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A Channel-aware FL Approach for Virtual Machine Placement in 6G Edge Intelligent Ecosystems 6G边缘智能生态系统中虚拟机放置的通道感知FL方法
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1145/3584705
Benedetta Picano, R. Fantacci
This article deals with an artificial intelligence (AI) framework to support Internet-of-everything (IoE) applications over sixth-generation wireless (6G) networks. An integrated IoE-Edge Intelligence ecosystem is designed to effectively face the problems of Virtual Machines (VMs) placement based on their popularity, computation offloading optimization, and system reliability improvement predicting compute nodes faults. The main objective of the article is to increase performance in terms of minimization of worst end-to-end (e2e) delay, percentage of requests in outage, and the enhancement of reliability. The article focuses on the following main issues: (i) proposal of a channel-aware federated learning (FL) approach to forecast the popularity of the VMs required by IoE devices; (ii) use of an AI-based channel conditions forecasting module at the benefits of the FL process; (iii) development of a suitable VMs placement on the basis of their popularity and of an efficient tasks allocation technique based on a modified version of the auction theory (AT) and a proper matching game; (iv) enhancement of the system reliability by an echo-state-network (ESN), located on each computation node and running in the background to predict failures and anticipate tasks migration. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for IoE applications over 6G networks.
本文讨论了通过第六代无线(6G)网络支持万物互联(IoE)应用程序的人工智能(AI)框架。基于虚拟机的普及程度、优化计算负载、提高系统可靠性、预测计算节点故障,设计集成的IoE-Edge智能生态系统,有效应对虚拟机的布局问题。本文的主要目标是通过最小化最差端到端(e2e)延迟、中断请求的百分比和增强可靠性来提高性能。本文重点关注以下主要问题:(i)提出一种通道感知联邦学习(FL)方法来预测物联网设备所需虚拟机的普及程度;(ii)利用FL过程的优势,使用基于人工智能的通道状况预测模块;(iii)根据虚拟机的受欢迎程度,发展合适的虚拟机位置,并根据改良的拍卖理论和适当的配对游戏,发展有效的任务分配技术;(iv)通过回声状态网络(ESN)提高系统可靠性,回声状态网络位于每个计算节点上,并在后台运行,以预测故障和预测任务迁移。数值结果验证了该策略在6G网络上物联网应用的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
IDIoT: Multimodal Framework for Ubiquitous Identification and Assignment of Human-carried Wearable Devices 白痴:人类携带的可穿戴设备的普遍识别和分配的多模态框架
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.1145/3579832
Adeola Bannis, Shijia Pan, Carlos Ruiz, John Shen, Hae Young Noh, Pei Zhang
IoT (Internet of Things) devices, such as network-enabled wearables, are carried by increasingly more people throughout daily life. Information from multiple devices can be aggregated to gain insights into a person’s behavior or status. For example, an elderly care facility could monitor patients for falls by combining fitness bracelet data with video of the entire class. For this aggregated data to be useful to each person, we need a multi-modality association of the devices’ physical ID (i.e., location, the user holding it, visual appearance) with a virtual ID (e.g., IP address/available services). Existing approaches for multi-modality association often require intentional interaction or direct line-of-sight to the device, which is infeasible for a large number of users or when the device is obscured by clothing. We present IDIoT, a calibration-free passive sensing approach that fuses motion sensor information with camera footage of an area to estimate the body location of motion sensors carried by a user. We characterize results across three baselines to highlight how different fusing methodology results better than earlier IMU-vision fusion algorithms. From this characterization, we determine IDIoT is more robust to errors such as missing frames or miscalibration that frequently occur in IMU-vision matching systems.
