructure on urea dissolution and hydrolysis in soil to improve fertilizer release rates. The study compared urea leaching profiles in disturbed soil columns for dry (uniaxial compression), layered wet granulated, and market urea granules. A power-law model of total dissolved nitrogen versus cumulative volume ensured robust estimation of the release rate constants. There was 50% and 20% less total dissolved nitrogen, respectively, for binder-added core (CB) granules produced from the uniaxial compression method and bilayer binder-added (bLB) granules compared with market urea samples (NU). However, no significant reduction in dissolved ammonium and nitrate was observed based on formulation and process changes using a power-law model. However, it is noteworthy that the power-law model overpredicted the initial leaching profiles of binder-added core (CB) and bilayer binder-added (bLB) samples. In conclusion, the microstructure of the core granules compacted at 100 MPa and binder-formulated (CB) granules can delay urea dissolution and suggests a partial reduction of urea hydrolysis in soil. Keywords: Biopolymer binder, Disturbed soil columns, Granule microstructure design, Nitrate leaching control.
{"title":"Controlling Nutrient Leaching Profile of Urea Granules through Structural Modification","authors":"Camila Jange, Rhonda Graef, Chad Penn, Carl Wassgren, Kingsly Ambrose","doi":"10.13031/ja.15675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15675","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Effect of granule microstructure, formulation design on nutrient leaching was investigated. Reduction in nutrient leaching was observed in denser core granules with binder compared to low density granules. The power-law model overpredicted the inorganic dissolved nitrogen content. Abstract. Ammonium and nitrate are byproducts of urea fertilizer hydrolysis in soil. Ammonium is highly unstable and can volatilize in the form of ammonia, a greenhouse gas. Meanwhile, nitrate is highly hydrophilic and can contaminate surface and groundwater systems. This study investigated the influence of a biopolymer binder (a mixture of xanthan and konjac gums) and granule microstructure on urea dissolution and hydrolysis in soil to improve fertilizer release rates. The study compared urea leaching profiles in disturbed soil columns for dry (uniaxial compression), layered wet granulated, and market urea granules. A power-law model of total dissolved nitrogen versus cumulative volume ensured robust estimation of the release rate constants. There was 50% and 20% less total dissolved nitrogen, respectively, for binder-added core (CB) granules produced from the uniaxial compression method and bilayer binder-added (bLB) granules compared with market urea samples (NU). However, no significant reduction in dissolved ammonium and nitrate was observed based on formulation and process changes using a power-law model. However, it is noteworthy that the power-law model overpredicted the initial leaching profiles of binder-added core (CB) and bilayer binder-added (bLB) samples. In conclusion, the microstructure of the core granules compacted at 100 MPa and binder-formulated (CB) granules can delay urea dissolution and suggests a partial reduction of urea hydrolysis in soil. Keywords: Biopolymer binder, Disturbed soil columns, Granule microstructure design, Nitrate leaching control.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marlene C. Ndoun, Allan Knopf, Heather E. Preisendanz, Natasha Vozenilek, Herschel A. Elliott, Tamie L. Veith, Michael L. Mashtare, Stephanie B. Velegol, Clinton F. Williams
Highlights Cotton gin waste and walnut shells can be beneficially transformed into alkaline biochars. The resulting biochars have properties supporting effective adsorption of cationic contaminants. The biochars exhibit irregular particle morphologies, with cotton gin biochar maintaining fibrous structures. Results can help inform appropriate applications of biochar produced from cotton gin waste and walnut shells. Abstract. The sustainable management of agricultural waste has gained increasing attention worldwide, especially regarding the production of value-added products that are renewable and carbon-rich. Further, there is a need to provide low-cost, lower-energy alternatives to materials such as activated carbon for removing contaminants from water. The goal of this study was to characterize various physicochemical properties of biochar produced from cotton gin waste (pyrolyzed for 2 h at 700ï°C, CG700) and walnut shells (pyrolyzed for 2 h at 800ï°C, WS800) to better understand their potential to be effective in various environmental applications. The