Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3074
E. Tingum, Ademola Kuponiyi
Most smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan African need to diversify into nonfarm/off-farm income generating activities in order to ensure household food security through optimum consumption expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of off-farm income on rural household food consumption expenditure in Lesotho, using secondary data from a comprehensive and representative Household Budget Survey of 2017. The survey design for data collection adopted a two stage stratified sampling procedure. The analysis used two econometric models. The OLS regressions were employed to identify important determinants of household food consumption expenditure and Instrumental Variable (IV) approach was employed to account for endogeneity issues. The results revealed a consistent positive and significant effect of off-farm income on household food consumption expenditure across all models. Household size, transfers and remittances were found to increase household food consumption expenditure significantly and positively. Government is advised to encourage and improve conditions under which rural smallholder farmers could participate in off-farm income generating activities.
{"title":"The Determinants of Rural Household Food Consumption Expenditure in Lesotho: Impact of Off-farm Income","authors":"E. Tingum, Ademola Kuponiyi","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3074","url":null,"abstract":"Most smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan African need to diversify into nonfarm/off-farm income generating activities in order to ensure household food security through optimum consumption expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of off-farm income on rural household food consumption expenditure in Lesotho, using secondary data from a comprehensive and representative Household Budget Survey of 2017. The survey design for data collection adopted a two stage stratified sampling procedure. The analysis used two econometric models. The OLS regressions were employed to identify important determinants of household food consumption expenditure and Instrumental Variable (IV) approach was employed to account for endogeneity issues. The results revealed a consistent positive and significant effect of off-farm income on household food consumption expenditure across all models. Household size, transfers and remittances were found to increase household food consumption expenditure significantly and positively. Government is advised to encourage and improve conditions under which rural smallholder farmers could participate in off-farm income generating activities.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133051999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3070
G. Osho, Michael O. Adams, Quonna Coleman, M. Uwakonye
America is facing an economic disaster and is in need of federal relief to remain leading nation. Is America currently facing another Great Depression? In the 1930s the United States suffered from an economy downturn; the stock market crashed, spending declined, there was a drop in production, jobs were lost, bills went unpaid, and the market for produce reduced. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal Programs to recover the economic damage of the United States. President Barack Obama inherited a stressed economy from former President George W. Bush with a national debt of $10.627 trillion. As President Roosevelt once did, President Obama is now working toward a plan to recover the damaged United States economy? The uncontainable depression later referred to as the Great Depression attacked the economy of the United States. In 2007 the United States began to take an economy downtown again. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal Programs to recover the economic damage of the United States. President Barack Obama inherited a stressed economy from former President George W. Bush with a national debt of $10.627 trillion.
美国正面临一场经济灾难，需要联邦政府的救助来保持领先地位。美国目前正面临另一场大萧条吗?20世纪30年代，美国遭受了经济衰退;股市崩盘，消费下降，生产下降，工作岗位流失，账单拖欠，农产品市场萎缩。富兰克林·d·罗斯福总统实施了新政计划，以恢复美国的经济损失。奥巴马总统从前总统乔治·w·布什(George W. Bush)手中接过了压力重重的经济，国债高达10.627万亿美元。正如罗斯福总统曾经做过的那样，奥巴马总统现在正在制定一项计划，以恢复受损的美国经济。后来被称为大萧条的无法控制的萧条袭击了美国经济。2007年，美国经济再次开始走下坡路。富兰克林·d·罗斯福总统实施了新政计划，以恢复美国的经济损失。奥巴马总统从前总统乔治·w·布什(George W. Bush)手中接过了压力重重的经济，国债高达10.627万亿美元。
{"title":"2020 Stimulus Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act: Comparative Analysis of President Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs and President Obama’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009","authors":"G. Osho, Michael O. Adams, Quonna Coleman, M. Uwakonye","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3070","url":null,"abstract":"America is facing an economic disaster and is in need of federal relief to remain leading nation. Is America currently facing another Great Depression? In the 1930s the United States suffered from an economy downturn; the stock market crashed, spending declined, there was a drop in production, jobs were lost, bills went unpaid, and the market for produce reduced. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal Programs to recover the economic damage of the United States. President Barack Obama inherited a stressed economy from former President George W. Bush with a national debt of $10.627 trillion. As President Roosevelt once did, President Obama is now working toward a plan to recover the damaged United States economy? The uncontainable depression later referred to as the Great Depression attacked the economy of the United States. In 2007 the United States began to take an economy downtown again. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal Programs to recover the economic damage of the United States. President Barack Obama inherited a stressed economy from former President George W. Bush with a national debt of $10.627 trillion.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124843750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3078
G. Mazibuko
Premised on the state’s capacity to govern ultimately derives from capacity to manage the budgetary process, this study relates to the autonomy and viability of municipalities in Limpopo Province. The autonomy and financial viability of the Limpopo Province local authorities poses a challenge to the provincial as well as national government. The purpose of the research was to examine whether local authorities in this Limpopo province are autonomous. In addition to determine if they are financially viable. A descriptive research was used to for this research. Based on the outcome of the study, the researched local authorities are not financial viable and autonomous as they depend on grants from national government.
