Graphical displays are gaining unquestioned importance in the growing field of communication between man and digital computers. The development of time-shared digital computers further accentuates the need for widely-used graphical interaction within the framework of certain economic constraints. Typically, these constraints involve the use of relatively low telephone-channel data rates, and the temporary storage of graphical data at the display site. User requirements dictate both an input and output ability of alphanumeric and graphical data for typical applications. A typical time-shared application, which gave rise to the technique and prototype described in this paper, involves the online design of electronic circuits. Here, a designer communicates graphically a circuit to the computer, visually observes circuit-analysis results in the form of curves, and modifies on-line circuit parameters and topology in order to improve circuit performance.
{"title":"A parametric graphical display technique for on-line use","authors":"M. Dertouzos, R. L. Graham","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464315","url":null,"abstract":"Graphical displays are gaining unquestioned importance in the growing field of communication between man and digital computers. The development of time-shared digital computers further accentuates the need for widely-used graphical interaction within the framework of certain economic constraints. Typically, these constraints involve the use of relatively low telephone-channel data rates, and the temporary storage of graphical data at the display site. User requirements dictate both an input and output ability of alphanumeric and graphical data for typical applications. A typical time-shared application, which gave rise to the technique and prototype described in this paper, involves the online design of electronic circuits. Here, a designer communicates graphically a circuit to the computer, visually observes circuit-analysis results in the form of curves, and modifies on-line circuit parameters and topology in order to improve circuit performance.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"10 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129111657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kuney, B. G. Lazorchak, S. W. Walcavich, D. Sherman
The successful development of computerized typesetting has been a process of striking a balance between input coding and capacity to program the variety of decision-making steps which characterize the typesetting process. The most frequent of these decisions---justification---has proved most adaptable to computer handling. Even hyphenation, with its variety of rules, has been handled via the computer with varying degrees of success. But composition for scientific journals creates special needs both for input coding and for computer processing in the handling of non-text elements such as special characters, tables, mathematical expressions, and graphic data in the form of chemical structures. Spacing considerations and character selection become much more complex and involve many decisions which are a matter of choice, not rule.
{"title":"Computerized typesetting of complex scientific material","authors":"J. Kuney, B. G. Lazorchak, S. W. Walcavich, D. Sherman","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464307","url":null,"abstract":"The successful development of computerized typesetting has been a process of striking a balance between input coding and capacity to program the variety of decision-making steps which characterize the typesetting process. The most frequent of these decisions---justification---has proved most adaptable to computer handling. Even hyphenation, with its variety of rules, has been handled via the computer with varying degrees of success. But composition for scientific journals creates special needs both for input coding and for computer processing in the handling of non-text elements such as special characters, tables, mathematical expressions, and graphic data in the form of chemical structures. Spacing considerations and character selection become much more complex and involve many decisions which are a matter of choice, not rule.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133947147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analog computer programs for very complex flight simulations are well known. As a recent example, the complete six-degree-of-freedom equations of motion have been developed by Fogarty and Howe, as well as simple two-dimensional, or two-degree-of-freedom, simulation equations. The former are useful for simulation analyses with a man in the loop, generally in real time. The latter are useful for student analyses of trajectories. The engineering trajectory analyst, however, often appears to be interested additionally in intermediate complexity. He is interested in what we shall call a pseudo-six-degree-of-freedom trajectory program, wherein the three translational degrees of freedom are handled exactly, with all terms included, but the rotational equations of motion are eliminated. In their stead, the analyst inserts arbitrary functions for three angles such as alpha (angle of attack), beta (angle of sideslip), and sigma (roll angle about the velocity with respect to air vector). Such an analytical program turns out to be of great interest in the design phase of an aerospace vehicle, since it permits evaluation of many hardware tradeoffs among different configurations. Such a program, in existence at the Martin Company in digital form since 1964, is described by Wagner and Garner.