properties that were characterized are the following: (i) biochar pH; (ii) specific surface area (SSA); (iii) surface functional groups; (iv) surface elemental composition; (v) surface charge; and (vi) surface morphology. Pyrolysis led to the destruction of acidic functional groups within the parent biomass and an increase in ash content, resulting in alkaline biochars with pH values of 9.8 and 10.9 for WS800 and CG700 biochar, respectively. Zeta potential measurements demonstrated that both biochars were negatively charged at environmentally relevant pH ranges. The FT-IR spectrum and XPS results for the CG700 biochar showed the presence of several functional groups, including the OH, C=C, and C-O groups within the biochar samples. BET results demonstrated that CG700 had a low SSA (8.57â22.31 m2 g-1), and the biochar was dominated by fibrous, irregular shaped particles, according to the results from the SEM imaging. The FT-IR spectrum for the WS800 biochar showed the presence of the carbonyl group, which was inherited from the parent biomass. BET measurements for the WS800 showed a decline in SSA with a reduction in particle size, likely due to a collapse of the honeycomb structure of the WS800 biochar with crushing to reduce the particle size, as revealed by the SEM images. The results of this research will help to inform the applications of biochar produced from cotton gin waste and walnut shells, two large sources of agricultural waste materials, and promote sustainable alternatives to extend the life cycle of these materials into value-added products.
{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Biochar Derived From the Pyrolysis of Cotton Gin Waste and Walnut Shells","authors":"Marlene C. Ndoun, Allan Knopf, Heather E. Preisendanz, Natasha Vozenilek, Herschel A. Elliott, Tamie L. Veith, Michael L. Mashtare, Stephanie B. Velegol, Clinton F. Williams","doi":"10.13031/ja.15489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15489","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Highlights</b> <list list-type=bullet><list-item> Cotton gin waste and walnut shells can be beneficially transformed into alkaline biochars. </list-item><list-item> The resulting biochars have properties supporting effective adsorption of cationic contaminants. </list-item><list-item> The biochars exhibit irregular particle morphologies, with cotton gin biochar maintaining fibrous structures. </list-item><list-item> Results can help inform appropriate applications of biochar produced from cotton gin waste and walnut shells. </list-item></list> <b>Abstract.</b> The sustainable management of agricultural waste has gained increasing attention worldwide, especially regarding the production of value-added products that are renewable and carbon-rich. Further, there is a need to provide low-cost, lower-energy alternatives to materials such as activated carbon for removing contaminants from water. The goal of this study was to characterize various physicochemical properties of biochar produced from cotton gin waste (pyrolyzed for 2 h at 700ï°C, CG700) and walnut shells (pyrolyzed for 2 h at 800ï°C, WS800) to better understand their potential to be effective in various environmental applications. The properties that were characterized are the following: (i) biochar pH; (ii) specific surface area (SSA); (iii) surface functional groups; (iv) surface elemental composition; (v) surface charge; and (vi) surface morphology. Pyrolysis led to the destruction of acidic functional groups within the parent biomass and an increase in ash content, resulting in alkaline biochars with pH values of 9.8 and 10.9 for WS800 and CG700 biochar, respectively. Zeta potential measurements demonstrated that both biochars were negatively charged at environmentally relevant pH ranges. The FT-IR spectrum and XPS results for the CG700 biochar showed the presence of several functional groups, including the OH, C=C, and C-O groups within the biochar samples. BET results demonstrated that CG700 had a low SSA (8.57â22.31 m2 g-1), and the biochar was dominated by fibrous, irregular shaped particles, according to the results from the SEM imaging. The FT-IR spectrum for the WS800 biochar showed the presence of the carbonyl group, which was inherited from the parent biomass. BET measurements for the WS800 showed a decline in SSA with a reduction in particle size, likely due to a collapse of the honeycomb structure of the WS800 biochar with crushing to reduce the particle size, as revealed by the SEM images. The results of this research will help to inform the applications of biochar produced from cotton gin waste and walnut shells, two large sources of agricultural waste materials, and promote sustainable alternatives to extend the life cycle of these materials into value-added products.