Data analysis is not a new subject. It has accompanied productive experimentation and observation for hundreds of years. At times, as in the work of Kepler, it has produced dramatic results.
{"title":"Data analysis and statistics: an expository overview","authors":"J. Tukey, M. Wilk","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464366","url":null,"abstract":"Data analysis is not a new subject. It has accompanied productive experimentation and observation for hundreds of years. At times, as in the work of Kepler, it has produced dramatic results.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132949554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On October 14, 1955, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Comptroller General of the United States, and the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, jointly announced the adoption of new procedures involving the use of electronic data processing equipment, for the "payment" and "reconciliation" of the 350 million checks drawn annually by over 2,300 individual government disbursing officers against the Treasurer of the United States. They announced that they expected these new procedures to save the government $1.75 million in administrative costs annually and that further decreased costs of about $500,000 could result in the Federal Reserve Banks.
{"title":"The check payment and reconciliation program of the U. S. Treasury: present status and future prospects","authors":"G. F. Stickney","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464342","url":null,"abstract":"On October 14, 1955, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Comptroller General of the United States, and the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, jointly announced the adoption of new procedures involving the use of electronic data processing equipment, for the \"payment\" and \"reconciliation\" of the 350 million checks drawn annually by over 2,300 individual government disbursing officers against the Treasurer of the United States. They announced that they expected these new procedures to save the government $1.75 million in administrative costs annually and that further decreased costs of about $500,000 could result in the Federal Reserve Banks.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"5 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133204829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Weinstein, L. Onyshkevych, K. Karstad, R. Shahbender
The sonic film memory represents a novel approach to the storage of digital information. Thin magnetic films and scanning strain waves are combined to realize a memory in which information is stored serially. The remanent property of magnetic films is used for nonvolatile storage. The effect of strain waves on magnetic films is used to obtain serial accessing. This effect is also used to derive a nondestructive read signal for interrogation.
{"title":"Sonic film memory","authors":"H. Weinstein, L. Onyshkevych, K. Karstad, R. Shahbender","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464326","url":null,"abstract":"The sonic film memory represents a novel approach to the storage of digital information. Thin magnetic films and scanning strain waves are combined to realize a memory in which information is stored serially. The remanent property of magnetic films is used for nonvolatile storage. The effect of strain waves on magnetic films is used to obtain serial accessing. This effect is also used to derive a nondestructive read signal for interrogation.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116347685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The central theme for a System for Automatic Value Exchange (SAVE), from which all other key features of the concept stem, is that the exchange of money and credit can take place independently of documentary instruments such as checks and vouchers. SAVE contemplates substituting an electronic financial clearing process for the major portion of these traditional means of exchange in the consumer economy. The purpose of the system is to provide rapid and paperless financial settlements among the parties in buying-selling and debtor-creditor relationships, thereby achieving the economies and the convenience that centralization of major portions of the credit functions for entire metropolitan areas (and eventually the national economy) would permit. SAVE would integrate the functions of purchase authorization, credit transfer, bill payment, short-term lending, payroll, budget management and related elements.
{"title":"A system for Automatic Value Exchange (SAVE)","authors":"V. Hakola, S. Blumenthal","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464354","url":null,"abstract":"The central theme for a System for Automatic Value Exchange (SAVE), from which all other key features of the concept stem, is that the exchange of money and credit can take place independently of documentary instruments such as checks and vouchers. SAVE contemplates substituting an electronic financial clearing process for the major portion of these traditional means of exchange in the consumer economy. The purpose of the system is to provide rapid and paperless financial settlements among the parties in buying-selling and debtor-creditor relationships, thereby achieving the economies and the convenience that centralization of major portions of the credit functions for entire metropolitan areas (and eventually the national economy) would permit. SAVE would integrate the functions of purchase authorization, credit transfer, bill payment, short-term lending, payroll, budget management and related elements.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114612250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Central Intelligence Agency has a computer-assisted system for phototypesetting which is producing fully made-up pages of high-quality text composition on positive film. This system was developed by a team of representatives of the Printing Services Division (the Agency's printer) and the Agency's computer people.
{"title":"A computer-assisted page composing system: featuring hyphenless justification","authors":"G. Z. Kunkel","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464308","url":null,"abstract":"The Central Intelligence Agency has a computer-assisted system for phototypesetting which is producing fully made-up pages of high-quality text composition on positive film. This system was developed by a team of representatives of the Printing Services Division (the Agency's printer) and the Agency's computer people.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134188490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optimum selection of the parameter values for a complex dynamic system usually consists of three distinct phases: (1) a proposed system configuration is selected, in which only parameter values remain as unknowns; (2) one or more performance or cost criteria for evaluation of the system are selected; and (3) a computer technique or algorithm is chosen for adjusting the system parameters until an optimum value of the criterion function is achieved. Typical algorithms are those based on relaxation or steep descent methods. However, both of these methods are primarily suited to optimization of criterion functions with unique minima or maxima. Furthermore, they may fail to converge or may converge only very slowly if the criterion function---parameter space exhibits "ridges" or if the criterion function is only piecewise differentiable or piecewise continuous. Both of these difficulties are likely to arise in connection with nonlinear systems. This paper presents an approach to finding a global optimum by means of a modified sequential random perturbation technique implemented on a hybrid computer.
