Nitin Rai, Xin Sun, C. Igathinathane, Kirk Howatt, Michael Ostlie
Highlights Lightweight deep learning models were trained on an edge device to identify weeds in aerial images. A customized configuration file was setup to train the models. These models were deployed to detect weeds in aerial images and videos (near real-time). CSPMobileNet-v2 and YOLOv4-lite are recommended models for weed detection using edge platform. Abstract. Deep learning (DL) techniques have proven to be a successful approach in detecting weeds for site-specific weed management (SSWM). In the past, most of the research work has trained and deployed pre-trained DL models on high-end systems coupled with expensive graphical processing units (GPUs). However, only a limited number of research studies have used DL models on an edge system for aerial-based weed detection. Therefore, while focusing on hardware cost minimization, eight DL models were trained and deployed on an edge device to detect weeds in aerial-image context and videos in this study. Four large models, namely CSPDarkNet-53, DarkNet-53, DenseNet-201, and ResNet-50, along with four lightweight models, CSPMobileNet-v2, YOLOv4-lite, EfficientNet-B0, and DarkNet-Ref, were considered for training a customized DL architecture. Along with trained model performance scores (average precision score, mean average precision (mAP), intersection over union, precision, and recall), other model metrics to assess edge system performance such as billion floating-point operations/s (BFLOPS), frame rates/s (FPS), and GPU memory usage were also estimated. The lightweight CSPMobileNet-v2 and YOLOv4-lite models outperformed others in detecting weeds in aerial image context. These models were able to achieve a mAP score of 83.2% and 82.2%, delivering an FPS of 60.9 and 61.1 during near real-time weed detection in aerial videos, respectively. The popular ResNet-50 model achieved a mAP of 79.6%, which was the highest amongst all the large models deployed for weed detection tasks. Based on the results, the two lightweight models, namely, CSPMobileNet-v2 and YOLOv4-lite, are recommended, and they can be used on a low-cost edge system to detect weeds in aerial image context with significant accuracy. Keywords: Aerial image, Deep learning, Edge device, Precision agriculture, Weed detection.
{"title":"Aerial-Based Weed Detection Using Low-Cost and Lightweight Deep Learning Models on an Edge Platform","authors":"Nitin Rai, Xin Sun, C. Igathinathane, Kirk Howatt, Michael Ostlie","doi":"10.13031/ja.15413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15413","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Lightweight deep learning models were trained on an edge device to identify weeds in aerial images. A customized configuration file was setup to train the models. These models were deployed to detect weeds in aerial images and videos (near real-time). CSPMobileNet-v2 and YOLOv4-lite are recommended models for weed detection using edge platform. Abstract. Deep learning (DL) techniques have proven to be a successful approach in detecting weeds for site-specific weed management (SSWM). In the past, most of the research work has trained and deployed pre-trained DL models on high-end systems coupled with expensive graphical processing units (GPUs). However, only a limited number of research studies have used DL models on an edge system for aerial-based weed detection. Therefore, while focusing on hardware cost minimization, eight DL models were trained and deployed on an edge device to detect weeds in aerial-image context and videos in this study. Four large models, namely CSPDarkNet-53, DarkNet-53, DenseNet-201, and ResNet-50, along with four lightweight models, CSPMobileNet-v2, YOLOv4-lite, EfficientNet-B0, and DarkNet-Ref, were considered for training a customized DL architecture. Along with trained model performance scores (average precision score, mean average precision (mAP), intersection over union, precision, and recall), other model metrics to assess edge system performance such as billion floating-point operations/s (BFLOPS), frame rates/s (FPS), and GPU memory usage were also estimated. The lightweight CSPMobileNet-v2 and YOLOv4-lite models outperformed others in detecting weeds in aerial image context. These models were able to achieve a mAP score of 83.2% and 82.2%, delivering an FPS of 60.9 and 61.1 during near real-time weed detection in aerial videos, respectively. The popular ResNet-50 model achieved a mAP of 79.6%, which was the highest amongst all the large models deployed for weed detection tasks. Based on the results, the two lightweight models, namely, CSPMobileNet-v2 and YOLOv4-lite, are recommended, and they can be used on a low-cost edge system to detect weeds in aerial image context with significant accuracy. Keywords: Aerial image, Deep learning, Edge device, Precision agriculture, Weed detection.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhong-kai Zhou, Siyu Zhang, Naisen Jiang, Hai-fang Zhang, Li-li Wang, W. Xiu, Jian-ning Zhao, Dian-lin Yang
Highlights The recommended mineral fertilizers plus organic fertilizer treatments increased the soil total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) levels. The application of organic fertilizer markedly reduced the loss of NH3-N compared to the application of mineral nitrogen alone. CO2 and N2O emissions from the application of organic fertilizer were higher than those from the application of mineral nitrogen under long-term fertilization. Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from wheat fields have been a serious challenge to agriculture and the environment. The integration of the use of inorganic N fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and crop residues and their environmental effects is needed under conventional tillage. In situ field experiments were established to evaluate the impact of different fertilization practices on soil greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from a winter wheat field. A fertilizer experiment was performed from 24th October 2019 to 11th June 2020 in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field in China with six fertilization treatments: (1) unfertilized control (UC); (2) recommended mineral fertilizer application of 200 kg ha-1 N (RF); (3) RF plus 15 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFLO); (4) RF plus 30 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFMO); (5) RF plus 45 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFHO); and (6) traditional mineral fertilizer application of 300 kg ha-1 N (TF). The results showed that the RF plus organic fertilizer treatments increased the soil organic total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) levels. Under long-term fertilization, the CO2 emissions from the RFLO, RFMO, and RFHO treatments were 18.3, 19.9, and 20.0 t ha-1, respectively, compared with those from the RF and TF treatments (13.2 and 16.0 t ha-1, respectively). In addition, the N2O emissions from the organic-inorganic fertilizer treatment were 7.6 kg ha-1 for the RFLO treatment, 12.4 kg ha-1 for the RFMO treatment, and 8.1 kg ha-1 for the RFHO treatment, which were higher than those from the RF and TF treatments (3.1 and 5.6 kg ha-1, respectively). The NH3 emissions from the RFLO, RFMO, and RFHO treatments (17.3, 26.2, and 22.4 kg ha-1, respectively) were lower than those from the RF (31.2 kg ha-1) and TF (49.7 kg ha-1) treatments under long-term fertilization. The methane emission potential of organic-inorganic fertilizer applications was 27.0% to 98.5% higher than a single application of inorganic fertilizer. Keywords: Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Fertilization management, Nitrous oxide, Organic fertilizers, Winter wheat.