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136003565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Smoke samples collected with UAS during rangeland prescribed burns were used to develop representative smoke emission factors for rangeland fires. The head fire emission factors of PM 2.5 and NO x were consistent with the low end of the range of flaming emission factors in the literature. The combination of high air temperatures and high absolute humidity resulted in higher levels of PM 2.5 and O 3 in smoke. Abstract. Prescribed burning is an ecological process critical to maintaining and improving rangeland ecosystems. Smoke impacts related to prescribed burning have been the subject of intense discussion and public debate. The objectives of this study were to collect accurate smoke emissions data using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and use the data to develop smoke emission factors representative of prescribed rangeland fires in the tallgrass prairie Flint Hills region of Kansas and Oklahoma. The emission factors will be used to improve the input parameters used in smoke modeling tools. Four prescribed burns on unique burn units were sampled for this study. Smoke emission factors were determined using the carbon mass balance method. Average emission factors for head fires were: PM 2.5 , 11.3±10.8g/kg fuel; NO x as NO, 1.4±0.9 g/kg fuel; CO 2 , 1569±28 g/kg fuel; CH 4 , 6.8±4.3 g/kg fuel; NMHC as propane, 3.3±2.5 g/kg fuel; and VOC as propane, 4.5±3.5 g/kg fuel. Compared with head fires, back fires tended to produce lower emissions of PM 2.5 but higher emissions of NO x and VOC. Green, high-moisture vegetation present during the growing season fires in September resulted in a larger head fire PM 2.5 emission factor compared to April fires. Generally, the combination of high air temperature and high absolute humidity resulted in high PM 2.5 and O 3 in smoke. Conducting prescribed fires under conditions of cool air temperature and low absolute humidity can reduce the generation of PM 2.5 and O 3 in smoke, as long as these conditions fall within the prescribed range for the burn. Keywords: Carbon mass balance, Drone, Fire, Grass, Ozone, Pasture, Prescribed burning, Rangeland management, Rangelands, Smoke emission factor, Tallgrass prairie, Unmanned aircraft system.
{"title":"Measuring Smoke Emissions from Prescribed Rangeland Burning in the Flint Hills Region Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems","authors":"Zifei Liu, Carolyn Baldwin, Douglas Watson, Jayson Prentice, Travis Balthazor, Md Ariful Haque","doi":"10.13031/ja.15430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15430","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Smoke samples collected with UAS during rangeland prescribed burns were used to develop representative smoke emission factors for rangeland fires. The head fire emission factors of PM 2.5 and NO x were consistent with the low end of the range of flaming emission factors in the literature. The combination of high air temperatures and high absolute humidity resulted in higher levels of PM 2.5 and O 3 in smoke. Abstract. Prescribed burning is an ecological process critical to maintaining and improving rangeland ecosystems. Smoke impacts related to prescribed burning have been the subject of intense discussion and public debate. The objectives of this study were to collect accurate smoke emissions data using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and use the data to develop smoke emission factors representative of prescribed rangeland fires in the tallgrass prairie Flint Hills region of Kansas and Oklahoma. The emission factors will be used to improve the input parameters used in smoke modeling tools. Four prescribed burns on unique burn units were sampled for this study. Smoke emission factors were determined using the carbon mass balance method. Average emission factors for head fires were: PM 2.5 , 11.3±10.8g/kg fuel; NO x as NO, 1.4±0.9 g/kg fuel; CO 2 , 1569±28 g/kg fuel; CH 4 , 6.8±4.3 g/kg fuel; NMHC as propane, 3.3±2.5 g/kg fuel; and VOC as propane, 4.5±3.5 g/kg fuel. Compared with head fires, back fires tended to produce lower emissions of PM 2.5 but higher emissions of NO x and VOC. Green, high-moisture vegetation present during the growing season fires in September resulted in a larger head fire PM 2.5 emission factor compared to April fires. Generally, the combination of high air temperature and high absolute humidity resulted in high PM 2.5 and O 3 in smoke. Conducting prescribed fires under conditions of cool air temperature and low absolute humidity can reduce the generation of PM 2.5 and O 3 in smoke, as long as these conditions fall within the prescribed range for the burn. Keywords: Carbon mass balance, Drone, Fire, Grass, Ozone, Pasture, Prescribed burning, Rangeland management, Rangelands, Smoke emission factor, Tallgrass prairie, Unmanned aircraft system.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135213574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tekeste, T. Way, Wayne Birkenholz, Sally Brodbeck