物联网(Internet of Things)设备,如支持网络的可穿戴设备,越来越多的人在日常生活中携带。来自多个设备的信息可以聚合起来,以了解一个人的行为或状态。例如,一家老年护理机构可以通过将健身手环数据与整个课程的视频相结合来监测患者的跌倒情况。为了使这些聚合数据对每个人都有用,我们需要将设备的物理ID(例如,位置,持有它的用户,视觉外观)与虚拟ID(例如,IP地址/可用服务)进行多模态关联。现有的多模态关联方法通常需要有意的交互或设备的直接视线,这对于大量用户或设备被衣服遮挡时是不可行的。我们提出了一种无需校准的被动传感方法IDIoT,它将运动传感器信息与一个区域的摄像机镜头融合在一起,以估计用户携带的运动传感器的身体位置。我们描述了三个基线的结果,以突出不同的融合方法如何比早期的imu -视觉融合算法效果更好。根据这一特性,我们确定IDIoT对imu -视觉匹配系统中经常出现的缺失帧或校准错误等错误具有更强的鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 4
LSR: Energy-Efficient Multi-Modulation Communication for Inhomogeneous Wireless IoT Networks LSR:非同构无线物联网网络的高能效多调制通信
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1145/3579366
Roman Trüb, Reto Da Forno, Andreas Biri, J. Beutel, L. Thiele
In many real-world wireless IoT networks, the application dictates the location of the nodes and therefore the link characteristics are inhomogeneous. Furthermore, nodes may in many scenarios only communicate with the Internet-attached gateway via multiple hops. If an energy-efficient short-range modulation scheme is used, nodes that are reachable only via high-path-loss links cannot communicate. Using a more energy-demanding long-range modulation allows connecting more nodes but would be inefficient for nodes that are easily reachable via low-path-loss links. Combining multiple modulations is challenging, as low-power radios usually only support the use of a single modulation at a time. In this article, we present the Long-Short-Range (LSR) protocol which supports low-power multi-hop communication using multiple modulations and is suited for networks with inhomogeneous link characteristics. To reduce the inherent redundancy of long-range modulations, we present a method to determine the connectivity graph of the network during regular data communication without adding significant overhead. In simulations, we show that LSR allows for reducing power consumption significantly for many scenarios when compared to a state-of-the-art multi-hop communication protocol using a single long-range modulation. We demonstrate the applicability of LSR with an implementation on real hardware and a testbed with long-range links.
在许多现实世界的无线物联网网络中,应用程序决定了节点的位置,因此链路特征是不均匀的。此外,在许多情况下,节点可能仅通过多个跃点与连接internet的网关通信。如果使用节能的短程调制方案,则只能通过高路径损耗链路可达的节点无法通信。使用能量要求更高的远程调制允许连接更多节点,但对于通过低路径损耗链路容易到达的节点来说,效率低下。结合多种调制是具有挑战性的,因为低功率无线电通常只支持一次使用一种调制。在本文中,我们提出了长短距离(LSR)协议,该协议支持使用多种调制的低功耗多跳通信,适用于具有非均匀链路特性的网络。为了减少远程调制的固有冗余,我们提出了一种在不增加大量开销的情况下确定常规数据通信过程中网络连接图的方法。在模拟中,我们表明,与使用单一远程调制的最先进的多跳通信协议相比,LSR允许在许多情况下显着降低功耗。我们通过在实际硬件和具有远程链路的测试平台上的实现来证明LSR的适用性。
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引用次数: 1
Upscaling Fog Computing in Oceans for Underwater Pervasive Data Science Using Low-Cost Micro-Clouds 基于低成本微云的水下普适数据科学的海洋雾计算升级
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1145/3575801
Farooq Dar, M. Liyanage, Marko Radeta, Zhigang Yin, Agustin Zuniga, Sokol Kosta, S. Tarkoma, P. Nurmi, Huber Flores
Underwater environments are emerging as a new frontier for data science thanks to an increase in deployments of underwater sensor technology. Challenges in operating computing underwater combined with a lack of high-speed communication technology covering most aquatic areas means that there is a significant delay between the collection and analysis of data. This in turn limits the scale and complexity of the applications that can operate based on these data. In this article, we develop underwater fog computing support using low-cost micro-clouds and demonstrate how they can be used to deliver cost-effective support for data-heavy underwater applications. We develop a proof-of-concept micro-cloud prototype and use it to perform extensive benchmarks that evaluate the suitability of underwater micro-clouds for diverse underwater data science scenarios. We conduct rigorous tests in both controlled and field deployments, using river and sea waters. We also address technical challenges in enabling underwater fogs, evaluating the performance of different communication interfaces and demonstrating how accelerometers can be used to detect the likelihood of communication failures and determine which communication interface to use. Our work offers a cost-effective way to increase the scale and complexity of underwater data science applications, and demonstrates how off-the-shelf devices can be adopted for this purpose.