推荐的矿肥加有机肥处理提高了土壤总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)水平。施用有机肥比单独施用无机氮显著减少了NH3-N的损失。长期施肥条件下，施用有机肥的CO2和N2O排放量高于施用无机氮。摘要麦田温室气体(GHG)和氨(NH3)排放一直是农业和环境面临的严峻挑战。常规耕作方式下，无机氮肥、有机肥和作物残茬的综合施用及其对环境的影响是必要的。通过田间试验，评价了不同施肥方式对冬小麦土壤温室气体和氨排放的影响。2019年10月24日至2020年6月11日，在中国冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)田间进行了6个施肥处理的施肥试验:(1)未施肥对照(UC);(2)矿肥推荐施用量200 kg hm -1 N (RF);(3)射频加15t hm -1有机肥(RFLO);(4)射频加30 t hm -1有机肥(RFMO);(5)射频加45 t hm -1有机肥(RFHO);(6)传统矿肥施用300 kg hm -1 N (TF)。结果表明，RF +有机肥处理显著提高了土壤有机总碳(TC)和氮(TN)水平。长期施肥条件下，RFLO、RFMO和RFHO处理的CO2排放量分别为18.3、19.9和20.0 t ha-1，而RF和TF处理的CO2排放量分别为13.2和16.0 t ha-1。此外，有机无机肥处理的N2O排放量，RFLO处理为7.6 kg ha-1, RFMO处理为12.4 kg ha-1, RFHO处理为8.1 kg ha-1，高于RF和TF处理(分别为3.1和5.6 kg ha-1)。长期施肥条件下，RFLO、RFMO和RFHO处理(分别为17.3、26.2和22.4 kg ha-1)的NH3排放量低于RF (31.2 kg ha-1)和TF (49.7 kg ha-1)处理。有机无机肥配施的甲烷排放潜力比单施无机肥高27.0% ~ 98.5%。关键词:氨，二氧化碳，施肥管理，氧化亚氮，有机肥，冬小麦
{"title":"Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Ammonia From a Wheat Site Under Intensive Management Affected by Different Fertilization Practices","authors":"Zhong-kai Zhou, Siyu Zhang, Naisen Jiang, Hai-fang Zhang, Li-li Wang, W. Xiu, Jian-ning Zhao, Dian-lin Yang","doi":"10.13031/ja.14852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14852","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The recommended mineral fertilizers plus organic fertilizer treatments increased the soil total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) levels. The application of organic fertilizer markedly reduced the loss of NH3-N compared to the application of mineral nitrogen alone. CO2 and N2O emissions from the application of organic fertilizer were higher than those from the application of mineral nitrogen under long-term fertilization. Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from wheat fields have been a serious challenge to agriculture and the environment. The integration of the use of inorganic N fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and crop residues and their environmental effects is needed under conventional tillage. In situ field experiments were established to evaluate the impact of different fertilization practices on soil greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from a winter wheat field. A fertilizer experiment was performed from 24th October 2019 to 11th June 2020 in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field in China with six fertilization treatments: (1) unfertilized control (UC); (2) recommended mineral fertilizer application of 200 kg ha-1 N (RF); (3) RF plus 15 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFLO); (4) RF plus 30 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFMO); (5) RF plus 45 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFHO); and (6) traditional mineral fertilizer application of 300 kg ha-1 N (TF). The results showed that the RF plus organic fertilizer treatments increased the soil organic total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) levels. Under long-term fertilization, the CO2 emissions from the RFLO, RFMO, and RFHO treatments were 18.3, 19.9, and 20.0 t ha-1, respectively, compared with those from the RF and TF treatments (13.2 and 16.0 t ha-1, respectively). In addition, the N2O emissions from the organic-inorganic fertilizer treatment were 7.6 kg ha-1 for the RFLO treatment, 12.4 kg ha-1 for the RFMO treatment, and 8.1 kg ha-1 for the RFHO treatment, which were higher than those from the RF and TF treatments (3.1 and 5.6 kg ha-1, respectively). The NH3 emissions from the RFLO, RFMO, and RFHO treatments (17.3, 26.2, and 22.4 kg ha-1, respectively) were lower than those from the RF (31.2 kg ha-1) and TF (49.7 kg ha-1) treatments under long-term fertilization. The methane emission potential of organic-inorganic fertilizer applications was 27.0% to 98.5% higher than a single application of inorganic fertilizer. Keywords: Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Fertilization management, Nitrous oxide, Organic fertilizers, Winter wheat.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85007226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Haggard, E. Grantz, B. Austin, A. Lasater, L. Haddock, Alyssa M. Ferri, Nicole D. Wagner, J. Scott
Highlights Despite little to no dissolved nutrient supply in surface water, harmful algal blooms are sustained throughout the 2020 growing season. Sediment phosphorus release was high in a lake that has annual harmful algal blooms, and it is an important piece of the watershed management puzzle. Thresholds and hierarchical structure with individual physicochemical properties and pigment fluorescence at this lake explain a large portion of microcystin variability. Abstract. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwaters are a global concern, and research has focused on the nutrient drivers of cyanobacterial growth and toxin production. We explored the importance of nutrients on sustained cyanobacterial HABs producing measurable microcystin at Lake Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. The specific objectives were to (1) quantify sediment phosphorus (P) flux and estimate potential equilibrium P concentrations (EPC0) in July 2020, (2) assess water quality conditions in the lake from March through September 2020, and (3) evaluate physicochemical thresholds (or change points, CPs) and hierarchical structure with total microcystin concentrations. The sediments were a potential P source under both oxic and anoxic conditions, and the SRP concentrations in the lake water were continuously less than the EPC0 estimated for bottom sediment (~0.03 mg L-1); sediments are likely a potential P source for cyanobacterial HABs at Lake Fayetteville. The physicochemical changes at Lake Fayetteville over the 2020 growing season were typical of small, hypereutrophic reservoirs, with low biomass in winter when nutrient supply was greatest and the greatest cyanobacterial growth and microcystin toxin as nutrient supply diminished into the growing season. Microcystin concentrations were elevated above 1 µg L-1 from mid-June through mid-August 2020, and most physicochemical parameters in this study showed thresholds or change points with microcystin. Hierarchical structure existed with total microcystin concentrations, showing the potential importance of cyanobacterial biomass, N supply, and total P on elevated microcystin. Nutrients and algal pigment raw fluorescence explained 83% of the variation in total microcystin concentrations at Lake Fayetteville during the 2020 growing season. Nutrients (both N and P) from external and internal sources are likely important drivers of these blooms and toxicity at Lake Fayetteville. Keywords: Harmful Algal Blooms, Nutrient Drivers, Sediment Phosphorus Release, Water Quality.