Highlights IF and VF agricultural radial tires are capable of carrying a greater load at the same inflation pressure than a standard radial tire. For this MFWD tractor and central-fill planter, the rear tractor tire is the main source of soil compaction during planting. The peak soil stress for the rear tractor tire was greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Potential soil compaction is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Abstract. New agricultural tire standards, designated as Increased Flexion (IF) and Very High Flexion (VF), have been introduced for agricultural machines that offer larger contact areas compared to the standard radial tire carrying the same axle load. Limited studies have been conducted on how the newly adopted IF tires and precision tire inflation pressure management systems affect soil compaction, fuel economy, and crop yield responses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of field and transport (road) tire inflation pressure settings of row-crop agricultural tractor and planter tires on soil compaction. A completely randomized design experiment was conducted at the Iowa State University farm at Boone, Iowa, for two tire inflation pressure levels on the dual front (Firestone IF 420/85R34) and dual rear (Firestone IF 480/80R50) tires on a John Deere 8310R MFWD tractor, as well as transport tires (Super single 445/50R22.5) on a John Deere DB60 central-fill planter. Soil compaction was measured using Stress State Transducers (SSTs) buried at 150 mm and 300 mm depths beneath the untrafficked soil surface. The soil cone index depth profile was measured at the tire centerline before and after the tractor and planter tire passes. After the tractor and planter tire passes, rut depth was also measured at the tire centerline. Peak octahedral normal stress (soct) and the corresponding octahedral shear stress (toct) values in soil were calculated from the SST data. The peak soct for the rear tractor tire was significantly greater for the Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment than for the IF Radial Tire Pressures treatment. The tire inflation pressure treatment did not significantly affect the peak soct for the front tractor tire and the planter transport tire. For this tractor and planter configuration, soil stress results identify the rear tractor tires as the main source of soil compaction during planting. The Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment caused significantly higher soil cone index and soil rut depth compared with the IF Radial Tire Pressures (P < 0.05). As indicated by soil stresses, potential soil compaction from the tractor and planter transport tires is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Keywords: Increased Flexion (IF) radial tire, Soil compaction, Soil cone index,
中频和VF农用子午线轮胎能够在相同的充气压力下比标准子午线轮胎承载更大的载荷。对于MFWD拖拉机和中央填充播种机，拖拉机后轮胎是种植过程中土壤压实的主要来源。标准子午线轮胎充气压力下拖拉机后轮胎的峰值土应力大于IF子午线轮胎充气压力下的峰值土应力。标准子午线轮胎充气压力下的潜在土壤压实比IF子午线轮胎充气压力下的更大。摘要新的农用轮胎标准，被指定为增加挠度(IF)和极高挠度(VF)，已被引入农业机械，提供更大的接触面积相比，标准子午线轮胎承载相同的轴载荷。关于新采用的IF轮胎和精密轮胎充气压力管理系统如何影响土壤压实、燃油经济性和作物产量的响应，已经进行了有限的研究。本研究旨在探讨大田和运输(道路)轮胎充气压力设置的行作物农业拖拉机和播种机轮胎对土壤压实的影响。在爱荷华州布恩的爱荷华州立大学农场进行了一项完全随机设计实验，对约翰迪尔8310R MFWD拖拉机上的双前胎(Firestone IF 420/85R34)和双后胎(Firestone IF 480/80R50)以及约翰迪尔DB60中央填充种植机上的运输轮胎(超级单胎445/50R22.5)的两个轮胎充气压力水平进行了研究。使用应力状态传感器(SSTs)测量土壤压实度，埋设在未交通的土壤表面下150 mm和300 mm深度。在拖拉机和播种机轮胎通过前后的轮胎中心线处测量了土壤锥指数深度剖面。在拖拉机和播种机轮胎通过后，还在轮胎中心线处测量车辙深度。根据海表温度数据计算了土体的峰值八面体正应力(soct)和相应的八面体剪应力(toct)值。标准子午线胎压处理后拖拉机轮胎的峰值sot明显大于IF子午线胎压处理。轮胎充气压力处理对前拖拉机轮胎和播种机运输轮胎的峰值温度没有显著影响。对于这种拖拉机和播种机配置，土壤应力结果表明拖拉机后轮胎是种植过程中土壤压实的主要来源。标准子午线胎压处理显著高于中频子午线胎压处理(P < 0.05)。如土壤应力所示，在标准子午线轮胎充气压力下，拖拉机和播种机运输轮胎产生的潜在土壤压实量预计大于IF子午线轮胎充气压力。关键词:增弯子午线轮胎，土压实，土锥指数，土应力状态，轮胎充气压力
