Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340029
F. Manzari
The representation of Mongols in Late-Medieval Italian illuminated manuscripts undergoes a transformation in the fourteenth century. In literature connected to the Crusades and in historical writings they are usually portrayed as symbols of Evil or of the Deadly Vices. In other instances, nonetheless, they seem to lose this significant iconic value and to turn into an exotic component for the amusement of princely patrons. It is certainly not by chance that illuminations comprising Mongols were produced in the cities most strongly tied to the East by trading routes and commercial interests, like Venice and Genoa. The appearance of Mongols within more widespread iconographies, both sacred and secular, and their metamorphosis as exotic decorations are connected to manuscript illumination at the Angevin court in Naples. This contribution re-evaluates both types of instances, with the purpose of achieving a survey of these types of representation in Italian gothic illuminated manuscripts.
{"title":"From Icons of Evil to Features of Princely Pleasure: Mongols in Fourteenth-Century Italian Illuminated Manuscripts","authors":"F. Manzari","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340029","url":null,"abstract":"The representation of Mongols in Late-Medieval Italian illuminated manuscripts undergoes a transformation in the fourteenth century. In literature connected to the Crusades and in historical writings they are usually portrayed as symbols of Evil or of the Deadly Vices. In other instances, nonetheless, they seem to lose this significant iconic value and to turn into an exotic component for the amusement of princely patrons. It is certainly not by chance that illuminations comprising Mongols were produced in the cities most strongly tied to the East by trading routes and commercial interests, like Venice and Genoa. The appearance of Mongols within more widespread iconographies, both sacred and secular, and their metamorphosis as exotic decorations are connected to manuscript illumination at the Angevin court in Naples. This contribution re-evaluates both types of instances, with the purpose of achieving a survey of these types of representation in Italian gothic illuminated manuscripts.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48936392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340028
Charles Melville
Towards the end of his life, Ghazan Khan (r.1295–1304) made arrangements for the continuation of the Ilkhanid government along the lines he had established in his short but formative reign. Rashid al-Din refers briefly to Ghazan’s last testament (vasiyat-nama) but gives no details; however, Qashani in his history of Öljeitü reproduces it as a document and Vassaf, writing around the same time, presents it as a speech made by Ghazan to the assembled courtiers. This paper will compare the two texts and seek to identify both the offices and the office-holders mentioned, with a view to better understanding the underpinning of political power and faction in the Ilkhanate.
{"title":"Ghazan Khan’s Political Will and Testament: Further Light on the Mongol Household","authors":"Charles Melville","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340028","url":null,"abstract":"Towards the end of his life, Ghazan Khan (r.1295–1304) made arrangements for the continuation of the Ilkhanid government along the lines he had established in his short but formative reign. Rashid al-Din refers briefly to Ghazan’s last testament (vasiyat-nama) but gives no details; however, Qashani in his history of Öljeitü reproduces it as a document and Vassaf, writing around the same time, presents it as a speech made by Ghazan to the assembled courtiers. This paper will compare the two texts and seek to identify both the offices and the office-holders mentioned, with a view to better understanding the underpinning of political power and faction in the Ilkhanate.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49551256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340030
Brunilde Brigante
Among the many exotic populations represented in the richly illuminated manuscript of the Fleur des histoires de la terre d’Orient (BnF, n.a.f. 886) the Mongols have clearly been highlighted by the artist who carried out the illustrative cycle. This matches the views expressed in the text by its author, Hayton of Korykos, who stressed the strategic importance of an alliance between Mongols and Christians against the Mameluks of Egypt, who were holding the possession of the Holy Land. In this manuscript, illuminated in Catalonia for a member of the Cabrera-Cruilles families, exoticism is conveyed through the representation of arms and dresses. It is interesting to notice that the Mongols are the only population who is represented with unmistakable distinctive features: the conical hat, and the arch and arrows. In addition to indications based on the miniatures’ style, the iconographic analysis of the armours allows to suggest that the manuscript was produced during the first half of 14th century.