{"title":"Microcystin Shows Thresholds and Hierarchical Structure With Physicochemical Properties at Lake Fayetteville, Arkansas, May Through September 2020","authors":"B. Haggard, E. Grantz, B. Austin, A. Lasater, L. Haddock, Alyssa M. Ferri, Nicole D. Wagner, J. Scott","doi":"10.13031/ja.15273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15273","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Despite little to no dissolved nutrient supply in surface water, harmful algal blooms are sustained throughout the 2020 growing season. Sediment phosphorus release was high in a lake that has annual harmful algal blooms, and it is an important piece of the watershed management puzzle. Thresholds and hierarchical structure with individual physicochemical properties and pigment fluorescence at this lake explain a large portion of microcystin variability. Abstract. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwaters are a global concern, and research has focused on the nutrient drivers of cyanobacterial growth and toxin production. We explored the importance of nutrients on sustained cyanobacterial HABs producing measurable microcystin at Lake Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. The specific objectives were to (1) quantify sediment phosphorus (P) flux and estimate potential equilibrium P concentrations (EPC0) in July 2020, (2) assess water quality conditions in the lake from March through September 2020, and (3) evaluate physicochemical thresholds (or change points, CPs) and hierarchical structure with total microcystin concentrations. The sediments were a potential P source under both oxic and anoxic conditions, and the SRP concentrations in the lake water were continuously less than the EPC0 estimated for bottom sediment (~0.03 mg L-1); sediments are likely a potential P source for cyanobacterial HABs at Lake Fayetteville. The physicochemical changes at Lake Fayetteville over the 2020 growing season were typical of small, hypereutrophic reservoirs, with low biomass in winter when nutrient supply was greatest and the greatest cyanobacterial growth and microcystin toxin as nutrient supply diminished into the growing season. Microcystin concentrations were elevated above 1 µg L-1 from mid-June through mid-August 2020, and most physicochemical parameters in this study showed thresholds or change points with microcystin. Hierarchical structure existed with total microcystin concentrations, showing the potential importance of cyanobacterial biomass, N supply, and total P on elevated microcystin. Nutrients and algal pigment raw fluorescence explained 83% of the variation in total microcystin concentrations at Lake Fayetteville during the 2020 growing season. Nutrients (both N and P) from external and internal sources are likely important drivers of these blooms and toxicity at Lake Fayetteville. Keywords: Harmful Algal Blooms, Nutrient Drivers, Sediment Phosphorus Release, Water Quality.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75323174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Wang, Yaguang Zhang, Dennis R. Buckmaster, James V. Krogmeier
Highlights Proposed a novel methodology for fully automated, low-cost, and high-resolution harvest performance analyses. Described methods for estimating key features, such as the center of the header, using noisy positioning data. Introduced metrics Swath Utilization and Spatial Field Capacity to evaluate temporal and spatial performances. Provided case studies of using these two new metrics to compare combine performances by machines and by years. Abstract. Combine harvesters’ performance during wheat harvests can be analyzed using various methods. These methods typically rely on traditional field-level metrics, such as those defined by ASABE, to address average performances in terms of field or machine. However, next-generation digital agriculture technologies have significantly increased the operation precision of agricultural activities. As a result, the evaluation of instantaneous performance becomes possible. This work introduces a novel methodology that enables fully automated, low-cost, and high-resolution (both in time and space) instantaneous combine performance analyses based on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning records. The methodology incorporates a multi-step, easy-to-follow workflow with customizable modules for efficient and effective data processing. This way, the computation of traditional field capacity metrics can be fully automated even if multiple combines cooperate in harvesting the same field. Furthermore, two groups of novel metrics are proposed: Swath Utilization and Spatial Field Capacity. They enhance traditional metrics by analyzing machine performances both temporally and spatially on a finer scale. As a case study, we computed these metrics for seven fields in Colorado, USA, during wheat harvests across five different years. We compared the results with typical values from ASABE standards to validate the correctness of our data processing methodology. We also provided four analysis examples with a rich set of temporal and spatial visualizations to showcase how our metrics can accurately assess combine performances, quantitatively uncover harvest details, and effectively compare operations in different fields/years for better practice. These new analyses enabled by our methodology are required to harness the full potential of digital agriculture. Keywords: Combine harvester, Field capacity, Global navigation satellite system (GNSS), Kalman filter, Optimization, Positioning data, Wheat harvest performance.