{"title":"Autonomy and Financial Viability of Local Authorities in the Limpopo Province Republic of South Africa","authors":"G. Mazibuko","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3078","url":null,"abstract":"Premised on the state’s capacity to govern ultimately derives from capacity to manage the budgetary process, this study relates to the autonomy and viability of municipalities in Limpopo Province. The autonomy and financial viability of the Limpopo Province local authorities poses a challenge to the provincial as well as national government. The purpose of the research was to examine whether local authorities in this Limpopo province are autonomous. In addition to determine if they are financially viable. A descriptive research was used to for this research. Based on the outcome of the study, the researched local authorities are not financial viable and autonomous as they depend on grants from national government.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126103821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3045
John Paull
Policing in the USA is dangerous for the US public. The objective of the present study is to determine the gross deaths due to lethal force by police and the racial distribution of those deaths compared to the racial distribution of the US population. Longitudinal data reveal that police in the USA kill one thousand people per year (n=1004 in 2019). Deaths by year and race are presented for the years 2015 through 2019. The racial distribution of victims of US police lethal force is not proportionate to the racial distribution of the US population. Whites account for the largest racial group of deaths, but are under-represented, accounting for 45% of police killings (and 60% of the population). Blacks are over-represented, accounting for 24% of police killings (and 13% of the population). Hispanics are proportionately represented, accounting for 17% of police killings (and 18% of the population). Others (including Asian, Native American, and others) are under-represented, accounting for 4% of police killings (and 8% of the population). The rate of US police killings has been relatively stable for the past five years (with a low of 962 deaths in 2016 and a high of 1,004 deaths in 2019). The US police killing rate in The USA is 3.05 police killings per million of population. The US police killing rate of Blacks is 5.34 per million of Hispanics is 2.63 per million, of Whites is 1.87 per million, and of others is 1.5 per million of population. The US police killing rate of Blacks is 2.86 times the US police killing rate of Whites. US police killing rates compare unfavorably with other jurisdictions. The police fatal shooting rate in Australia is 0.17% per million of population, one eighteenth of the police killing rate in the USA (an Australian rate of police killings applied to the US population would produce 56 US police killings per year). The reasons for the high rate of police killings in the USA and for the racial disparities of those killings are multifactorial. The valorization of violence and the glamorization of guns are woven tightly into the history and culture of the USA. The metrics of US police killings are a symptom of larger issues within American society. Treating one symptom will not remedy the malady blighting the organism. Is it time for an American societal and rethink of its relationship with violence, in the light of these metrics of disintegration? Is Violent America fixable? Only time will tell
{"title":"The use of lethal force by police in USA: Mortality metrics of race and disintegration (2015-2019)","authors":"John Paull","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3045","url":null,"abstract":"Policing in the USA is dangerous for the US public. The objective of the present study is to determine the gross deaths due to lethal force by police and the racial distribution of those deaths compared to the racial distribution of the US population. Longitudinal data reveal that police in the USA kill one thousand people per year (n=1004 in 2019). Deaths by year and race are presented for the years 2015 through 2019. The racial distribution of victims of US police lethal force is not proportionate to the racial distribution of the US population. Whites account for the largest racial group of deaths, but are under-represented, accounting for 45% of police killings (and 60% of the population). Blacks are over-represented, accounting for 24% of police killings (and 13% of the population). Hispanics are proportionately represented, accounting for 17% of police killings (and 18% of the population). Others (including Asian, Native American, and others) are under-represented, accounting for 4% of police killings (and 8% of the population). The rate of US police killings has been relatively stable for the past five years (with a low of 962 deaths in 2016 and a high of 1,004 deaths in 2019). The US police killing rate in The USA is 3.05 police killings per million of population. The US police killing rate of Blacks is 5.34 per million of Hispanics is 2.63 per million, of Whites is 1.87 per million, and of others is 1.5 per million of population. The US police killing rate of Blacks is 2.86 times the US police killing rate of Whites. US police killing rates compare unfavorably with other jurisdictions. The police fatal shooting rate in Australia is 0.17% per million of population, one eighteenth of the police killing rate in the USA (an Australian rate of police killings applied to the US population would produce 56 US police killings per year). The reasons for the high rate of police killings in the USA and for the racial disparities of those killings are multifactorial. The valorization of violence and the glamorization of guns are woven tightly into the history and culture of the USA. The metrics of US police killings are a symptom of larger issues within American society. Treating one symptom will not remedy the malady blighting the organism. Is it time for an American societal and rethink of its relationship with violence, in the light of these metrics of disintegration? Is Violent America fixable? Only time will tell","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125680590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).2839
