Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1655200508
Abhijeet Kumar, U. Kumar
This paper presents the design and the prototype of an embedded laser system with a semi-automatic unidirectional laser-based height and distance measuring apparatus based on trigonometric elevation measurement profile fundamentals. The proposed apparatus measures the distance in horizontal and vertical directions, adjacent side/distance and opposite side/height. Results of its testing in every possible scenario, proves its high measurement accuracy. Moreover, it necessitates neither the use of any electronic component for the feedback data, nor any other form of data before the actual measurement. Furthermore, it requires no prior knowledge or specialized abilities. For all of the aforesaid reasons, we believe that the presented apparatus will contribute to the commercial scales used for dual-axis measurement in a stationary and less expensive manner.
{"title":"Prototyping A Unidirectional Horizontal and Vertical Distance Measurement Apparatus Using Trigonometric Ratio and Laser Beam: A Comprehensive Study","authors":"Abhijeet Kumar, U. Kumar","doi":"10.5455/jjee.204-1655200508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1655200508","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and the prototype of an embedded laser system with a semi-automatic unidirectional laser-based height and distance measuring apparatus based on trigonometric elevation measurement profile fundamentals. The proposed apparatus measures the distance in horizontal and vertical directions, adjacent side/distance and opposite side/height. Results of its testing in every possible scenario, proves its high measurement accuracy. Moreover, it necessitates neither the use of any electronic component for the feedback data, nor any other form of data before the actual measurement. Furthermore, it requires no prior knowledge or specialized abilities. For all of the aforesaid reasons, we believe that the presented apparatus will contribute to the commercial scales used for dual-axis measurement in a stationary and less expensive manner.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70822036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1664801825
Eyad K. Almaita
In this paper, a neural networks algorithm based on adaptive radial basis function (ARBF) is used to decompose the grid current drawn by nonlinear load, and the fundamental and harmonic components are estimated. The learning rate – considered as one of the most important parameters that govern the performance of the ARBF network - is investigated as well to reduce the system total error. Two methodologies are proposed to improve the estimation of the fundamental component of highly nonlinear current signal. One is based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the other is based on least mean square error (LMSE). The error between the reference signal and the reproduced signal (the sum of estimated fundamental and harmonic signals) is chosen as performance index. The obtained results unveil that both methodologies can be effective in enhancing the system accuracy, and that the proposed algorithm can provide better performance compared to the conventional RBF network.
{"title":"An Adaptive Real-Time Technique for Harmonics Estimation Using Adaptive Radial Basis Function Neural Network","authors":"Eyad K. Almaita","doi":"10.5455/jjee.204-1664801825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1664801825","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a neural networks algorithm based on adaptive radial basis function (ARBF) is used to decompose the grid current drawn by nonlinear load, and the fundamental and harmonic components are estimated. The learning rate – considered as one of the most important parameters that govern the performance of the ARBF network - is investigated as well to reduce the system total error. Two methodologies are proposed to improve the estimation of the fundamental component of highly nonlinear current signal. One is based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the other is based on least mean square error (LMSE). The error between the reference signal and the reproduced signal (the sum of estimated fundamental and harmonic signals) is chosen as performance index. The obtained results unveil that both methodologies can be effective in enhancing the system accuracy, and that the proposed algorithm can provide better performance compared to the conventional RBF network.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70822539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-570389/V1
J. Mohammed, A. Khmees
This paper introduces an array with a new element structure to achieve asymmetric sidelobe pattern nulling which is a much desired feature in many applications such as communication systems, tracking radars, and imaging. The proposed element structure consists of combining two simple wire dipoles in the horizontal and vertical positions to form a crossed dipole element. The array patterns of the horizontal and vertical dipoles alone share some common radiation feature such angular null positions which are exploited to provide sidelobe nulling. By properly scaling the array pattern of the horizontal dipoles and added or subtracted its array pattern from that of the vertical dipoles, a new array pattern corresponds to the crossed dipoles elements with controlled sidelobes pattern can be obtained. The scaling factor selects which sidelobes to be cancelled. The method is equally applied to the uniformly and nun-uniformly excited arrays. The proposed idea is verified by simulating an array with 10 half wavelength crossed dipoles using CST microwave studio.