由于水下传感器技术部署的增加,水下环境正在成为数据科学的新前沿。在水下操作计算的挑战,加上缺乏覆盖大多数水域的高速通信技术,意味着数据的收集和分析之间存在显着的延迟。这反过来限制了可以基于这些数据操作的应用程序的规模和复杂性。在本文中,我们使用低成本的微云开发水下雾计算支持,并演示如何使用它们为数据量大的水下应用程序提供经济高效的支持。我们开发了一个概念验证微云原型,并使用它来执行广泛的基准测试,以评估水下微云对各种水下数据科学场景的适用性。我们在控制和现场部署中使用河流和海水进行严格的测试。我们还解决了实现水下雾的技术挑战,评估了不同通信接口的性能,并演示了如何使用加速度计来检测通信故障的可能性并确定使用哪种通信接口。我们的工作提供了一种经济有效的方法来增加水下数据科学应用的规模和复杂性,并展示了如何采用现成的设备来实现这一目的。
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引用次数: 2
A Flexible and Modular Architecture for Edge Digital Twin: Implementation and Evaluation 边缘数字孪生的灵活模块化架构:实现与评估
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1145/3573206
Marco Picone, M. Mamei, F. Zambonelli
IoT systems based on Digital Twins (DTs) — virtual copies of physical objects and systems — can be very effective to enable data-driven services and promote better control and decisions, in particular by exploiting distributed approaches where cloud and edge computing cooperate effectively. In this context, digital twins deployed on the edge represents a new strategic element to design a new wave of distributed cyber-physical applications. Existing approaches are generally focused on fragmented and domain-specific monolithic solutions and are mainly associated to model-driven, simulative or descriptive visions. The idea of extending the DTs role to support last-mile digitalization and interoperability through a set of general purpose and well-defined properties and capabilities is still underinvestigated. In this paper, we present the novel Edge Digital Twins (EDT) architectural model and its implementation, enabling the lightweight replication of physical devices providing an efficient digital abstraction layer to support the autonomous and standard collaboration of things and services. We model the core capabilities with respect to the recent definition of the state of the art, present the software architecture and a prototype implementation. Extensive experimental analysis shows the obtained performance in multiple IoT application contexts and compares them with that of state-of-the-art approaches.
基于数字孪生(dt)(物理对象和系统的虚拟副本)的物联网系统可以非常有效地实现数据驱动的服务,并促进更好的控制和决策,特别是通过利用云计算和边缘计算有效合作的分布式方法。在这种背景下,部署在边缘的数字孪生代表了设计新一波分布式网络物理应用程序的新战略要素。现有的方法通常集中在碎片化和特定于领域的整体解决方案上,并且主要与模型驱动的、模拟的或描述性的愿景相关联。通过一组通用的和定义良好的属性和功能来扩展dt角色以支持最后一英里的数字化和互操作性的想法仍然没有得到充分的研究。在本文中,我们提出了新的边缘数字孪生(EDT)体系结构模型及其实现,实现了物理设备的轻量级复制,提供了一个有效的数字抽象层,以支持事物和服务的自治和标准协作。我们根据最新的技术状态定义对核心功能进行建模,展示软件架构和原型实现。广泛的实验分析显示了在多种物联网应用环境中获得的性能,并将其与最先进的方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 2
VioLinn: Proximity-aware Edge Placementwith Dynamic and Elastic Resource Provisioning 动态和弹性资源配置的邻近感知边缘放置
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1145/3573125
Klervie Toczé, Ali J. Fahs, G. Pierre, S. Nadjm-Tehrani
Deciding where to handle services and tasks, as well as provisioning an adequate amount of computing resources for this handling, is a main challenge of edge computing systems. Moreover, latency-sensitive services constrain the type and location of edge devices that can provide the needed resources. When available resources are scarce there is a possibility that some resource allocation requests are denied. In this work, we propose the VioLinn system to tackle the joint problems of task placement, service placement, and edge device provisioning. Dealing with latency-sensitive services is achieved through proximity-aware algorithms that ensure the tasks are handled close to the end-user. Moreover, the concept of spare edge device is introduced to handle sudden load variations in time and space without having to continuously overprovision. Several spare device selection algorithms are proposed with different cost/performance tradeoffs. Evaluations are performed both in a Kubernetes-based testbed and using simulations and show the benefit of using spare devices for handling localized load spikes with higher quality of service (QoS) and lower computing resource usage. The study of the different algorithms shows that it is possible to achieve this increase in QoS with different tradeoffs against cost and performance.