S. Jayakody, S. Dishanka
While accepting the fact that the tea smallholdings sector of Sri Lanka immensely contribute to the annual tea output of the economy, the sector still faces various deficiencies due to problems pertaining to input related issues. Measuring the level of efficiency and identifying the factors which are attributed to inefficiency are in utmost importance in introducing remedies for that. A cross sectional survey was conducted on a sample of tea smallholders in Ratnapura district where highest contribution to the total tea production of the country is made. In this study, the Cobb-Douglas Stochastic production frontier model was used by incorporating the technical inefficiency effect model to estimate the level of technical efficiency in tea smallholdings sector. The study revealed that average technical efficiency of tea smallholdings sector in the study area was 87.36 percent that keeps a margin of 12.64 percent for further improvements through better use of available resources and technology. The results of the Cobb-Douglas model revealed that the estimated coefficients of land, labor and fertilizer are positively and significantly affect the green leaves production of the sector. The findings of the inefficiency model disclosed that age, farming experience, level of education, occupation, age of tea plants, farming group membership and credit access have significant negative impact on technical inefficiency
{"title":"An Estimation of Technical Efficiency of Tea Smallholdings in Ratnapura District of Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Jayakody, S. Dishanka","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).2839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).2839","url":null,"abstract":"While accepting the fact that the tea smallholdings sector of Sri Lanka immensely contribute to the annual tea output of the economy, the sector still faces various deficiencies due to problems pertaining to input related issues. Measuring the level of efficiency and identifying the factors which are attributed to inefficiency are in utmost importance in introducing remedies for that. A cross sectional survey was conducted on a sample of tea smallholders in Ratnapura district where highest contribution to the total tea production of the country is made. In this study, the Cobb-Douglas Stochastic production frontier model was used by incorporating the technical inefficiency effect model to estimate the level of technical efficiency in tea smallholdings sector. The study revealed that average technical efficiency of tea smallholdings sector in the study area was 87.36 percent that keeps a margin of 12.64 percent for further improvements through better use of available resources and technology. The results of the Cobb-Douglas model revealed that the estimated coefficients of land, labor and fertilizer are positively and significantly affect the green leaves production of the sector. The findings of the inefficiency model disclosed that age, farming experience, level of education, occupation, age of tea plants, farming group membership and credit access have significant negative impact on technical inefficiency","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131171491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3024
Louis Mukonga Muzinga, O. D. Awolusi
The research examines the impact of strategic leadership in post-conflict states. This was achieved by comparing different leadership styles with the performance of the post-conflict state to identify which leadership style fits best with specific performance indicators in The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study explores the qualitative methodology to assess the impact of strategic leadership in post-conflict states through an explanatory view using an interpretive approach, participant contributions, direct observations, documents, and interviews. Data were analyzed using NVivo data analysis software. The research discovered leadership deficiency at all levels of society. The leadership lacks some essential characteristics to guarantee the well-being of the people. The study also observed an inadequate commitment to support the vision. Also, the mismanagement of country natural resources often causes insecurity and triggers the creation of many armed groups to exploit the resources illegally. The study, therefore, recommended strong committed leadership, the political will, and stable state institutions. One needs a committed leadership to set the vision which can make a change in people's lives, and we can gain the milestones and eventually achieve the vision with the support of the political will and stable state institutions. The study contributes to knowledge by developing a much more user-friendly formula that summarizes the strategic, leadership needed in post-conflict states.