{"title":"Representation of Mongols in the Fleur des histoires de la terre d’Orient Illuminated for the Cabrera-Cruïlles Family","authors":"Brunilde Brigante","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340030","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many exotic populations represented in the richly illuminated manuscript of the Fleur des histoires de la terre d’Orient (BnF, n.a.f. 886) the Mongols have clearly been highlighted by the artist who carried out the illustrative cycle. This matches the views expressed in the text by its author, Hayton of Korykos, who stressed the strategic importance of an alliance between Mongols and Christians against the Mameluks of Egypt, who were holding the possession of the Holy Land. In this manuscript, illuminated in Catalonia for a member of the Cabrera-Cruilles families, exoticism is conveyed through the representation of arms and dresses. It is interesting to notice that the Mongols are the only population who is represented with unmistakable distinctive features: the conical hat, and the arch and arrows. In addition to indications based on the miniatures’ style, the iconographic analysis of the armours allows to suggest that the manuscript was produced during the first half of 14th century.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45768988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340025
D. Guida
The biographies of nine Mongol officials recorded in the Ming History are not only useful in tracing the enduring Mongol presence at the highest levels of the Ming court; they are also a political demonstration of the close and continuous relationship with this ethnic group until the very end of the dynasty. Besides, since the History was compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, it may give some hints about its own relations with the Mongol allies.
{"title":"Aliens and Emperors: Faithful Mongolian Officials in the Ming History","authors":"D. Guida","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340025","url":null,"abstract":"The biographies of nine Mongol officials recorded in the Ming History are not only useful in tracing the enduring Mongol presence at the highest levels of the Ming court; they are also a political demonstration of the close and continuous relationship with this ethnic group until the very end of the dynasty. Besides, since the History was compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, it may give some hints about its own relations with the Mongol allies.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42364863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340027
D. Bayarsaikhan
Armenian Historian Kirakos Gandzakets‘i was captured by Mongol noyan Molar during the first wave of Mongol conquest of the Caucasus. He was in captivity for about a year. This gave him a certain understanding of the history and religion of the Mongols as well as some knowledge of Mongolian.On Molar’s orders, Kirakos was taken to serve the Mongols’ secretarial needs, writing and reading letters.In this paper I argue that the Armenian source of Kirakos Gandzakets‘i is a first-hand history on the early Mongols in the Caucasus, and the Mongolian vocabulary that Kirakos gives in his work ranks among the earliest Mongolian glossaries in non-Mongol sources.
{"title":"Kirakos Gandzakets‘i, as a Mongol Prisoner","authors":"D. Bayarsaikhan","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340027","url":null,"abstract":"Armenian Historian Kirakos Gandzakets‘i was captured by Mongol noyan Molar during the first wave of Mongol conquest of the Caucasus. He was in captivity for about a year. This gave him a certain understanding of the history and religion of the Mongols as well as some knowledge of Mongolian.On Molar’s orders, Kirakos was taken to serve the Mongols’ secretarial needs, writing and reading letters.In this paper I argue that the Armenian source of Kirakos Gandzakets‘i is a first-hand history on the early Mongols in the Caucasus, and the Mongolian vocabulary that Kirakos gives in his work ranks among the earliest Mongolian glossaries in non-Mongol sources.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49434130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340022
I. Yue
In* terms of grandeur and extravagance, modern Chinese society tends to think of the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet 滿漢全席 as the pinnacle of China’s culinary heritage. Its allure is best illustrated by what happened in 1977, when the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) commissioned a Hong Kong restaurant named Kwok Bun 國賓酒樓 to recreate the banquet according to its “original” recipes. The preparation took over three months, involved more than one hundred and sixty chefs, and resulted in a meal that featured more than one hundred dishes.1 Since then, there has been no shortage of efforts made by different individuals, restaurants, and organizations to follow suit and recreate the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet in a contemporary setting. These different endeavours commonly claim that they follow the most authentic recipes. Little did they realise that there is no such thing as an authentic recipe. In fact, historians cannot even agree on which era saw the banquet begin, though the leading candidates all date to the Qing dynasty (1644–1911); these are the reign of the Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661–1722), the reign of the Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735–1796), and the dynasty’s last decades. This paper examines the accuracy of these claims by analyzing a sample menu for the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet recorded during Qianlong’s reign. This menu contains crucial information about the feast’s formative stages, information that has not yet been properly addressed by academics researching this topic. By drawing attention to the traditional dietary customs of ethnic Manchus and Han Chinese, understood in the context of contemporaneous Chinese gastronomy (to supplement the menu’s lack of contextual information), this paper provides a better understanding of the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet and of Chinese gastronomy in general, in terms of their history, development, and cultural significance.