决定在哪里处理服务和任务,以及为这种处理提供足够的计算资源,是边缘计算系统的主要挑战。此外,对延迟敏感的服务限制了能够提供所需资源的边缘设备的类型和位置。当可用资源稀缺时,一些资源分配请求可能会被拒绝。在这项工作中,我们提出VioLinn系统来解决任务放置、服务放置和边缘设备供应的联合问题。处理对延迟敏感的服务是通过邻近感知算法实现的,该算法确保任务在靠近最终用户的地方处理。此外,引入了备用边缘设备的概念,以处理时间和空间上的突然负载变化,而不必持续过度供应。提出了几种具有不同成本/性能权衡的备用设备选择算法。评估在基于kubernetes的测试平台和模拟中执行,并显示了使用备用设备处理局部负载峰值的好处,具有更高的服务质量(QoS)和更低的计算资源使用。对不同算法的研究表明,通过对成本和性能的不同权衡来实现QoS的增加是可能的。
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引用次数: 0
A Closed-loop Hybrid Supervision Framework of Cryptocurrency Transactions for Data Trading in IoT 面向物联网数据交易的加密货币交易闭环混合监管框架
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1145/3568171
Liushun Zhao, Deke Guo, Junjie Xie, Lailong Luo, Yulong Shen
The Device-as-a-service (DaaS) Internet of Things (IoT) business model enables distributed IoT devices to sell collected data to other devices, paving the way for machine-to-machine (M2M) economy applications. Cryptocurrencies are widely used by various IoT devices to undertake the main settlement and payment task in the M2M economy. However, the cryptocurrency market, which lacks effective supervision, has fluctuated wildly in the past few years. These fluctuations are breeding grounds for arbitrage in IoT data trading. Therefore, a practical cryptocurrency market supervision framework is very imperative in the process of IoT data trading to ensure that the trading is completed safely and fairly. The difficulty stems from how to combine these unlabeled daily trading data with supervision strategies to punish abnormal users, who disrupt the data trading market in IoT. In this article, we propose a closed-loop hybrid supervision framework based on the unsupervised anomaly detection to solve this problem. The core is to design the multi-modal unsupervised anomaly detection methods on trading prices to identify malicious users. We then design a dedicated control strategy with three levels to defend against various abnormal behaviors, according to the detection results. Furthermore, to guarantee the reliability of this framework, we evaluate the detection rate, accuracy, precision, and time consumption of single-modal and multi-modal detection methods and the contrast algorithm Adaptive KDE [19]. Finally, an effective prototype framework for supervising is established. The extensive evaluations prove that our supervision framework greatly reduces IoT data trading risks and losses.