{"title":"Strategic leadership in post-conflict states: A study of The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)","authors":"Louis Mukonga Muzinga, O. D. Awolusi","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3024","url":null,"abstract":"The research examines the impact of strategic leadership in post-conflict states. This was achieved by comparing different leadership styles with the performance of the post-conflict state to identify which leadership style fits best with specific performance indicators in The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study explores the qualitative methodology to assess the impact of strategic leadership in post-conflict states through an explanatory view using an interpretive approach, participant contributions, direct observations, documents, and interviews. Data were analyzed using NVivo data analysis software. The research discovered leadership deficiency at all levels of society. The leadership lacks some essential characteristics to guarantee the well-being of the people. The study also observed an inadequate commitment to support the vision. Also, the mismanagement of country natural resources often causes insecurity and triggers the creation of many armed groups to exploit the resources illegally. The study, therefore, recommended strong committed leadership, the political will, and stable state institutions. One needs a committed leadership to set the vision which can make a change in people's lives, and we can gain the milestones and eventually achieve the vision with the support of the political will and stable state institutions. The study contributes to knowledge by developing a much more user-friendly formula that summarizes the strategic, leadership needed in post-conflict states.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115175740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).2898
Olutayo Akanji Olatunji, O. D. Awolusi
This study examined the impact of systematic performance evaluation on performance improvement among salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Sector in Nigeria. This is occasioned by the peculiar nature of the job of the salesman which requires that specific attention be paid to the mode of performance evaluation deployed for them and its impact on their productivity. Using Yamane formula, convenience sampling method was used to select 263 respondents from the sales team of PZ Cussons Nigeria PLC. Four hypotheses were subsequently tested using correlation test. Based on the analysis, the study found a significant influence of clear, specific and challenging goals on the performance of salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria. It was also deduced that there is no significant influence of detailed and timely feedback on the performance of salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study also revealed a significant influence of employee reward and recognition, as well as, training and development on the performance of salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended a clear, complete and inspiring job requirement of all salesmen so that the employee can continuously improve performance. Furthermore, feedback from appraisal and evaluation should also inspire, encourage and motivate salesmen without including any form of threat and fear of job security. Finally, Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria should embark on capacity development of human resources through training and mentoring. This study therefore contributes to limited studies on performance evaluation, as well as, validation of both the conceptual and theoretical postulations in the context of Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria.
{"title":"Performance evaluation and improvement among salesmen in the Nigerian fast moving consumer goods sector","authors":"Olutayo Akanji Olatunji, O. D. Awolusi","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).2898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).2898","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the impact of systematic performance evaluation on performance improvement among salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Sector in Nigeria. This is occasioned by the peculiar nature of the job of the salesman which requires that specific attention be paid to the mode of performance evaluation deployed for them and its impact on their productivity. Using Yamane formula, convenience sampling method was used to select 263 respondents from the sales team of PZ Cussons Nigeria PLC. Four hypotheses were subsequently tested using correlation test. Based on the analysis, the study found a significant influence of clear, specific and challenging goals on the performance of salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria. It was also deduced that there is no significant influence of detailed and timely feedback on the performance of salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study also revealed a significant influence of employee reward and recognition, as well as, training and development on the performance of salesmen in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended a clear, complete and inspiring job requirement of all salesmen so that the employee can continuously improve performance. Furthermore, feedback from appraisal and evaluation should also inspire, encourage and motivate salesmen without including any form of threat and fear of job security. Finally, Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria should embark on capacity development of human resources through training and mentoring. This study therefore contributes to limited studies on performance evaluation, as well as, validation of both the conceptual and theoretical postulations in the context of Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130430180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-10DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2983
D. Y. Osei, Z. Mustapha, Mohammed D.H. Zebilila
The structural use of concrete depends largely on its strength, especially compressive strength.Various tests were carried out to ascertain the properties of concrete materials, whereas test performances ofthe concrete with different mix ratios at specific ages of curing were undertaken. The study determined thecompressive strength of concrete using different curing methods. Four different methods of curing (ponding,continuous wetting, open-air curing and sprinkling with water) were used. Seventy-two (72) cubes were castusing a mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 with 0.5 water cement ratio and with 0.6 waters cement ratio respectively.The compressive strengths were determined after 7 days, 14 days and at 28 days of curing. Findings showthat for 1:2:4 concrete, maximum of 28-day compressive was the highest for concrete cured by ponding andthe least was by sprinkling water. Further findings show that for 1:3:6 concrete, maximum of 28-daycompressive strength was obtained using ponding and the least was open air curing. Despite ponding methodproducing the highest compressive strength of concrete, it is practically impossible to cure cubes aboveground structural elements. Wet-covering method is recommended for structural elements, such as columns,beams and slabs in other to produce concreteof a required compressive strength.