{"title":"An Array with Crossed-Dipoles Elements for Controlling Side Lobes Pattern","authors":"J. Mohammed, A. Khmees","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-570389/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-570389/V1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper introduces an array with a new element structure to achieve asymmetric sidelobe pattern nulling which is a much desired feature in many applications such as communication systems, tracking radars, and imaging. The proposed element structure consists of combining two simple wire dipoles in the horizontal and vertical positions to form a crossed dipole element. The array patterns of the horizontal and vertical dipoles alone share some common radiation feature such angular null positions which are exploited to provide sidelobe nulling. By properly scaling the array pattern of the horizontal dipoles and added or subtracted its array pattern from that of the vertical dipoles, a new array pattern corresponds to the crossed dipoles elements with controlled sidelobes pattern can be obtained. The scaling factor selects which sidelobes to be cancelled. The method is equally applied to the uniformly and nun-uniformly excited arrays. The proposed idea is verified by simulating an array with 10 half wavelength crossed dipoles using CST microwave studio.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47527468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1615665316
M. Khodeir, Saja M. Alquran
— This paper introduces underlay multiple input multiple output (MIMO) cooperative communication involving source, destination, eavesdropper, primary nodes and decode and forward (DF) relay. To improve the energy and spectral efficiencies, the source and relay are powered by the energy, harvested from the primary transmitter. All the channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be available at the source and relay. Here, transmit antenna selection/maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC) is also implemented at the secondary relay. Moreover, to enhance the security performance, MRC technique is utilized at both the destination and the eavesdropper. Precise closed-form secrecy outage performance for the secondary relay with an active eavesdropper is derived over Nakagami- m fading channel. The obtained results indicate that when the number of antennas - at the intermediate relay and/or destination - increases, the secrecy outage performance - of the proposed system model over Nakagami- m fading channel - enhances for large average channel gain in the main channel. The secrecy outage probability (SOP) is used in this work as a performance metric. It is found to be equal to 0.1 when setting 𝑚 = 1 for the Rayleigh fading channel, and greater than 0.01 when setting 𝑚 = 2 for the Nakagami- m fading channel.
{"title":"Secrecy Performance for Underlay Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network with Energy Harvesting and Transmit Antenna Selection Using MIMO Over Nakagami-m Fading Channels.","authors":"M. Khodeir, Saja M. Alquran","doi":"10.5455/jjee.204-1615665316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1615665316","url":null,"abstract":"— This paper introduces underlay multiple input multiple output (MIMO) cooperative communication involving source, destination, eavesdropper, primary nodes and decode and forward (DF) relay. To improve the energy and spectral efficiencies, the source and relay are powered by the energy, harvested from the primary transmitter. All the channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be available at the source and relay. Here, transmit antenna selection/maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC) is also implemented at the secondary relay. Moreover, to enhance the security performance, MRC technique is utilized at both the destination and the eavesdropper. Precise closed-form secrecy outage performance for the secondary relay with an active eavesdropper is derived over Nakagami- m fading channel. The obtained results indicate that when the number of antennas - at the intermediate relay and/or destination - increases, the secrecy outage performance - of the proposed system model over Nakagami- m fading channel - enhances for large average channel gain in the main channel. The secrecy outage probability (SOP) is used in this work as a performance metric. It is found to be equal to 0.1 when setting 𝑚 = 1 for the Rayleigh fading channel, and greater than 0.01 when setting 𝑚 = 2 for the Nakagami- m fading channel.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1614015669
Saif E. A. Alnawayseh
Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been developed as an alternative to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) to fulfill the need of connecting massive number of devices with high requirements of 5G wireless communication. In this work, two types of transmitter antenna selection (TAS) are employed in down link NOMA amplify and forward cooperative relay system over Rayleigh fading channels to enhance the bit error rate (BER) performance. The first TAS, which is based on maximum ratio combining at relay is applied on the first hop, and the second TAS with maximum likelihood and successive interference cancellation detection based on minimizing average BER at mobile end user is applied on second hop. The obtained results reveal that the proposed TAS schemes enhance the performance of NOMA cooperative relay system significantly compared to other TAS that were used as a reference in this work, namely antenna random selection scheme and equal gain combining of all antennas. Keywords— Non orthogonal multiple access; Transmitter antenna selection; Maximum ratio combining; Maximum likelihood; Successive interference cancellation; Bit error rate.