{"title":"A general-purpose analog translational trajectory program for orbiting and reentry vehicles","authors":"A. Rubin, Lloyd Shepps","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464375","url":null,"abstract":"Analog computer programs for very complex flight simulations are well known. As a recent example, the complete six-degree-of-freedom equations of motion have been developed by Fogarty and Howe, as well as simple two-dimensional, or two-degree-of-freedom, simulation equations. The former are useful for simulation analyses with a man in the loop, generally in real time. The latter are useful for student analyses of trajectories. The engineering trajectory analyst, however, often appears to be interested additionally in intermediate complexity. He is interested in what we shall call a pseudo-six-degree-of-freedom trajectory program, wherein the three translational degrees of freedom are handled exactly, with all terms included, but the rotational equations of motion are eliminated. In their stead, the analyst inserts arbitrary functions for three angles such as alpha (angle of attack), beta (angle of sideslip), and sigma (roll angle about the velocity with respect to air vector). Such an analytical program turns out to be of great interest in the design phase of an aerospace vehicle, since it permits evaluation of many hardware tradeoffs among different configurations. Such a program, in existence at the Martin Company in digital form since 1964, is described by Wagner and Garner.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129205369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The technological base of the electronics industry has undergone dramatic change in the past 20 years, largely related to the expansion of the use of materials technology. With the invention of the transistor in 1948, semiconductor materials processing provided the technology for an entirely new class of electronic devices. The invention of the monolithic integrated circuit in 1958 extended the use of materials technology to the formation of complete circuit functions on chips of semiconductor. We are now entering another phase of the expansion of materials technology, in which complete equipment components will be processed on slices of semiconductor.
{"title":"Technological foundations and future directions of large-scale integrated electronics","authors":"R. Petritz","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464298","url":null,"abstract":"The technological base of the electronics industry has undergone dramatic change in the past 20 years, largely related to the expansion of the use of materials technology. With the invention of the transistor in 1948, semiconductor materials processing provided the technology for an entirely new class of electronic devices. The invention of the monolithic integrated circuit in 1958 extended the use of materials technology to the formation of complete circuit functions on chips of semiconductor. We are now entering another phase of the expansion of materials technology, in which complete equipment components will be processed on slices of semiconductor.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125381476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For several years now, computerized page composition has attracted the interest of workers in the printing and data processing fields. Considerable work has been conducted in the past in both fields by various concerns with the primary goal to speed up the laborious work of page makeup and thus reduce the page makeup cost.
{"title":"A special purpose computer for high-speed page composition","authors":"C. J. Makris","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464306","url":null,"abstract":"For several years now, computerized page composition has attracted the interest of workers in the printing and data processing fields. Considerable work has been conducted in the past in both fields by various concerns with the primary goal to speed up the laborious work of page makeup and thus reduce the page makeup cost.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"48 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120899297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite a growing interest in graphic communication in computer systems and a rapidly developing computer technology, the cathode ray tube remains the most useful of available display devices. Its limitations, however, are serious, particularly in systems with many display terminals. Other than phosphorescence it has no memory. Its images, therefore, must be regenerated continually, and to avoid flicker they must be transmitted at video bandwidths. Furthermore, as an analog device in a digital environment the cathode ray tube requires signal conversion circuits that are both complex and expensive. Other limitations such as high voltage and space requirements are less serious but are still significant.
{"title":"The plasma display panel: a digitally addressable display with inherent memory","authors":"D. Bitzer, H. G. Slottow","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464349","url":null,"abstract":"Despite a growing interest in graphic communication in computer systems and a rapidly developing computer technology, the cathode ray tube remains the most useful of available display devices. Its limitations, however, are serious, particularly in systems with many display terminals. Other than phosphorescence it has no memory. Its images, therefore, must be regenerated continually, and to avoid flicker they must be transmitted at video bandwidths. Furthermore, as an analog device in a digital environment the cathode ray tube requires signal conversion circuits that are both complex and expensive. Other limitations such as high voltage and space requirements are less serious but are still significant.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"453 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122941779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a large class of problems whose solution statements, in their most natural form, involve not only operation of verbal algorithms on easily defined data, but also provide assistance and prompting to a man "in-the-loop" that enables him to give information or data which may otherwise be inaccessible or not easily described. The advent of developments in the area of graphic hardware provided the necessary environment which allows for implementation of problem-solution statements which include provisions for human intervention. In order to economically justify human intervention, it is necessary, first, that there be sufficient problems of this type requiring a solution. Once this demand becomes apparent, it is further necessary that a system for sharing a single high-speed computer among several human operators be made available. Such a system, which provides for time-sharing (with good response characteristics) a single central processing unit among several graphic display consoles, is the subject of this paper.