{"title":"Effect of Increased Deflection Tire Technology on Soil Compaction","authors":"M. Tekeste, T. Way, Wayne Birkenholz, Sally Brodbeck","doi":"10.13031/ja.14794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14794","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights IF and VF agricultural radial tires are capable of carrying a greater load at the same inflation pressure than a standard radial tire. For this MFWD tractor and central-fill planter, the rear tractor tire is the main source of soil compaction during planting. The peak soil stress for the rear tractor tire was greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Potential soil compaction is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Abstract. New agricultural tire standards, designated as Increased Flexion (IF) and Very High Flexion (VF), have been introduced for agricultural machines that offer larger contact areas compared to the standard radial tire carrying the same axle load. Limited studies have been conducted on how the newly adopted IF tires and precision tire inflation pressure management systems affect soil compaction, fuel economy, and crop yield responses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of field and transport (road) tire inflation pressure settings of row-crop agricultural tractor and planter tires on soil compaction. A completely randomized design experiment was conducted at the Iowa State University farm at Boone, Iowa, for two tire inflation pressure levels on the dual front (Firestone IF 420/85R34) and dual rear (Firestone IF 480/80R50) tires on a John Deere 8310R MFWD tractor, as well as transport tires (Super single 445/50R22.5) on a John Deere DB60 central-fill planter. Soil compaction was measured using Stress State Transducers (SSTs) buried at 150 mm and 300 mm depths beneath the untrafficked soil surface. The soil cone index depth profile was measured at the tire centerline before and after the tractor and planter tire passes. After the tractor and planter tire passes, rut depth was also measured at the tire centerline. Peak octahedral normal stress (soct) and the corresponding octahedral shear stress (toct) values in soil were calculated from the SST data. The peak soct for the rear tractor tire was significantly greater for the Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment than for the IF Radial Tire Pressures treatment. The tire inflation pressure treatment did not significantly affect the peak soct for the front tractor tire and the planter transport tire. For this tractor and planter configuration, soil stress results identify the rear tractor tires as the main source of soil compaction during planting. The Standard Radial Tire Pressures treatment caused significantly higher soil cone index and soil rut depth compared with the IF Radial Tire Pressures (P < 0.05). As indicated by soil stresses, potential soil compaction from the tractor and planter transport tires is expected to be greater for standard radial tire inflation pressures than for IF radial tire inflation pressures. Keywords: Increased Flexion (IF) radial tire, Soil compaction, Soil cone index, ","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74291907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights This study presented a new optimization methodology using a prismatic joint with high stiffness and damping. The virtual suspension model contained the main bodies, an optimization subsystem, and a free-floating cylinder. Under aggressive terrain, an optimized chassis platform resulted in a 19.5% increase in boom height stability. Abstract. Multibody dynamics (MBD) models are continuing to be valuable for engineering design and product development, especially regarding subsystem optimization. Most MBD optimization processes begin with a sensitivity analysis of treatment factors and levels to understand how uncertainty in model inputs can be attributed to different sources of uncertainty within model outputs; however, this study developed a new MBD methodology to automatically determine the optimized dynamic chassis suspension responses on each corner of the vehicle from a single simulation for a self-propelled sprayer model as the chosen application use-case. This technique leveraged a prismatic joint (with a high spring stiffness and damping coefficient) connected between the chassis mainframe and the simplified optimization tire to create a distance constraint that held the chassis body at a near-consistent height above the ground. Then the solver optimized the response of the chassis suspension system to maintain a stable chassis platform relative to the terrain beneath it as the vehicle traversed across dynamic terrain conditions. This optimization response was also accomplished by replacing the baseline chassis suspension components with a free-floating cylinder, which permitted the unrestricted, optimized motion needed to keep the chassis body at a near-level position with respect to the roll and pitch profiles of the terrain. For a simulation with an aggressive terrain configuration, the analysis showed that an optimized suspension system resulted in a 46% decrease in operator comfort and a 19.5% increase in overall boom height stability as the boom height control system better maintained a dynamic position closer to the specified target height. Keywords: Boom height, Chassis suspension, Multibody dynamics (MBD), Optimization, Prismatic joint, Simulation, Terrain.