{"title":"A Methodology for Combine Performance Analyses in Wheat Harvests with GNSS Data","authors":"Yang Wang, Yaguang Zhang, Dennis R. Buckmaster, James V. Krogmeier","doi":"10.13031/ja.15388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15388","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Proposed a novel methodology for fully automated, low-cost, and high-resolution harvest performance analyses. Described methods for estimating key features, such as the center of the header, using noisy positioning data. Introduced metrics Swath Utilization and Spatial Field Capacity to evaluate temporal and spatial performances. Provided case studies of using these two new metrics to compare combine performances by machines and by years. Abstract. Combine harvesters’ performance during wheat harvests can be analyzed using various methods. These methods typically rely on traditional field-level metrics, such as those defined by ASABE, to address average performances in terms of field or machine. However, next-generation digital agriculture technologies have significantly increased the operation precision of agricultural activities. As a result, the evaluation of instantaneous performance becomes possible. This work introduces a novel methodology that enables fully automated, low-cost, and high-resolution (both in time and space) instantaneous combine performance analyses based on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning records. The methodology incorporates a multi-step, easy-to-follow workflow with customizable modules for efficient and effective data processing. This way, the computation of traditional field capacity metrics can be fully automated even if multiple combines cooperate in harvesting the same field. Furthermore, two groups of novel metrics are proposed: Swath Utilization and Spatial Field Capacity. They enhance traditional metrics by analyzing machine performances both temporally and spatially on a finer scale. As a case study, we computed these metrics for seven fields in Colorado, USA, during wheat harvests across five different years. We compared the results with typical values from ASABE standards to validate the correctness of our data processing methodology. We also provided four analysis examples with a rich set of temporal and spatial visualizations to showcase how our metrics can accurately assess combine performances, quantitatively uncover harvest details, and effectively compare operations in different fields/years for better practice. These new analyses enabled by our methodology are required to harness the full potential of digital agriculture. Keywords: Combine harvester, Field capacity, Global navigation satellite system (GNSS), Kalman filter, Optimization, Positioning data, Wheat harvest performance.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Draft force and torque on a vertical rotary tine tool were studied for various longitudinal velocities and speed ratios. Draft force increased with longitudinal velocity but decreased with speed ratio, and soil reaction torque increased with both longitudinal velocity and speed ratio. Total power required by the tool increased with speed ratio, and energy intensity increased with speed ratio and longitudinal velocity, with substantial changes observed at higher velocities. Abstract. Studying soil-tool interaction can provide valuable information on the actuation force and energy requirements of a weeding tool operating in soil. Soil-tine interaction was investigated for a vertical rotary tine tool that was intended to be used as a weeding tool for an automated mechanical intra-row weeder. The main objective of the research was to investigate the effects of linear and rotational velocities on soil reaction forces and power associated with actuation of the rotary tine tool in soil. A series of soil bin experiments were conducted in loam soil. Soil horizontal (draft) force and torque on the tool were measured at three longitudinal/travel velocities of 0.09 m s-1, 0.29 m s-1, and 0.5 m s-1 that were used to move the tool linearly across the soil bin length. The speed ratio, defined as the ratio of the longitudinal velocity to the peripheral velocity of the rotary tines, determined the rotational speeds required for the study. The draft force and torque were evaluated at four speed ratio levels (0, 1, 1.5, and 2). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) performed for statistical analysis using p < 0.05 showed that both longitudinal velocity and speed ratio had significant main and interaction effects on the draft force and torque. In most cases, the draft force decreased while torque increased with increasing speed ratios for the different longitudinal velocities used in the study. Power and energy intensity were also calculated using draft force and torque measurements for different experimental settings. For increases in speed ratios, the power requirements for tool draft force decreased, whereas the power requirements for rotating the tool increased for each longitudinal velocity. At the highest test travel speed of 0.5 m s-1, the power decreased from 66 W to 28 W for draft and increased from 0 W to 76 W for rotation of the tool at increasing speed ratios. The maximum total power calculated for the tool was 110 W at 0.5 m s-1 and a speed ratio of 2. The study shows the changes in power and energy requirements of a vertical rotary tine tool for different operating parameters for weed control. This information could be valuable for optimizing the physical weeding process. Keywords: Energy intensity, Power, Rotary tool, Soil-tine interaction, Weed control.
在不同的纵向速度和速比下，研究了垂直旋转刀具的牵伸力和扭矩。牵引力随纵速增大而增大，随速比增大而减小，土反力随纵速和速比增大而增大。工具所需的总功率随着速比的增加而增加，能量强度随着速比和纵向速度的增加而增加，在较高的速度下观察到明显的变化。摘要研究土-工具的相互作用可以为除草工具在土壤中工作的驱动力和能量需求提供有价值的信息。研究了一种垂直旋转时间工具的土壤-时间相互作用，该工具打算用作自动机械行内除草机的除草工具。该研究的主要目的是研究线速度和旋转速度对土壤反作用力和与土壤中旋转时间工具驱动相关的功率的影响。在壤土中进行了一系列土仓试验。在0.09 m s-1、0.29 m s-1和0.5 m s-1的三种纵向/行程速度下，测量了工具上的土壤水平(吃水)力和扭矩，这些速度用于将工具线性地移动到土壤桶的长度上。速比，定义为纵向速度与旋转时间的外围速度之比，决定了研究所需的转速。在4个速比水平(0、1、1.5和2)下评估牵伸力和扭矩。采用p < 0.05的方差分析(ANOVA)进行统计分析，结果表明纵向速度和速比对牵伸力和扭矩有显著的主效应和交互效应。在大多数情况下，随着研究中使用的不同纵向速度的速比的增加，吃水力减小而扭矩增大。功率和能量强度也通过不同实验设置下的牵引力和扭矩测量来计算。随着速比的增加，刀具牵伸力的功率要求降低，而旋转刀具的功率要求在每个纵向速度下都增加。在最高测试行程速度为0.5 m s-1时，吃水功率从66 W下降到28 W，随着速度比的增加，刀具的旋转功率从0 W增加到76 W。该工具在0.5 m s-1和2速比下的最大总功率为110 W。该研究显示了不同操作参数下垂直旋转时间工具的功率和能量需求的变化。这些信息对于优化物理除草过程是有价值的。关键词:能量强度，动力，旋转工具，土-时相互作用，杂草控制。
{"title":"Effects of Rotary Tine Tool Velocity on Soil Reaction Forces, Power, and Energy Intensity","authors":"Safal Kshetri, B. Steward, M. Tekeste","doi":"10.13031/ja.15377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15377","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Draft force and torque on a vertical rotary tine tool were studied for various longitudinal velocities and speed ratios. Draft force increased with longitudinal velocity but decreased with speed ratio, and soil reaction torque increased with both longitudinal velocity and speed ratio. Total power required by the tool increased with speed ratio, and energy intensity increased with speed ratio and longitudinal velocity, with substantial changes observed at higher velocities. Abstract. Studying soil-tool interaction can provide valuable information on the actuation force and energy requirements of a weeding tool operating in soil. Soil-tine interaction was investigated for a vertical rotary tine tool that was intended to be used as a weeding tool for an automated mechanical intra-row weeder. The main objective of the research was to investigate the effects of linear and rotational velocities on soil reaction forces and power associated with actuation of the rotary tine tool in soil. A series of soil bin experiments were conducted in loam soil. Soil horizontal (draft) force and torque on the tool were measured at three longitudinal/travel velocities of 0.09 m s-1, 0.29 m s-1, and 0.5 m s-1 that were used to move the tool linearly across the soil bin length. The speed ratio, defined as the ratio of the longitudinal velocity to the peripheral velocity of the rotary tines, determined the rotational speeds required for the study. The draft force and torque were evaluated at four speed ratio levels (0, 1, 1.5, and 2). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) performed for statistical analysis using p < 0.05 showed that both longitudinal velocity and speed ratio had significant main and interaction effects on the draft force and torque. In most cases, the draft force decreased while torque increased with increasing speed ratios for the different longitudinal velocities used in the study. Power and energy intensity were also calculated using draft force and torque measurements for different experimental settings. For increases in speed ratios, the power requirements for tool draft force decreased, whereas the power requirements for rotating the tool increased for each longitudinal velocity. At the highest test travel speed of 0.5 m s-1, the power decreased from 66 W to 28 W for draft and increased from 0 W to 76 W for rotation of the tool at increasing speed ratios. The maximum total power calculated for the tool was 110 W at 0.5 m s-1 and a speed ratio of 2. The study shows the changes in power and energy requirements of a vertical rotary tine tool for different operating parameters for weed control. This information could be valuable for optimizing the physical weeding process. Keywords: Energy intensity, Power, Rotary tool, Soil-tine interaction, Weed control.