{"title":"Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Different Curing Methods","authors":"D. Y. Osei, Z. Mustapha, Mohammed D.H. Zebilila","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2983","url":null,"abstract":"The structural use of concrete depends largely on its strength, especially compressive strength.Various tests were carried out to ascertain the properties of concrete materials, whereas test performances ofthe concrete with different mix ratios at specific ages of curing were undertaken. The study determined thecompressive strength of concrete using different curing methods. Four different methods of curing (ponding,continuous wetting, open-air curing and sprinkling with water) were used. Seventy-two (72) cubes were castusing a mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 with 0.5 water cement ratio and with 0.6 waters cement ratio respectively.The compressive strengths were determined after 7 days, 14 days and at 28 days of curing. Findings showthat for 1:2:4 concrete, maximum of 28-day compressive was the highest for concrete cured by ponding andthe least was by sprinkling water. Further findings show that for 1:3:6 concrete, maximum of 28-daycompressive strength was obtained using ponding and the least was open air curing. Despite ponding methodproducing the highest compressive strength of concrete, it is practically impossible to cure cubes aboveground structural elements. Wet-covering method is recommended for structural elements, such as columns,beams and slabs in other to produce concreteof a required compressive strength.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131296706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-10DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2980
Wei-bin Zhang
This paper makes an original contribution to the literature of optimal taxation by introducing Ramseytaxation to the Solow-Uzawa growth model to examine genuine dynamic interdependence between growth andoptimal taxation. We introduce a public sector to the Uzawa two-sector growth model. The public sector suppliespublic goods and services. The government financially supports by the public sector by collecting taxes on thehousehold’s wage income and wealth income under the assumption that the utility level is maximized. We derivethe optimal taxation rule and construct the dynamics of the national economy. The model studies a nonlineardynamics between national and sectoral growth, economic structural change, wealth/capital accumulation, andoptimal tax rates in perfect competitive markets with the government intervention. The model has a uniquestable equilibrium point with the chosen parameter values. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis toanalyze effects of exogenous changes in a few parameters on the transitional process and long-term economicstructure of the economic dynamics.
{"title":"Optimal Taxation in the Solow-Uzawa Growth Model with Public Goods","authors":"Wei-bin Zhang","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2980","url":null,"abstract":"This paper makes an original contribution to the literature of optimal taxation by introducing Ramseytaxation to the Solow-Uzawa growth model to examine genuine dynamic interdependence between growth andoptimal taxation. We introduce a public sector to the Uzawa two-sector growth model. The public sector suppliespublic goods and services. The government financially supports by the public sector by collecting taxes on thehousehold’s wage income and wealth income under the assumption that the utility level is maximized. We derivethe optimal taxation rule and construct the dynamics of the national economy. The model studies a nonlineardynamics between national and sectoral growth, economic structural change, wealth/capital accumulation, andoptimal tax rates in perfect competitive markets with the government intervention. The model has a uniquestable equilibrium point with the chosen parameter values. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis toanalyze effects of exogenous changes in a few parameters on the transitional process and long-term economicstructure of the economic dynamics.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129666026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-10DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2984
C. Iwu
This paper, based on scholarly as well as documentary evidence, intends to highlight thesocioeconomic implications of fraud and assessment irregularities in South Africa’s higher education. Highereducation institutions serve nation building purposes and as such it is expected that what they produceshould be of high standard in order to further this purpose. Lately, owing to the rise in assessmentmalpractices across South African institutions of higher learning, calls have been made by business andsociety for ways to deal with this. This paper asks a few questions related to what constitutes fraud andassessment irregularities and the sources of these. The paper also points out what these portend for highereducation in South Africa while at the same suggesting some recommendations. This paper contributes to theliterature on the growing concerns of educators and researchers regarding high levels of examinationmalpractice and assessment irregularities within higher education sector globally, but in particular SouthAfrica.
{"title":"Socioeconomic Implications of Examination Fraud and Assessment Irregularities in South Africa’s Higher Education Sector: A Futuristic View","authors":"C. Iwu","doi":"10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2984","url":null,"abstract":"This paper, based on scholarly as well as documentary evidence, intends to highlight thesocioeconomic implications of fraud and assessment irregularities in South Africa’s higher education. Highereducation institutions serve nation building purposes and as such it is expected that what they produceshould be of high standard in order to further this purpose. Lately, owing to the rise in assessmentmalpractices across South African institutions of higher learning, calls have been made by business andsociety for ways to deal with this. This paper asks a few questions related to what constitutes fraud andassessment irregularities and the sources of these. The paper also points out what these portend for highereducation in South Africa while at the same suggesting some recommendations. This paper contributes to theliterature on the growing concerns of educators and researchers regarding high levels of examinationmalpractice and assessment irregularities within higher education sector globally, but in particular SouthAfrica.","PeriodicalId":297443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Development Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114316009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：