{"title":"Multiple Transmitter Antenna Selection Schemes in Cooperative NOMA System","authors":"Saif E. A. Alnawayseh","doi":"10.5455/jjee.204-1614015669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1614015669","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been developed as an alternative to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) to fulfill the need of connecting massive number of devices with high requirements of 5G wireless communication. In this work, two types of transmitter antenna selection (TAS) are employed in down link NOMA amplify and forward cooperative relay system over Rayleigh fading channels to enhance the bit error rate (BER) performance. The first TAS, which is based on maximum ratio combining at relay is applied on the first hop, and the second TAS with maximum likelihood and successive interference cancellation detection based on minimizing average BER at mobile end user is applied on second hop. The obtained results reveal that the proposed TAS schemes enhance the performance of NOMA cooperative relay system significantly compared to other TAS that were used as a reference in this work, namely antenna random selection scheme and equal gain combining of all antennas. Keywords— Non orthogonal multiple access; Transmitter antenna selection; Maximum ratio combining; Maximum likelihood; Successive interference cancellation; Bit error rate.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/JJEE.204-1600416160
A. Ameen
{"title":"Proposed Operation Scenarios for Inter-Band Carrier Aggregation and Spatial Multiplexing Multiple Antenna System in LTE-Advanced Network","authors":"A. Ameen","doi":"10.5455/JJEE.204-1600416160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/JJEE.204-1600416160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/JJEE.204-1612977821
Youssef Dabas, M. Iqbal
Abstract— This paper presents an isolated Photovoltaic (PV)-battery system for fulfilling the load of a typical house located in Benghazi, Libya. 48 V DC is considered as the bus voltage. The proposed system has been sized using HOMER Pro software and found to consist of 28 PV panels, 330 watts each, and 32 lead-acid battery banks of 12 V, 219 Ah. The dynamic model of the system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the proposed system can provide a stable 48 V DC for the intended load. It can also be used to meet the electricity needs of houses with low loads or rural communities with basic electricity needs. The performed economic analysis reveals that the proposed system with a net present cost of $42,892 can generate electricity at a cost of $0.365/kWh, indicating that such a system will make economic sense in remote off-grid areas.
{"title":"Sizing and Analysis of a DC Stand-Alone Photovoltaic-Battery System for a House in Libya","authors":"Youssef Dabas, M. Iqbal","doi":"10.5455/JJEE.204-1612977821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/JJEE.204-1612977821","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract— This paper presents an isolated Photovoltaic (PV)-battery system for fulfilling the load of a typical house located in Benghazi, Libya. 48 V DC is considered as the bus voltage. The proposed system has been sized using HOMER Pro software and found to consist of 28 PV panels, 330 watts each, and 32 lead-acid battery banks of 12 V, 219 Ah. The dynamic model of the system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the proposed system can provide a stable 48 V DC for the intended load. It can also be used to meet the electricity needs of houses with low loads or rural communities with basic electricity needs. The performed economic analysis reveals that the proposed system with a net present cost of $42,892 can generate electricity at a cost of $0.365/kWh, indicating that such a system will make economic sense in remote off-grid areas.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1614008639
Heba N. Khalil, S. Dawoud, A. Azmy
Since renewable resources have different characteristics and mandatory output unlike conventional sources, the existence of renewable distributed generation as a part of the network represents a new challenge that needs different handling of loss allocation techniques. In this paper, a new methodology is introduced for handling transmission power loss allocation techniques for loop networks comprising renewable distributed generation. This necessitates an investigation of the effect of integrating renewable distributed generation on loss allocation among individual generators and loads of the network using different loss allocation techniques. Also, the effects of separate and simultaneous time variation of both loading and renewables generation are analyzed. The paper implements two different techniques for loss allocation, which are based on circuit laws and power flow solution. The techniques are applied on IEEE 14-bus system, where Photovoltaics and wind sources are optimally allocated. The results prove the considerable effect of different levels of loading and renewables output power on loss allocation. The proposed methodology maintains the accuracy of loss allocation with considering the time variations of loading and renewable generation. Also, it overcomes the problem of huge calculations for large systems and thus, reduces time consumption. Keywords— Loss allocation; Deregulated power systems; Distributed generation; Power tracing; Renewable energy sources.