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87037023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights AWMN had a significant impact on enhancing agricultural production efficiency. Irrigated land area represented by the Network partners reached 1.20 million ha. On a 16-yr average, the reduction in water withdrawal was 144 mm/ha per growing season. AWMN reduced irrigation water withdrawal by 5 billion m3 from 2005 to 2020. $304 million was saved due to consuming less diesel fuel for pumping irrigation water. A total reduction of 900,000 tons in CO2 emissions was achieved from 2005 to 2020. Abstract. To achieve impact for water resources conservation enhancement and agricultural crop water productivity (CWP) per unit of input for meeting the food, fiber, feed, fuel, finance, and farmstead (6Fs) needs of the rapidly increasing global population, societies must find innovative ways to enable the transfer of research- and science-based data, knowledge, information, technology, and strategies for adoption in agricultural production fields. The objective of this study is to present historical perspectives on the evolution of agriculture and agricultural water management in different parts of the world and present a modern-era agricultural water management network, its objectives, and functions in achieving large-scale impacts to enhance water resource management. The Agricultural Water Management Network (AWMN) was established in 2005 to integrate science, research, and education/outreach principles into producers’ practices to help them make better-informed decisions, conserve water and energy resources, reduce CO2 emissions, and enhance CWP. Through coordinated research, demonstration, and education programs, the AWMN significantly enhanced water resource management and the protection of the environment. It contributed to the sustainability of natural resources and the agricultural economy through the adoption of innovative methodologies and strategies. Since the beginning of the AWMN, over 18,000 producers, crop consultants, state and federal agency personnel, irrigation district personnel, agricultural industry personnel, and other professionals have participated as learners and adopters in over 800 Extension, education, and/or outreach programs conducted by the AWMN team between 2005 and 2020. The irrigated land area represented by the Network partners and collaborators reached over 1.20 million ha in 2020. Water withdrawal for irrigation was reduced from 119 mm/ha per growing season in 2006 to 163 mm/ha per growing season in 2020, with a 16-year average of 144 mm/ha, due to the adoption of technologies and management strategies demonstrated and taught in the Network. Between 2005 and 2020, the AWMN is estimated to have reduced water withdrawal for irrigation by over 5 billion m3 (5 km3; 4.1 million acre-ft). Due to the reduction in irrigation water withdrawals, conservatively, over $304 million was saved by consuming less diesel fuel for pumping irrigation water. The AWMN has effectively reduc
{"title":"Agriculture and Agricultural Water Management: Historical Perspectives and Integration of Research and Extension/Outreach for Large-Scale Technology Adoption in Production Fields","authors":"S. Irmak","doi":"10.13031/ja.15272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15272","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights AWMN had a significant impact on enhancing agricultural production efficiency. Irrigated land area represented by the Network partners reached 1.20 million ha. On a 16-yr average, the reduction in water withdrawal was 144 mm/ha per growing season. AWMN reduced irrigation water withdrawal by 5 billion m3 from 2005 to 2020. $304 million was saved due to consuming less diesel fuel for pumping irrigation water. A total reduction of 900,000 tons in CO2 emissions was achieved from 2005 to 2020. Abstract. To achieve impact for water resources conservation enhancement and agricultural crop water productivity (CWP) per unit of input for meeting the food, fiber, feed, fuel, finance, and farmstead (6Fs) needs of the rapidly increasing global population, societies must find innovative ways to enable the transfer of research- and science-based data, knowledge, information, technology, and strategies for adoption in agricultural production fields. The objective of this study is to present historical perspectives on the evolution of agriculture and agricultural water management in different parts of the world and present a modern-era agricultural water management network, its objectives, and functions in achieving large-scale impacts to enhance water resource management. The Agricultural Water Management Network (AWMN) was established in 2005 to integrate science, research, and education/outreach principles into producers’ practices to help them make better-informed decisions, conserve water and energy resources, reduce CO2 emissions, and enhance CWP. Through coordinated research, demonstration, and education programs, the AWMN significantly enhanced water resource management and the protection of the environment. It contributed to the sustainability of natural resources and the agricultural economy through the adoption of innovative methodologies and strategies. Since the beginning of the AWMN, over 18,000 producers, crop consultants, state and federal agency personnel, irrigation district personnel, agricultural industry personnel, and other professionals have participated as learners and adopters in over 800 Extension, education, and/or outreach programs conducted by the AWMN team between 2005 and 2020. The irrigated land area represented by the Network partners and collaborators reached over 1.20 million ha in 2020. Water withdrawal for irrigation was reduced from 119 mm/ha per growing season in 2006 to 163 mm/ha per growing season in 2020, with a 16-year average of 144 mm/ha, due to the adoption of technologies and management strategies demonstrated and taught in the Network. Between 2005 and 2020, the AWMN is estimated to have reduced water withdrawal for irrigation by over 5 billion m3 (5 km3; 4.1 million acre-ft). Due to the reduction in irrigation water withdrawals, conservatively, over $304 million was saved by consuming less diesel fuel for pumping irrigation water. The AWMN has effectively reduc","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86831327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masafumi Enokidani, Yoji Inui, Hitoshi Kondo, K. Kawai, Y. Shinozuka, Kento Imao
Highlights In a simulated milking device, liner internal diameter, pulsation setting, and vent location all affect backflow. Junction point internal diameter affects backflow more than other factors. Vent location has no effect on backflow if the liner internal diameter is large. Backflow is strong with simultaneous pulsation, regardless of other factors. Abstract. The backflow of milk resulting from reverse pressure gradients in liners can cause mastitis. In this study, we hypothesized that liner internal diameter, vent location, and pulsation setting can induce backflow. We therefore attempted to clarify the mechanism of backflow using a flow simulated device. We visually analyzed the effects on backflow of the liner junction point (JP) (i.e., the border from the liner to the short milk tube), the liner inlet point (IP) (i.e., a distance of 63 mm from the end of the short milk tube), vent location, and pulsation setting, using high-speed video recordings of water flow in clear silicone liners at seven flow rates (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 kg min-1/quarter). The actual flow rate was approximately half of the flow meter set value due to the effect of the pulsation closing phase (C+D phase) on quarter level. The results showed that the degree of backflow in liners increased considerably with an increase in flow rate and a decrease in liner internal diameter. The degree of backflow was affected considerably more by JP internal diameter than by IP internal diameter, pulsation setting, or vent location. The degree of backflow was not affected significantly by short milk tube vents and mouthpiece vents when JP internal diameter was larger. However, the degree of backflow was very strong when simultaneous pulsation was used, even at low flow rates. The findings showed that the JP internal diameter should be >13.0 mm, IP internal diameter should be >11.0 mm, the pulsation rate should be 60 pulses/min, and the pulsation ratio should be 60:40 when the alternative pulsation setting is used. This information might be useful for preventing intramammary gland infection. Keywords: Liner internal diameter, Pulsation setting, Reverse pressure gradients, Simulated milking device, Vent location.