{"title":"A system for time-sharing graphic consoles","authors":"J. R. Kennedy","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464316","url":null,"abstract":"There is a large class of problems whose solution statements, in their most natural form, involve not only operation of verbal algorithms on easily defined data, but also provide assistance and prompting to a man \"in-the-loop\" that enables him to give information or data which may otherwise be inaccessible or not easily described. The advent of developments in the area of graphic hardware provided the necessary environment which allows for implementation of problem-solution statements which include provisions for human intervention. In order to economically justify human intervention, it is necessary, first, that there be sufficient problems of this type requiring a solution. Once this demand becomes apparent, it is further necessary that a system for sharing a single high-speed computer among several human operators be made available. Such a system, which provides for time-sharing (with good response characteristics) a single central processing unit among several graphic display consoles, is the subject of this paper.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115251871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Abrahams, J. Barnett, E. Book, Donna Firth, S. L. Kameny, C. Weissman, L. Hawkinson, Michael I. Levin, Robert A. Saunders
LISP 2 is a new programming language designed for use in problems that require manipulation of highly complex data structures as well as lengthy arithmetic operations. Presently implemented on the AN/FSQ--32V computer at the System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, California, LISP 2 has two components: the language itself, and the programming system in which it is embedded. The system programs that define the language are accessible to and modifiable by the user; thus the user has an unparalleled ability to shape the language to suit his own needs and to utilize parts of the system as building blocks in constructing his own programs.
{"title":"The LISP 2 programming language and system","authors":"P. Abrahams, J. Barnett, E. Book, Donna Firth, S. L. Kameny, C. Weissman, L. Hawkinson, Michael I. Levin, Robert A. Saunders","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464362","url":null,"abstract":"LISP 2 is a new programming language designed for use in problems that require manipulation of highly complex data structures as well as lengthy arithmetic operations. Presently implemented on the AN/FSQ--32V computer at the System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, California, LISP 2 has two components: the language itself, and the programming system in which it is embedded. The system programs that define the language are accessible to and modifiable by the user; thus the user has an unparalleled ability to shape the language to suit his own needs and to utilize parts of the system as building blocks in constructing his own programs.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124881408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on question answering by Raphael, Black, and Elliott, and our own work on Protosynthex II has shown that question-answering algorithms can be most easily written if the text source is in the form of simple, explicitly structured sets of subject-verb-nominal strings. Question-answering algorithms that have thus far been developed include word- and structure-matching operations and some few logical inference functions. All of the systems cited have in some fashion limited their input language to simple subject-verb-nominal strings, thus eliminating many problems of syntactic analysis and providing a normalized form for language data.
{"title":"An approach toward answering English questions from text","authors":"R. F. Simmons, John F. Burger, R. E. Long","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464329","url":null,"abstract":"Research on question answering by Raphael, Black, and Elliott, and our own work on Protosynthex II has shown that question-answering algorithms can be most easily written if the text source is in the form of simple, explicitly structured sets of subject-verb-nominal strings. Question-answering algorithms that have thus far been developed include word- and structure-matching operations and some few logical inference functions. All of the systems cited have in some fashion limited their input language to simple subject-verb-nominal strings, thus eliminating many problems of syntactic analysis and providing a normalized form for language data.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129003064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technology in integrated circuits has advanced to the point where we are considering integration on a substantially larger scale than is done today. In a companion paper to this one, R. L. Petritz has discussed the technological basis underlying large scale integration. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly review the motivation for the electronics industry to proceed to higher level integration, and to discuss in particular the cost implications of large scale integration.
{"title":"A look at future costs of large integrated arrays","authors":"R. Noyce","doi":"10.1145/1464291.1464302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464291.1464302","url":null,"abstract":"Technology in integrated circuits has advanced to the point where we are considering integration on a substantially larger scale than is done today. In a companion paper to this one, R. L. Petritz has discussed the technological basis underlying large scale integration. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly review the motivation for the electronics industry to proceed to higher level integration, and to discuss in particular the cost implications of large scale integration.","PeriodicalId":297471,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '66 (Fall)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129371635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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