设备即服务(DaaS)物联网(IoT)商业模式使分布式物联网设备能够将收集到的数据出售给其他设备,为机器对机器(M2M)经济应用铺平了道路。加密货币被各种物联网设备广泛使用,承担M2M经济中的主要结算和支付任务。然而,由于缺乏有效监管,加密货币市场在过去几年里波动很大。这些波动是物联网数据交易套利的温床。因此,在物联网数据交易过程中,一个实用的加密货币市场监管框架是非常必要的,以确保交易安全公平地完成。难点在于如何将这些未标记的日常交易数据与监管策略相结合,以惩罚扰乱物联网数据交易市场的异常用户。本文提出了一种基于无监督异常检测的闭环混合监督框架来解决这一问题。核心是设计交易价格的多模态无监督异常检测方法来识别恶意用户。然后,根据检测结果,我们设计了一个专用的三个级别的控制策略来防御各种异常行为。此外,为了保证该框架的可靠性,我们评估了单模态和多模态检测方法以及对比度算法Adaptive KDE的检出率、准确率、精度和耗时[19]。最后,建立了一个有效的监督原型框架。广泛的评估证明,我们的监管框架大大降低了物联网数据交易的风险和损失。
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引用次数: 0
Could Tierless Languages Reduce IoT Development Grief? 无层次语言能减少物联网开发的痛苦吗?
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1145/3572901
Mart Lubbers, P. Koopman, Adrian Ramsingh, Jeremy Singer, P. Trinder
Internet of Things (IoT) software is notoriously complex, conventionally comprising multiple tiers. Traditionally an IoT developer must use multiple programming languages and ensure that the components interoperate correctly. A novel alternative is to use a single tierless language with a compiler that generates the code for each component and ensures their correct interoperation. We report a systematic comparative evaluation of two tierless language technologies for IoT stacks: one for resource-rich sensor nodes (Clean with iTask) and one for resource-constrained sensor nodes (Clean with iTask and mTask). The evaluation is based on four implementations of a typical smart campus application: two tierless and two Python-based tiered. (1) We show that tierless languages have the potential to significantly reduce the development effort for IoT systems, requiring 70% less code than the tiered implementations. Careful analysis attributes this code reduction to reduced interoperation (e.g., two embedded domain-specific languages and one paradigm versus seven languages and two paradigms), automatically generated distributed communication, and powerful IoT programming abstractions. (2) We show that tierless languages have the potential to significantly improve the reliability of IoT systems, describing how Clean iTask/mTask maintains type safety, provides higher-order failure management, and simplifies maintainability. (3) We report the first comparison of a tierless IoT codebase for resource-rich sensor nodes with one for resource-constrained sensor nodes. The comparison shows that they have similar code size (within 7%), and functional structure. (4) We present the first comparison of two tierless IoT languages, one for resource-rich sensor nodes and the other for resource-constrained sensor nodes.
众所周知,物联网(IoT)软件非常复杂,通常由多层组成。传统上,物联网开发人员必须使用多种编程语言,并确保组件正确互操作。一种新颖的替代方案是使用单一的无层语言和编译器,该编译器为每个组件生成代码并确保它们的正确互操作。我们报告了物联网堆栈的两种无层语言技术的系统比较评估:一种用于资源丰富的传感器节点(Clean with iTask),另一种用于资源受限的传感器节点(Clean with iTask和mTask)。评估基于典型智能校园应用的四种实现:两种分层和两种基于python的分层。(1)我们表明,分层语言有可能显著减少物联网系统的开发工作量,比分层实现所需的代码少70%。仔细分析将这种代码减少归因于减少的互操作性(例如,两种嵌入式领域特定语言和一种范式,而不是七种语言和两种范式),自动生成的分布式通信以及强大的物联网编程抽象。(2)我们表明,分层语言具有显著提高物联网系统可靠性的潜力,描述了Clean iTask/mTask如何维护类型安全,提供高阶故障管理,并简化可维护性。(3)我们报告了针对资源丰富的传感器节点的无层物联网代码库与针对资源受限的传感器节点的代码库的首次比较。对比表明,它们的代码大小(在7%以内)和功能结构相似。(4)我们首次比较了两种无层次物联网语言,一种用于资源丰富的传感器节点,另一种用于资源受限的传感器节点。
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引用次数: 1
Enhancing IoT Project Success through Agile Best Practices 通过敏捷最佳实践增强物联网项目的成功
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-10-27 DOI: 10.1145/3568170
Wouter Moedt, R. Bernsteiner, M. Hall, Ann L. Fruhling
Worldwide spending on Internet of Things (IoT) applications is forecasted to surpass $1 trillion by 2022. To stay competitive in this growing technological industry segment, lowering costs while increasing productivity and shortening time-to-market will become increasingly important. Adopting Agile Software Development practices for IoT projects may provide this competitive advantage, as it enables organizations to respond to change, while being dynamic and innovative. Applying a mixed-methods approach, agile IoT practitioners around the world and from diverse industries were surveyed and interviewed. Our study recommends that Agile Software Development team makeup, practices, and methods should be tailored to the specific industry, culture, people, and IT application of an organization. People play an important role in the success of agile projects; therefore, our research focuses on identifying the critical attributes of agile teams to maximize success. Our study identified the five critical agile practices: Collective Code Ownership, Continuous Integration, Single Team, Dedicated Customer, and Sprint Planning and found that both technical and soft skills are essential for successful IoT development.
