Pub Date : 2018-02-15DOI: 10.4245/sponge.v9i1.27051
A. Musgrave
{"title":"BEWARE OF Mad DOG Realist","authors":"A. Musgrave","doi":"10.4245/sponge.v9i1.27051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/sponge.v9i1.27051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48206744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-15DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V9I1.29356
J. Ladyman
The present paper concerns how scientific realism is formulated and defended. It is argued that van Fraassen is fundamentally right that scientific realism requires metaphysics in general, and modality in particular. This is because of several relationships that raise problems for the ontology of scientific realism, namely those between: scientific realism and common sense realism; past and current theories; the sciences of different scales; and the ontologies of the special sciences and fundamental physics. These problems are related. It is argued that ontic structural realism, in the form of the real-patterns account of ontology, offers a unified solution to them all (or at least that it is required to do so, if it is to make good on the promise of naturalised metaphysics).
{"title":"Scientific Realism Again","authors":"J. Ladyman","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V9I1.29356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V9I1.29356","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper concerns how scientific realism is formulated and defended. It is argued that van Fraassen is fundamentally right that scientific realism requires metaphysics in general, and modality in particular. This is because of several relationships that raise problems for the ontology of scientific realism, namely those between: scientific realism and common sense realism; past and current theories; the sciences of different scales; and the ontologies of the special sciences and fundamental physics. These problems are related. It is argued that ontic structural realism, in the form of the real-patterns account of ontology, offers a unified solution to them all (or at least that it is required to do so, if it is to make good on the promise of naturalised metaphysics).","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47625576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-15DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V9I1.27555
Kristen M. Schranz
{"title":"Andre Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber, eds. Scholars in Action: The Practice of Knowledge and the Figure of the Savant in the 18th Century, Volumes 1 and 2.","authors":"Kristen M. Schranz","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V9I1.27555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V9I1.27555","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45627267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21160
R. Bedford
“In the spirit of critical friendship” between the human and social sciences on the one hand, and the neurosciences on the other, Nikolas Rose and Joelle Abi-Rached trace a part historical, part sociological, and part philosophical analysis of contemporary brain science in Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind. Their valuable synthetic account surveys a wide range of primary scientific literature, as well as legal and policy debates. Neuro aims to consider what impact, if any, neurobiological research has had on our conceptions of human nature, the relationship between brain and person, and how we govern ourselves.
{"title":"Review: Nikolas Rose and Joelle Abi-Rached, Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind.","authors":"R. Bedford","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21160","url":null,"abstract":"“In the spirit of critical friendship” between the human and social sciences on the one hand, and the neurosciences on the other, Nikolas Rose and Joelle Abi-Rached trace a part historical, part sociological, and part philosophical analysis of contemporary brain science in Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind. Their valuable synthetic account surveys a wide range of primary scientific literature, as well as legal and policy debates. Neuro aims to consider what impact, if any, neurobiological research has had on our conceptions of human nature, the relationship between brain and person, and how we govern ourselves.","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70959443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21366
S. Epstein
Spontaneous Generations deserves credit for calling attention to the histories and futures of scholarship that critically investigates the science/technology/inequality nexus. My own suggestion in this regard is modest: Rather than assuming that there is any single or obvious way in which scientific knowledge and technologies, on the one hand, and social inequalities, on the other, might be related (causally or otherwise), we ought to embrace complexity by considering some of the different sorts of things that the phrase “science and social inequality” might connote. However, I should signal from the outset that I won’t be taking for granted that the “reproduction” of inequality—that is, how “science and technology reflect and create social inequalities,” to quote from the opening sentence of the call for papers for this special issue—is the only relevant mode of activity that we ought to examine. Instead I will assume it to be helpful to consider how scientific knowledge and technological systems might be related to reproducing, reinforcing, chal lenging, transforming, or eliminating inequalities. As an (admittedly inadequate) gesture at the kind of complexity I hope to signal, I will take up just three of many possible points of linkage between technoscience and the reproduction of, reinforcement of, challenge to, transformation of, or elimination of inequalities. These are: the causes and consequences of unequal access to participation in knowledge-making; scientific practices of difference-making and their consequences for social categories, identities, and hierarchies; and the scientization of everyday concepts and its implications for inequalities. The first case, that of unequal access to participation in knowledge-making, relates to a growth area in STS, where scholars