{"title":"Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Power Systems Comprising Renewable Distributed Generation","authors":"Heba N. Khalil, S. Dawoud, A. Azmy","doi":"10.5455/jjee.204-1614008639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1614008639","url":null,"abstract":"Since renewable resources have different characteristics and mandatory output unlike conventional sources, the existence of renewable distributed generation as a part of the network represents a new challenge that needs different handling of loss allocation techniques. In this paper, a new methodology is introduced for handling transmission power loss allocation techniques for loop networks comprising renewable distributed generation. This necessitates an investigation of the effect of integrating renewable distributed generation on loss allocation among individual generators and loads of the network using different loss allocation techniques. Also, the effects of separate and simultaneous time variation of both loading and renewables generation are analyzed. The paper implements two different techniques for loss allocation, which are based on circuit laws and power flow solution. The techniques are applied on IEEE 14-bus system, where Photovoltaics and wind sources are optimally allocated. The results prove the considerable effect of different levels of loading and renewables output power on loss allocation. The proposed methodology maintains the accuracy of loss allocation with considering the time variations of loading and renewable generation. Also, it overcomes the problem of huge calculations for large systems and thus, reduces time consumption. Keywords— Loss allocation; Deregulated power systems; Distributed generation; Power tracing; Renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1610344139
Godfrey Mhagama, Aviti Thadei Mushi, B. Kundy
Abstract— This article presents the performance evaluation of distribution static compensators (DSTATCOM) for the 180 km 33 kV line from Shinyanga to Bariadi in Tanzania. First, the voltage drop existing on the line is explained, and its negative consequences are mentioned. Secondly, the 180 km line is presented in the nominal π model. Then, DSTATCOM capacitive and inductive dynamic ranges of ±1900 kVAr are calculated based on the system fault level. Using the energy storage of five cycles, a DC capacitor with a value of 0.19 mF is calculated. The DSTATCOM is designed using the voltage source converters (VSC) employing the neutral point clamped (NPC) topology. A proportional integral (PI) control algorithm was implemented to the DSTATCOM. Simulation of the modeled system of the feeder with DSTATCOM is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment for different loading conditions (light and heavy loading) to evaluate the steady-state performance. Simulation results reveal that for the light load of 0.45 MW, the receiving end voltage is 37.2 kV RMS and 31.5 kV RMS, before and after application of DSTATCOM, respectively. For the heavy load of 4.5 MW, the results are 28.45 kV RMS and 33.1 kV RMS, before and after application of DSTATCOM, respectively. The frequency-domain analysis reveals a gain margin of infinity implying stable system operation. The Nyquist plot shows no encirclement of the negative one point, further verifying the stability. It is concluded that the proposed DSTATCOM is capable of keeping both the voltage drop and rise of the line at acceptable levels for system stability of the ShinyangaBariadi feeder.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of DSTATCOM for 180 km 33 kV Feeder from Shinyanga to Bariadi in Tanzania","authors":"Godfrey Mhagama, Aviti Thadei Mushi, B. Kundy","doi":"10.5455/jjee.204-1610344139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1610344139","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract— This article presents the performance evaluation of distribution static compensators (DSTATCOM) for the 180 km 33 kV line from Shinyanga to Bariadi in Tanzania. First, the voltage drop existing on the line is explained, and its negative consequences are mentioned. Secondly, the 180 km line is presented in the nominal π model. Then, DSTATCOM capacitive and