{"title":"Optimized Chassis Stability Relative to Dynamic Terrain Profiles in a Self-Propelled Sprayer Multibody Dynamics Model","authors":"Bailey Adams, M. Darr, Aditya Shah","doi":"10.13031/ja.15230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15230","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This study presented a new optimization methodology using a prismatic joint with high stiffness and damping. The virtual suspension model contained the main bodies, an optimization subsystem, and a free-floating cylinder. Under aggressive terrain, an optimized chassis platform resulted in a 19.5% increase in boom height stability. Abstract. Multibody dynamics (MBD) models are continuing to be valuable for engineering design and product development, especially regarding subsystem optimization. Most MBD optimization processes begin with a sensitivity analysis of treatment factors and levels to understand how uncertainty in model inputs can be attributed to different sources of uncertainty within model outputs; however, this study developed a new MBD methodology to automatically determine the optimized dynamic chassis suspension responses on each corner of the vehicle from a single simulation for a self-propelled sprayer model as the chosen application use-case. This technique leveraged a prismatic joint (with a high spring stiffness and damping coefficient) connected between the chassis mainframe and the simplified optimization tire to create a distance constraint that held the chassis body at a near-consistent height above the ground. Then the solver optimized the response of the chassis suspension system to maintain a stable chassis platform relative to the terrain beneath it as the vehicle traversed across dynamic terrain conditions. This optimization response was also accomplished by replacing the baseline chassis suspension components with a free-floating cylinder, which permitted the unrestricted, optimized motion needed to keep the chassis body at a near-level position with respect to the roll and pitch profiles of the terrain. For a simulation with an aggressive terrain configuration, the analysis showed that an optimized suspension system resulted in a 46% decrease in operator comfort and a 19.5% increase in overall boom height stability as the boom height control system better maintained a dynamic position closer to the specified target height. Keywords: Boom height, Chassis suspension, Multibody dynamics (MBD), Optimization, Prismatic joint, Simulation, Terrain.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89617301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Addressing the complex political, economic, and societal challenges inherent in sustainable agriculture and food production requires interdisciplinary thinking and approaches. Relevant pedagogical models and extracurricular experiences can be provided by the Grand Challenges Scholars Program, now spread to nearly 100 universities globally. The complexities of agriculture and food production today can be addressed by future engineering leaders based on this program. Abstract. The education of engineers and other professionals to address the global grand challenge of sustainable food production will require much more than excellent technical skills. New mindsets, human-centered design principles, and collaborative leadership skills will be required to develop leaders who will be successful in addressing the complex political, economic, and societal challenges inherent in sustainable agriculture and food production today. This will require supplementing—not replacing—the technical core of engineering education with new pedagogical models and extracurricular experiences. One such model that has proven effective in this area and has spread to nearly 100 universities globally is the Grand Challenges Scholars Program. This article explains how the complexities of agriculture and food production today can be addressed by future engineering leaders based on this program. Keywords: Food chain, Sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Perspective: Preparing Leaders to Engineer Sustainability and Resilience Across the Food Chain Through the Grand Challenges Scholars Program","authors":"Richard