在模拟挤奶装置中，衬管内径、脉动设置和排气口位置都会影响回流。结合点内径对回流的影响大于其他因素。如果衬管内径较大，排气口位置对回流没有影响。与其他因素无关，当脉动同时发生时，回流是强烈的。摘要由衬垫反向压力梯度引起的牛奶回流可引起乳腺炎。在这项研究中，我们假设衬管内径、排气口位置和脉动设置会导致回流。因此，我们试图利用流动模拟装置澄清回流的机制。我们使用高速视频记录透明硅胶衬垫中7种流速(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5和4.0 kg min-1/quarter)的水流，直观地分析了衬垫连接点(JP)(即衬垫与短奶管之间的边界)、衬垫入口点(IP)(即距短奶管末端63 mm的距离)、排气口位置和脉动设置对回流的影响。由于四分之一电平的脉动关闭相位(C+D相位)的影响，实际流量约为流量计设定值的一半。结果表明:随着流量的增大和管材内径的减小，管材内回流程度显著增大;JP内径比IP内径、脉动设置或排气口位置对回流程度的影响更大。当JP内径较大时，短奶管通风口和吸口通风口对回流程度影响不显著。然而，当同时使用脉动时，回流程度非常强，即使在低流量下也是如此。结果表明:采用备选脉动设置时，JP内径宜>13.0 mm, IP内径宜>11.0 mm，脉动速率宜为60次/min，脉动比宜为60:40。这一信息可能有助于预防乳腺内感染。关键词:内径，脉动设置，反压力梯度，模拟挤奶装置，排气口定位
{"title":"Visual Assessment of Factors Affecting Reverse Pressure Gradients in Liners Using a Simulated Milking Device","authors":"Masafumi Enokidani, Yoji Inui, Hitoshi Kondo, K. Kawai, Y. Shinozuka, Kento Imao","doi":"10.13031/ja.15305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15305","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights In a simulated milking device, liner internal diameter, pulsation setting, and vent location all affect backflow. Junction point internal diameter affects backflow more than other factors. Vent location has no effect on backflow if the liner internal diameter is large. Backflow is strong with simultaneous pulsation, regardless of other factors. Abstract. The backflow of milk resulting from reverse pressure gradients in liners can cause mastitis. In this study, we hypothesized that liner internal diameter, vent location, and pulsation setting can induce backflow. We therefore attempted to clarify the mechanism of backflow using a flow simulated device. We visually analyzed the effects on backflow of the liner junction point (JP) (i.e., the border from the liner to the short milk tube), the liner inlet point (IP) (i.e., a distance of 63 mm from the end of the short milk tube), vent location, and pulsation setting, using high-speed video recordings of water flow in clear silicone liners at seven flow rates (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 kg min-1/quarter). The actual flow rate was approximately half of the flow meter set value due to the effect of the pulsation closing phase (C+D phase) on quarter level. The results showed that the degree of backflow in liners increased considerably with an increase in flow rate and a decrease in liner internal diameter. The degree of backflow was affected considerably more by JP internal diameter than by IP internal diameter, pulsation setting, or vent location. The degree of backflow was not affected significantly by short milk tube vents and mouthpiece vents when JP internal diameter was larger. However, the degree of backflow was very strong when simultaneous pulsation was used, even at low flow rates. The findings showed that the JP internal diameter should be >13.0 mm, IP internal diameter should be >11.0 mm, the pulsation rate should be 60 pulses/min, and the pulsation ratio should be 60:40 when the alternative pulsation setting is used. This information might be useful for preventing intramammary gland infection. Keywords: Liner internal diameter, Pulsation setting, Reverse pressure gradients, Simulated milking device, Vent location.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76655389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alvin C. Womac, S. E. Klasek, D. Yoder, Doug G. Hayes
Highlights Terminal velocity was measured for small, standardized sizes of corn stover stem fractions with a vertical wind tunnel built to aerodynamically suspend particles. Mean terminal velocity ranged from 2.84 m s-1 to 7.74 m s-1 for dry pith-internode and wet rind-node fractions, respectively. Anticipated separation of corn stover stem particles using terminal velocity differences was viable for dry (11% w.b.) particles of pith, rind, node, and internode. But, many wet (43% w.b.) fractions had similar terminal velocities, thereby reducing separation propensity. Abstract. Terminal velocity of corn stover stem fractions was determined for particles standardized to match particle sizes (1.3 cm long x 0.31 cm diameter) of switchgrass nodes and internodes. The practical application was to measure the potential aerodynamic conditions for sorting and separating size-reduced anatomical components of pith versus rind, node versus internode, and at two moisture contents (11% and 43%, wet basis). Terminal velocities grouped by dry pith, wet pith, dry rind, and wet rind resulted in a trend of increased mean terminal velocities of 3.28, 5.31, 6.38, and 7.68 m s-1, respectively, when averaged across node and internode. The increased moisture and the selection of the rind component had increased terminal velocity that was attributed to increased particle density. Terminal velocity for a node was generally statistically greater than that of an internode for a given condition, except for the statistically-equal terminal velocities for node and internode of wet rind. Also, terminal velocity for internode of dry pith and of wet pith were statistically equal. Thus, exceptions to the general trends were discovered. Mean terminal velocity ranged from 2.84 m s-1 to 7.74 m s-1 for dry pith-internode and wet rind—node particles, respectively. Practical separation of corn stover stem particles using terminal velocity differences was viable for dry (11% w.b.) particles of pith, rind, node, and internode. Many terminal velocities of wet (43% w.b.) fractions were statistically equal leaving only wet pith-internode available at this moisture for aerodynamic separation. Particle density varied almost 10-fold for the experiment, and this was attributed to the various anatomical component and range of moisture content. Highly significant correlations of particle density with terminal velocity may have represented a cause-and-effect factor. Keywords: Anatomical component, Biomass property, Corn Stover, Physical experiment, Separation, Sorting, Vertical wind tunnel.