{"title":"Parameter optimization by random search using hybrid computer techniques","authors":"G. Bekey, M. Gran, A. E. Sabroff, A. Wong","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464313","url":null,"abstract":"Optimum selection of the parameter values for a complex dynamic system usually consists of three distinct phases: (1) a proposed system configuration is selected, in which only parameter values remain as unknowns; (2) one or more performance or cost criteria for evaluation of the system are selected; and (3) a computer technique or algorithm is chosen for adjusting the system parameters until an optimum value of the criterion function is achieved. Typical algorithms are those based on relaxation or steep descent methods. However, both of these methods are primarily suited to optimization of criterion functions with unique minima or maxima. Furthermore, they may fail to converge or may converge only very slowly if the criterion function---parameter space exhibits \"ridges\" or if the criterion function is only piecewise differentiable or piecewise continuous. Both of these difficulties are likely to arise in connection with nonlinear systems. This paper presents an approach to finding a global optimum by means of a modified sequential random perturbation technique implemented on a hybrid computer.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130515215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Lincoln Reckoner is a time-shared system for on-line use in scientific and engineering research. It looks forward to the day when a computational service can be put into the office of every serious research worker, and it was designed as an experiment to find out what features of such a service will have an important effect on the amount of work the user gets done.
{"title":"The Lincoln Reckoner: an operation-oriented, on-line facility with distributed control","authors":"Arthur N. Stowe, R. Wiesen, D. Yntema, J. Forgie","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464338","url":null,"abstract":"The Lincoln Reckoner is a time-shared system for on-line use in scientific and engineering research. It looks forward to the day when a computational service can be put into the office of every serious research worker, and it was designed as an experiment to find out what features of such a service will have an important effect on the amount of work the user gets done.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115186392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many random variables can be approximated quite closely by c(M + U1 + U2 + U3), where c is constant, M is a discrete random variable, and the U's are uniform random variables. Such a representation appears attractive as a method for generating variates in a computer, since M + U1 + U2 + U3 can be quickly and simply generated. A typical application of this idea will have M taking from 4 to 7 values; the required X will be produced in the form c(M + U1 + U2 + U3) perhaps 95--99% of the time, and occasionally by the rejection technique, to make the resulting distribution come out right. This paper describes the method and gives examples of how to generate beta, normal, and chi-square variates.
许多随机变量可以用c(M + U1 + U2 + U3)近似表示，其中c是常数，M是离散随机变量，U是均匀随机变量。这种表示作为在计算机中生成变量的方法似乎很有吸引力，因为M + U1 + U2 + U3可以快速而简单地生成。这个想法的典型应用是M取4到7个值;所需的X可能在95% -99%的情况下以c(M + U1 + U2 + U3)的形式产生，偶尔通过抑制技术，使结果分布正确。本文描述了该方法，并给出了如何生成beta、正态和卡方变量的示例。
{"title":"A general method for producing random variables in a computer","authors":"G. Marsaglia","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464310","url":null,"abstract":"Many random variables can be approximated quite closely by <i>c</i>(<i>M</i> + <i>U</i><sub>1</sub> + <i>U</i><sub>2</sub> + <i>U</i><sub>3</sub>), where <i>c</i> is constant, <i>M</i> is a discrete random variable, and the <i>U</i>'s are uniform random variables. Such a representation appears attractive as a method for generating variates in a computer, since <i>M</i> + <i>U</i><sub>1</sub> + <i>U</i><sub>2</sub> + <i>U</i><sub>3</sub> can be quickly and simply generated. A typical application of this idea will have <i>M</i> taking from 4 to 7 values; the required <i>X</i> will be produced in the form <i>c</i>(<i>M</i> + <i>U</i><sub>1</sub> + <i>U</i><sub>2</sub> + <i>U</i><sub>3</sub>) perhaps 95--99% of the time, and occasionally by the rejection technique, to make the resulting distribution come out right. This paper describes the method and gives examples of how to generate beta, normal, and chi-square variates.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116367529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. A. Craig, Susan C. Berezner, Homer C. Carney, Christopher R. Longyear
The extensive syntactic ambiguity inherent in natural language has been convincingly shown by such systems as the Harvard syntactic analyzer. Furthermore, no semantic techniques are in prospect for satisfactory resolution of this ambiguity by computer. In contrast, well-developed semantic techniques exist for formal languages.
{"title":"DEACON: direct English access and control","authors":"J. A. Craig, Susan C. Berezner, Homer C. Carney, Christopher R. Longyear","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464330","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive syntactic ambiguity inherent in natural language has been convincingly shown by such systems as the Harvard syntactic analyzer. Furthermore, no semantic techniques are in prospect for satisfactory resolution of this ambiguity by computer. In contrast, well-developed semantic techniques exist for formal languages.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125758783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whenever we talk of the "impact of computers" on a given area of applications, we usually become concerned with the technical character of the applications and how they might be supported with computer systems and/or other advanced information processing devices. Thus, in viewing the computer's impact on local and regional government, we could easily focus our discussion here on techniques of water billing, crime information retrieval or regional economic data analysis. And, indeed, some attention must be given to matters of this sort.
{"title":"The impact of computers on local and regional government","authors":"H. H. Isaacs","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464344","url":null,"abstract":"Whenever we talk of the \"impact of computers\" on a given area of applications, we usually become concerned with the technical character of the applications and how they might be supported with computer systems and/or other advanced information processing devices. Thus, in viewing the computer's impact on local and regional government, we could easily focus our discussion here on techniques of water billing, crime information retrieval or regional economic data analysis. And, indeed, some attention must be given to matters of this sort.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133250414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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