K. Miller, Y. Yortsos","doi":"10.13031/ja.14915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14915","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Addressing the complex political, economic, and societal challenges inherent in sustainable agriculture and food production requires interdisciplinary thinking and approaches. Relevant pedagogical models and extracurricular experiences can be provided by the Grand Challenges Scholars Program, now spread to nearly 100 universities globally. The complexities of agriculture and food production today can be addressed by future engineering leaders based on this program. Abstract. The education of engineers and other professionals to address the global grand challenge of sustainable food production will require much more than excellent technical skills. New mindsets, human-centered design principles, and collaborative leadership skills will be required to develop leaders who will be successful in addressing the complex political, economic, and societal challenges inherent in sustainable agriculture and food production today. This will require supplementing—not replacing—the technical core of engineering education with new pedagogical models and extracurricular experiences. One such model that has proven effective in this area and has spread to nearly 100 universities globally is the Grand Challenges Scholars Program. This article explains how the complexities of agriculture and food production today can be addressed by future engineering leaders based on this program. Keywords: Food chain, Sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87966278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandi Brown, Miguel Fudolig, T. Brown-Brandl, Deepak R. Keshwani
Highlights Teamwork data from engineering capstone courses were analyzed to detect impacts of emergency remote teaching. The Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) data was analyzed via statistical modeling. Qualitative data attained from student responses were analyzed for patterns. Students found the lack of team camaraderie even more challenging than limitations on testing designs. This study offers avenues for developing engineering students’ teamwork skills in remote settings. Abstract. The onset of the global pandemic forced universities to rapidly shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT), which could cause even more perturbations for engineering courses with a hands-on, project-oriented focus. Thus, the purpose of this project was to gain a data-driven appreciation of how teamwork performance was impacted for engineering students in this environment and recommend focus areas for instructional designers. The Comprehensive Assessment for Team-Member Effectiveness (CATME) tool was used to assess different aspects of teamwork performance for 108 students in an undergraduate engineering capstone course during an in-person course offered in 2019-2020 (pre-pandemic) and an ERT course offered in 2020-2021 at a major Midwestern university. The classes were divided into teams for their capstone projects using the CATME Team-Maker tool. Students were asked to rate their teammates at the beginning, middle, and end of the course across five CATME dimensions: (1) Contribution to Team’s Work, (2) Interacting with Teammates, (3) Keeping the Team on Track, (4) Expecting Quality, and (5) Having Relevant Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs). Statistical modeling was implemented to decipher how ratings differed throughout the year in each course as well as to identify specific CATME areas that varied between the in-person and ERT courses. A qualitative assessment was also implemented for the ERT course based on student responses to a prompt that asked them to comment on how the pandemic impacted their personal and team performance. Results revealed that engineering students showed a significant reduction in three categories in the ERT course compared to in-person: Contributing to Team’s Work, Expecting Quality, and Having Relevant KSAs. Interestingly, these three categories deal largely with student motivation toward team efforts, which was echoed in the qualitative assessment. The majority of alarming comments made by students were regarding not being able to build camaraderie with their teammates in the ERT environment. It was surprising to find that engineering students found this lack of team camaraderie even more challenging than the limitations on testing their designs. Thus, more data-driven analyses are necessary to examine which methods and technologies are ideal for teleworking project-based courses in terms of facilitating team bonding, helping teams brainstorm, and fostering more en
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