inductive dynamic ranges of ±1900 kVAr are calculated based on the system fault level. Using the energy storage of five cycles, a DC capacitor with a value of 0.19 mF is calculated. The DSTATCOM is designed using the voltage source converters (VSC) employing the neutral point clamped (NPC) topology. A proportional integral (PI) control algorithm was implemented to the DSTATCOM. Simulation of the modeled system of the feeder with DSTATCOM is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment for different loading conditions (light and heavy loading) to evaluate the steady-state performance. Simulation results reveal that for the light load of 0.45 MW, the receiving end voltage is 37.2 kV RMS and 31.5 kV RMS, before and after application of DSTATCOM, respectively. For the heavy load of 4.5 MW, the results are 28.45 kV RMS and 33.1 kV RMS, before and after application of DSTATCOM, respectively. The frequency-domain analysis reveals a gain margin of infinity implying stable system operation. The Nyquist plot shows no encirclement of the negative one point, further verifying the stability. It is concluded that the proposed DSTATCOM is capable of keeping both the voltage drop and rise of the line at acceptable levels for system stability of the ShinyangaBariadi feeder.","PeriodicalId":29729,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5455/jjee.204-1614579249
Y. Omura, T. Yamamura, Shingo Sato
This paper studies the phonon-limited electron mobility of the inversion layer at room temperature for ultra-thin body (001) Ge and (111) Ge layers in single-gate (SG) and double-gate (DG) germanium-on-insulator (GOI) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) aiming at future radio-frequency applications. Simulations are based on one-dimensional self-consistent calculations and relaxation time approximations. Assuming a 7.2-nm-thick GOI layer on (001) Ge surface, it has been demonstrated that intravalley phonon scattering in the DG GOI MOSFET inversion layer is strongly suppressed within a range of medium and high effective field values; DG GOI MOSFETs have higher phonon-limited electron mobility than SG GOI MOSFETs. The suppression of intra-valley-phonon scattering in a 7.2-nm-thick DG GOI MOSFET primarily stems from the reduction in the form factor at medium and high effective field values. However, it is shown that the use of the (001) Ge surface offers little merit in DG GOI MOSFETs because the mobility value is not large. It is demonstrated that the superior electron mobility on the (111) Ge surface of SG GOI MOSFETs confirms the significant merit of this structure with regard to applications because acoustic-phonon scattering events are significantly reduced in the non-degenerate L valley. Primary mechanism responsible for this fact is that some inter-subband form factors of electrons sharing the lowest subband of the non-degenerate L valley decrease at low effective field values, while the intra-subband form factor of electrons sharing the lowest subband of the non-degenerate L valley remains large. The expected phonon-limited electron mobility of SG GOI MOSFETs having a 4-nm-thick GOI layer, for example, with (111) Ge surface, is about 2300 cm2/V/s at the effective field of 0.5 MV/cm; this is about 400% of that of the equivalent SG GOI MOSFET with (001) Ge surface. Keywords— Electron mobility; Phonon scattering; Germanium; Germanium-on-insulator; MOSFET; Single-gate; Double-gate; Surface orientation.
本文研究了单门(SG)和双门(DG)绝缘体上锗(GOI)金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(mosfet)中超薄体(001)Ge和(111)Ge层在室温下的声子限制电子迁移率。模拟是基于一维自洽计算和松弛时间近似。假设在(001)Ge表面有7.2 nm厚的GOI层，结果表明，在中、高有效场值范围内，DG GOI MOSFET反转层中的声子散射被强烈抑制;DG - GOI mosfet比SG - GOI mosfet具有更高的声子限制电子迁移率。在7.2 nm厚的DG - GOI MOSFET中，抑制谷内声子散射的主要原因是在中、高有效场值下减小了形状因子。然而，由于迁移率值不大，使用(001)Ge表面在DG - GOI mosfet中几乎没有什么优点。结果表明，SG - GOI mosfet (111) Ge表面优越的电子迁移率证实了该结构在应用方面的显著优点，因为在非简并L谷中声声子散射事件显着减少。造成这一现象的主要机制是，共享非简并L谷最低子带的电子的一些子带间形状因子在低有效场值时减小，而共享非简并L谷最低子带的电子的子带内形状因子仍然很大。在有效场为0.5 MV/cm时，具有4 nm厚GOI层的SG - GOI mosfet的声子限制电子迁移率约为2300 cm2/V/s，例如，表面为(111)Ge;这大约是具有(001)Ge表面的等效SG GOI MOSFET的400%。关键词:电子迁移率;声子散射;锗;Germanium-on-insulator;场效应晶体管;单扇;双栅;表面取向。
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