终端速度测量了小的，标准化尺寸的玉米秸秆茎部分与垂直风洞建立空气动力学悬浮颗粒。干髓-节间段和湿皮-节间段的平均终端速度分别为2.84 ~ 7.74 m s-1。对髓、皮、节和节间的干颗粒(重量11%)来说，利用终端速度差进行玉米秸秆颗粒分离是可行的。但是，许多湿馏分(43%重量)具有相似的终端速度，从而降低了分离倾向。摘要测定了与柳枝稷节和节间粒径(1.3 cm长x 0.31 cm直径)相匹配的标准化颗粒的玉米秸秆茎组分的终端速度。实际应用是测量在两种含水量(11%和43%，湿基)下，对髓与皮、节与节间的缩小尺寸解剖成分进行分类和分离的潜在空气动力学条件。以干髓、湿髓、干皮和湿皮分组的终端速度，在节点和节间的平均终端速度分别增加了3.28、5.31、6.38和7.68 m s-1。水分的增加和外壳成分的选择增加了终端速度，这是由于颗粒密度的增加。在一定条件下，节点的终端速度在统计上一般大于节点间的终端速度，但湿环的节点和节点间的终端速度在统计上相等。干髓和湿髓节间的终端速度在统计学上是相等的。这样就发现了一般趋势的例外情况。干髓节间和湿环节颗粒的平均终端速度分别为2.84 ~ 7.74 m s-1。对髓、皮、节和节间的干颗粒(水分重量11%)，利用终端速度差进行分离是可行的。许多湿组分(43% w.b.)的终端速度在统计上是相等的，在这种湿度下，只有湿的髓节间可用来进行气动分离。颗粒密度变化几乎10倍的实验，这是由于不同的解剖成分和水分含量的范围。粒子密度与终端速度的高度显著相关性可能代表了一个因果因素。关键词:解剖成分，生物质特性，玉米秸秆，物理实验，分离，分选，垂直风洞
{"title":"Terminal Velocity of Corn Stover Stem Fractions","authors":"Alvin C. Womac, S. E. Klasek, D. Yoder, Doug G. Hayes","doi":"10.13031/ja.15340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15340","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Terminal velocity was measured for small, standardized sizes of corn stover stem fractions with a vertical wind tunnel built to aerodynamically suspend particles. Mean terminal velocity ranged from 2.84 m s-1 to 7.74 m s-1 for dry pith-internode and wet rind-node fractions, respectively. Anticipated separation of corn stover stem particles using terminal velocity differences was viable for dry (11% w.b.) particles of pith, rind, node, and internode. But, many wet (43% w.b.) fractions had similar terminal velocities, thereby reducing separation propensity. Abstract. Terminal velocity of corn stover stem fractions was determined for particles standardized to match particle sizes (1.3 cm long x 0.31 cm diameter) of switchgrass nodes and internodes. The practical application was to measure the potential aerodynamic conditions for sorting and separating size-reduced anatomical components of pith versus rind, node versus internode, and at two moisture contents (11% and 43%, wet basis). Terminal velocities grouped by dry pith, wet pith, dry rind, and wet rind resulted in a trend of increased mean terminal velocities of 3.28, 5.31, 6.38, and 7.68 m s-1, respectively, when averaged across node and internode. The increased moisture and the selection of the rind component had increased terminal velocity that was attributed to increased particle density. Terminal velocity for a node was generally statistically greater than that of an internode for a given condition, except for the statistically-equal terminal velocities for node and internode of wet rind. Also, terminal velocity for internode of dry pith and of wet pith were statistically equal. Thus, exceptions to the general trends were discovered. Mean terminal velocity ranged from 2.84 m s-1 to 7.74 m s-1 for dry pith-internode and wet rind—node particles, respectively. Practical separation of corn stover stem particles using terminal velocity differences was viable for dry (11% w.b.) particles of pith, rind, node, and internode. Many terminal velocities of wet (43% w.b.) fractions were statistically equal leaving only wet pith-internode available at this moisture for aerodynamic separation. Particle density varied almost 10-fold for the experiment, and this was attributed to the various anatomical component and range of moisture content. Highly significant correlations of particle density with terminal velocity may have represented a cause-and-effect factor. Keywords: Anatomical component, Biomass property, Corn Stover, Physical experiment, Separation, Sorting, Vertical wind tunnel.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85227492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Implications of microwave drying on rice brewing performance were tested. Microwave-dried rice is most similar to natural air-dried rice in protein and amylose content. Microwave-dried rice is most similar to natural air-dried rice in brewing utilization. Abstract. Rice is used as an adjunct grain by the beer manufacturing industry. Before utilization, the rice has to be dried to the desired moisture content. The drying process employed may have an impact on the rice’s physicochemical properties, which influence the rice’s performance in the brewing process. This study focused on investigating the impact of microwave drying on rice’s physicochemical properties and utilization in the brewing process. Rough rice samples with an initial moisture content of 19.7% wet basis were exposed to a microwave dryer to deliver specific energy at the rate of 525 kJ/Kg of initial grain mass in a single drying pass. The effects of the single-pass continuous drying on the dried rice amylose content, protein content, and specific gravity (°Plato, fermentable sugar content) of the wort were determined. The results were compared with samples dried using natural air at 25°C and 56% relative humidity (RH) and two-pass hot-air drying at 45°C and 60°C with RH set at 20%. There was a statistical difference in measured rice amylose and protein contents (p= 0.042) between microwave-dried samples and the natural air-dried samples. However, these attributes were significantly different from those of samples dried at a higher temperature of 60°C and an RH of 20%. There was a significant difference (p=0.0197) in the initial gravity content of the all-malt samples and the rice adjunct samples, as expected, but there was no significant difference between the rice adjunct samples. Overall, this study analyzed the effect of microwave drying on rice processing and its subsequent use in the brewing process, but no measurable differences were observed among the wort’s initial and final gravity contents, attenuation levels, and alcohol by volume. Microwave drying was most comparable to natural air drying, but it results in a greater head rice yield, which may benefit rice farmers and processors. Keywords: Amylose content, Brewing process, Microwave drying, Rice drying, Specific gravity.