{"title":"Studying Science and Social Inequalities: Resurgences and Divergences","authors":"S. Epstein","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21366","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous Generations deserves credit for calling attention to the histories and futures of scholarship that critically investigates the science/technology/inequality nexus. My own suggestion in this regard is modest: Rather than assuming that there is any single or obvious way in which scientific knowledge and technologies, on the one hand, and social inequalities, on the other, might be related (causally or otherwise), we ought to embrace complexity by considering some of the different sorts of things that the phrase “science and social inequality” might connote. However, I should signal from the outset that I won’t be taking for granted that the “reproduction” of inequality—that is, how “science and technology reflect and create social inequalities,” to quote from the opening sentence of the call for papers for this special issue—is the only relevant mode of activity that we ought to examine. Instead I will assume it to be helpful to consider how scientific knowledge and technological systems might be related to reproducing, reinforcing, chal lenging, transforming, or eliminating inequalities. As an (admittedly inadequate) gesture at the kind of complexity I hope to signal, I will take up just three of many possible points of linkage between technoscience and the reproduction of, reinforcement of, challenge to, transformation of, or elimination of inequalities. These are: the causes and consequences of unequal access to participation in knowledge-making; scientific practices of difference-making and their consequences for social categories, identities, and hierarchies; and the scientization of everyday concepts and its implications for inequalities. The first case, that of unequal access to participation in knowledge-making, relates to a growth area in STS, where scholars","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70959605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/sponge.v8i1.19467
R. M. Nugayev (Nugaev)
Key words: rationality, communication, maxwellian revolution, Ampere-Weber research programme, synthesis, Kantian epistemology . Abstract. Why did Maxwell’s programme supersede the Ampere-Weber one? – To answer the question one has to consider the intertheoretic context of maxwellian electrodynamics genesis and development. It is demonstrated that maxwellian electrodynamics was created as a result of the old pre-maxwellian programmes reconciliation: the electrodynamics of Ampere-Weber, the wave theory of Young-Fresnel and Faraday’s programme. The programmes’ meeting led to construction of the hybrid theory at first with an irregular set of theoretical schemes. However, step by step, on revealing and gradual eliminating the contradictions between the programmes involved, the hybrid set is “put into order” (Maxwell’s term).A hierarchy of theoretical schemes starting from the crossbreeds (the displacement current) and up to usual hybrids is set up. And after the displacement current construction the interpenetration of the pre-maxwellian programmes begins that markes the commencement of theoretical schemes of optics and electromagnetism real unification. Maxwell’s programme did supersede the Ampere-Weber one because it did assimilate the ideas of the Ampere-Weber programme, as well as the presuppositions of the programmes of Young-Fresnel and Faraday properly co-ordinating them with each other. But the opposite proposition is not true. Ampere-Weber programme did not assimilate the propositions of the Maxwellian programme. Maxwell’s victory became possible because the core of Maxwell’s unification strategy was formed by Kantian epistemology looked through the prism of William Whewell and such representatives of Scottish Enlightenment as Thomas Reid and William Hamilton. Maxwell did put forward as a basic synthetic principle the idea that radically differed from that of Ampere-Weber approach by its open, flexible and contra-ontological, strictly epistemological, Kantian character. For Maxwell, ether was not the last building block of physical reality, from which all the charges and fields should be constructed. “Action at a distance”, “incompressible fluid”, “molecular vortices” were contrived analogies for Maxwell, capable only to direct the researcher at the “right” mathematical relations. Namely the application of Kantian epistemology enabled Hermann von Helmholtz and his pupil Heinrich Hertz to arrive at such a version of Maxwell’s theory that served a heuristical basis for the radio waves discovery.