到2022年,全球在物联网(IoT)应用上的支出预计将超过1万亿美元。为了在这个不断发展的技术行业领域保持竞争力,降低成本、提高生产率和缩短上市时间将变得越来越重要。在物联网项目中采用敏捷软件开发实践可以提供这种竞争优势,因为它使组织能够在动态和创新的同时响应变化。采用混合方法,对来自世界各地和不同行业的敏捷物联网从业者进行了调查和访谈。我们的研究建议,敏捷软件开发团队的组成、实践和方法应该针对组织的特定行业、文化、人员和IT应用进行定制。人在敏捷项目的成功中扮演着重要的角色;因此,我们的研究重点是确定敏捷团队的关键属性,以最大限度地提高成功。我们的研究确定了五个关键的敏捷实践:集体代码所有权、持续集成、单一团队、专注的客户和冲刺计划,并发现技术和软技能对于成功的物联网开发至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Design of a Robust MAC Protocol for LoRa LoRa的鲁棒MAC协议设计
IF 2.7 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1145/3557048
Absar-Ul-Haque Ahmar, Emekcan Aras, T. D. Nguyen, Sam Michiels, W. Joosen, D. Hughes
Low-power wide-area networks enable large-scale deployments of low-power wireless devices. LoRaWAN is a long-range wireless technology that has emerged as a low-power and low data rate solution to support Internet of Things applications. Although LoRaWAN provides a low-power and cost-efficient networking solution, recent literature shows that it performs poorly in terms of reliability and security in dense deployments due to the uncoordinated (ALOHA-based) nature of the MAC (medium access control) protocol. Furthermore, LoRaWAN is not robust against selective jamming attacks. This article proposes CRAM: a time-synchronized cryptographic frequency hopping MAC protocol designed for the LoRa physical layer. CRAM reduces the contention by fairly exploiting the available frequency space and maximizes the entropy of the channel hopping algorithm. We develop a large physical testbed and a simulator to thoroughly evaluate the proposed protocol. Our evaluations show that CRAM significantly improves reliability and scalability and increases channel utilization while making selective jamming difficult to perform compared to the standard LoRaWAN protocol.
低功耗广域网使低功耗无线设备的大规模部署成为可能。LoRaWAN是一种远程无线技术,已成为支持物联网应用的低功耗和低数据速率解决方案。尽管LoRaWAN提供了一种低功耗和低成本的网络解决方案,但最近的文献表明,由于MAC(介质访问控制)协议的不协调(基于aloha)性质,它在密集部署中的可靠性和安全性方面表现不佳。此外,LoRaWAN对选择性干扰攻击的鲁棒性不强。本文提出了一种针对LoRa物理层设计的时间同步加密跳频MAC协议CRAM。CRAM通过充分利用可用的频率空间来减少争用,并使信道跳频算法的熵最大化。我们开发了一个大型物理测试平台和模拟器来彻底评估所提出的协议。我们的评估表明,与标准的LoRaWAN协议相比,CRAM显著提高了可靠性和可扩展性,增加了信道利用率,同时使选择性干扰难以执行。
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引用次数: 0
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ACM Transactions on Internet of Things
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