{"title":"Impact of Drying Techniques on Physicochemical Properties of Dried Rice and Its Influences on Rice Beer Brewing Process","authors":"C. Stuckey, K. Luthra, G. Atungulu","doi":"10.13031/ja.15236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15236","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Implications of microwave drying on rice brewing performance were tested. Microwave-dried rice is most similar to natural air-dried rice in protein and amylose content. Microwave-dried rice is most similar to natural air-dried rice in brewing utilization. Abstract. Rice is used as an adjunct grain by the beer manufacturing industry. Before utilization, the rice has to be dried to the desired moisture content. The drying process employed may have an impact on the rice’s physicochemical properties, which influence the rice’s performance in the brewing process. This study focused on investigating the impact of microwave drying on rice’s physicochemical properties and utilization in the brewing process. Rough rice samples with an initial moisture content of 19.7% wet basis were exposed to a microwave dryer to deliver specific energy at the rate of 525 kJ/Kg of initial grain mass in a single drying pass. The effects of the single-pass continuous drying on the dried rice amylose content, protein content, and specific gravity (°Plato, fermentable sugar content) of the wort were determined. The results were compared with samples dried using natural air at 25°C and 56% relative humidity (RH) and two-pass hot-air drying at 45°C and 60°C with RH set at 20%. There was a statistical difference in measured rice amylose and protein contents (p= 0.042) between microwave-dried samples and the natural air-dried samples. However, these attributes were significantly different from those of samples dried at a higher temperature of 60°C and an RH of 20%. There was a significant difference (p=0.0197) in the initial gravity content of the all-malt samples and the rice adjunct samples, as expected, but there was no significant difference between the rice adjunct samples. Overall, this study analyzed the effect of microwave drying on rice processing and its subsequent use in the brewing process, but no measurable differences were observed among the wort’s initial and final gravity contents, attenuation levels, and alcohol by volume. Microwave drying was most comparable to natural air drying, but it results in a greater head rice yield, which may benefit rice farmers and processors. Keywords: Amylose content, Brewing process, Microwave drying, Rice drying, Specific gravity.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83809719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Anandhi, P. Srivastava, R. Mohtar, R. Lawford, Sumit Sen, J. Lamba
Highlights Synthesize existing knowledge in defining and conceptualizing FEW Nexus. Provide scientists and practitioners in the FEW domains with the tools to define and conceptualize. The study provides narrow-broad definitions and simple-complex conceptualization frameworks for the FEW Nexus. Abstract. Food-energy-water (FEW) resources are fundamental to society’s functioning and understanding them is crucial for sustainable development and supporting life on earth. This article presents a review of the current approaches being used in the development of FEW Nexus frameworks, with an emphasis on the methods for defining and conceptualizing these frameworks by different types of stakeholders. This framework provides scientists, consultants, and practitioners in the FEW domains the tools and knowledge needed to successfully implement the Nexus. The article also describes knowledge gaps in the FEW Nexus domains. The objectives of this article are to (a) synthesize existing knowledge to support stakeholders in defining and conceptualizing their FEW Nexus, (b) provide a framework to clarify the definitions and conceptualizations of FEW Nexus for a project or an application being developed for a specific stakeholder application, and (c) apply the experience and principles of the FEW Nexus to other Nexus that can be developed. Stakeholders in this study include the users of the Nexus, scientists, and a range of practitioners, including policymakers, the private sector, practitioners in the field, and resource managers, among others. The following questions assisted in addressing the objectives: What are some existing definitions and conceptualizations in the FEW Nexus? Which elements are currently included in the definitions and conceptualizations? How should FEW Nexus be defined and conceptualized for a project or application? How can existing definitions be adapted, or new ones created, for a project or study? What are the consequences of choosing a particular definition or conceptualization? Based on this experience, the steps needed for developing a FEW Nexus are reviewed and clarified. The study provides narrow and broad definitions and simple and complex conceptualization frameworks of FEW Nexus that stakeholders can use while being aware of the limitations and knowledge gaps. Keywords: Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus conceptualizations, FEW Nexus definitions, Narrow and broad definitions, Simple and complex conceptualizations.
{"title":"Methodologies and Principles for Developing Nexus Definitions and Conceptualizations: Lessons From FEW Nexus Studies","authors":"A. Anandhi, P. Srivastava, R. Mohtar, R. Lawford, Sumit Sen, J. Lamba","doi":"10.13031/ja.14539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.14539","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Synthesize existing knowledge in defining and conceptualizing FEW Nexus. Provide scientists and practitioners in the FEW domains with the tools to define and conceptualize. The study provides narrow-broad definitions and simple-complex conceptualization frameworks for the FEW Nexus. Abstract. Food-energy-water (FEW) resources are fundamental to society’s functioning and understanding them is crucial for sustainable development and supporting life on earth. This article presents a review of the current approaches being used in the development of FEW Nexus frameworks, with an emphasis on the methods for defining and conceptualizing these frameworks by different types of stakeholders. This framework provides scientists, consultants, and practitioners in the FEW domains the tools and knowledge needed to successfully implement the Nexus. The article also describes knowledge gaps in the FEW Nexus domains. The objectives of this article are to (a) synthesize existing knowledge to support stakeholders in defining and conceptualizing their FEW Nexus, (b) provide a framework to clarify the definitions and conceptualizations of FEW Nexus for a project or an application being developed for a specific stakeholder application, and (c) apply the experience and principles of the FEW Nexus to other Nexus that can be developed. Stakeholders in this study include the users of the Nexus, scientists, and a range of practitioners, including policymakers, the private sector, practitioners in the field, and resource managers, among others. The following questions assisted in addressing the objectives: What are some existing definitions and conceptualizations in the FEW Nexus? Which elements are currently included in the definitions and conceptualizations? How should FEW Nexus be defined and conceptualized for a project or application? How can existing definitions be adapted, or new ones created, for a project or study? What are the consequences of choosing a particular definition or conceptualization? Based on this experience, the steps needed for developing a FEW Nexus are reviewed and clarified. The study provides narrow and broad definitions and simple and complex conceptualization frameworks of FEW Nexus that stakeholders can use while being aware of the limitations and knowledge gaps. Keywords: Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus conceptualizations, FEW Nexus definitions, Narrow and broad definitions, Simple and complex conceptualizations.","PeriodicalId":29714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ASABE","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82462838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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