{"title":"Maxwellian Electrodynamics Genesis and Development: Intertheoretic Context","authors":"R. M. Nugayev (Nugaev)","doi":"10.4245/sponge.v8i1.19467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/sponge.v8i1.19467","url":null,"abstract":"Key words: rationality, communication, maxwellian revolution, Ampere-Weber research programme, synthesis, Kantian epistemology . \u0000 \u0000Abstract. Why did Maxwell’s programme supersede the Ampere-Weber one? – To answer the question one has to consider the intertheoretic context of maxwellian electrodynamics genesis and development. \u0000 \u0000It is demonstrated that maxwellian electrodynamics was created as a result of the old pre-maxwellian programmes reconciliation: the electrodynamics of Ampere-Weber, the wave theory of Young-Fresnel and Faraday’s programme. The programmes’ meeting led to construction of the hybrid theory at first with an irregular set of theoretical schemes. However, step by step, on revealing and gradual eliminating the contradictions between the programmes involved, the hybrid set is “put into order” (Maxwell’s term).A hierarchy of theoretical schemes starting from the crossbreeds (the displacement current) and up to usual hybrids is set up. And after the displacement current construction the interpenetration of the pre-maxwellian programmes begins that markes the commencement of theoretical schemes of optics and electromagnetism real unification. \u0000 \u0000Maxwell’s programme did supersede the Ampere-Weber one because it did assimilate the ideas of the Ampere-Weber programme, as well as the presuppositions of the programmes of Young-Fresnel and Faraday properly co-ordinating them with each other. But the opposite proposition is not true. Ampere-Weber programme did not assimilate the propositions of the Maxwellian programme. Maxwell’s victory became possible because the core of Maxwell’s unification strategy was formed by Kantian epistemology looked through the prism of William Whewell and such representatives of Scottish Enlightenment as Thomas Reid and William Hamilton. Maxwell did put forward as a basic synthetic principle the idea that radically differed from that of Ampere-Weber approach by its open, flexible and contra-ontological, strictly epistemological, Kantian character. For Maxwell, ether was not the last building block of physical reality, from which all the charges and fields should be constructed. “Action at a distance”, “incompressible fluid”, “molecular vortices” were contrived analogies for Maxwell, capable only to direct the researcher at the “right” mathematical relations. \u0000 \u0000Namely the application of Kantian epistemology enabled Hermann von Helmholtz and his pupil Heinrich Hertz to arrive at such a version of Maxwell’s theory that served a heuristical basis for the radio waves discovery.","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70958716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21013
Ori Freiman
{"title":"Review: Cass R. Sunstein. Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas. 304 pp. Simon & Schuster, 2014.","authors":"Ori Freiman","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.21013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70959348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.20844
Daniel Goldberg
This paper analyzes S. Weir Mitchell and his son John Kearsley Mitchell’s views on phantom limb pain in late 19th c. America. Drawing on a variety of primary sources including journal articles, letters, and treatises, the paper pioneers analysis of a cache of surveys sent out by the Mitchells that contain amputee Civil War veterans’ own narratives of phantom limb pain. The paper utilizes an approach drawn from the history of ideas, documenting how changing models of medicine and objectivity help explain the Mitchells’s attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding the enigma of phantom limb pain as experienced by their patients. The paper also assesses concerns over malingering, pain, authenticity, and deception through these intellectual frameworks of somaticism and mechanical objectivity. The paper concludes that much of relevance to the ways in which the Mitchells and other late 19th c. neurologists regarded and treated their patients’ pain is explicable in terms of the larger intellectual frameworks that structured these healers’ ideas about lesionless pain.
{"title":"“What They Think of the Causes of So Much Suffering”: S. Weir Mitchell, John Kearsley Mitchell, and Ideas about Phantom Limb Pain in Late 19th c. America","authors":"Daniel Goldberg","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.20844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.20844","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes S. Weir Mitchell and his son John Kearsley Mitchell’s views on phantom limb pain in late 19th c. America. Drawing on a variety of primary sources including journal articles, letters, and treatises, the paper pioneers analysis of a cache of surveys sent out by the Mitchells that contain amputee Civil War veterans’ own narratives of phantom limb pain. The paper utilizes an approach drawn from the history of ideas, documenting how changing models of medicine and objectivity help explain the Mitchells’s attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding the enigma of phantom limb pain as experienced by their patients. The paper also assesses concerns over malingering, pain, authenticity, and deception through these intellectual frameworks of somaticism and mechanical objectivity. The paper concludes that much of relevance to the ways in which the Mitchells and other late 19th c. neurologists regarded and treated their patients’ pain is explicable in terms of the larger intellectual frameworks that structured these healers’ ideas about lesionless pain.","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70959526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.19825
Mike Thicke
{"title":"Review: Cold War Social Science","authors":"Mike Thicke","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.19825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.19825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70959116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.20538
Joan H. Robinson
{"title":"Review of Peoples' Science: Bodies and Rights on the Stem Cell Frontier","authors":"Joan H. Robinson","doi":"10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.20538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4245/SPONGE.V8I1.20538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29732,"journal":{"name":"Spontaneous Generations-Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70959465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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