{"title":"The Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet: History, Myth, and Development","authors":"I. Yue","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In* terms of grandeur and extravagance, modern Chinese society tends to think of the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet 滿漢全席 as the pinnacle of China’s culinary heritage. Its allure is best illustrated by what happened in 1977, when the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) commissioned a Hong Kong restaurant named Kwok Bun 國賓酒樓 to recreate the banquet according to its “original” recipes. The preparation took over three months, involved more than one hundred and sixty chefs, and resulted in a meal that featured more than one hundred dishes.1 Since then, there has been no shortage of efforts made by different individuals, restaurants, and organizations to follow suit and recreate the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet in a contemporary setting. These different endeavours commonly claim that they follow the most authentic recipes. Little did they realise that there is no such thing as an authentic recipe. In fact, historians cannot even agree on which era saw the banquet begin, though the leading candidates all date to the Qing dynasty (1644–1911); these are the reign of the Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661–1722), the reign of the Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735–1796), and the dynasty’s last decades.\u0000This paper examines the accuracy of these claims by analyzing a sample menu for the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet recorded during Qianlong’s reign. This menu contains crucial information about the feast’s formative stages, information that has not yet been properly addressed by academics researching this topic. By drawing attention to the traditional dietary customs of ethnic Manchus and Han Chinese, understood in the context of contemporaneous Chinese gastronomy (to supplement the menu’s lack of contextual information), this paper provides a better understanding of the Comprehensive Manchu–Han Banquet and of Chinese gastronomy in general, in terms of their history, development, and cultural significance.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42177364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340021
Xueshen Wang
The banner city constructed in 1729 at the village of Qinjiang, Fujian, provides a typical example of interaction and acculturation between Qing bannermen and local Chinese. The bannermen were the small, ethnically defined, but humanly constructed minority that ruled China for two hundred and sixty-eight years. The Qinjiang banner city was established well into that era, and records of life there indicate how much the newcomers accepted Han Chinese culture, local religious beliefs, and Fujian kinship modes. But we also see how the Bannermen maintained self-identity, such as the inner banner circle marriage model and banner community maintenance.
{"title":"The Bannerman Community of Fujian Qinjiang under the Qing Dynasty: A Case Study in Acculturation (涵化)","authors":"Xueshen Wang","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The banner city constructed in 1729 at the village of Qinjiang, Fujian, provides a typical example of interaction and acculturation between Qing bannermen and local Chinese. The bannermen were the small, ethnically defined, but humanly constructed minority that ruled China for two hundred and sixty-eight years. The Qinjiang banner city was established well into that era, and records of life there indicate how much the newcomers accepted Han Chinese culture, local religious beliefs, and Fujian kinship modes. But we also see how the Bannermen maintained self-identity, such as the inner banner circle marriage model and banner community maintenance.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41775970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340019
Jingjing Li
The fifteenth-century Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457) and the Chinese philosopher of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Li Zhi 李贄 (1527–1602) are both famous for their rebellion against the mainstream culture of their respective nations and times. A parallel study of the writers allows us to consider fifteenth-century Italy alongside sixteenth-century China, and vice versa. The similarities and differences provide perspective on both cultures, and on the reciprocal influence between philosophy and social development.
{"title":"Far and Near: A Parallel Study between Lorenzo Valla and Li Zhi","authors":"Jingjing Li","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The fifteenth-century Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457) and the Chinese philosopher of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Li Zhi 李贄 (1527–1602) are both famous for their rebellion against the mainstream culture of their respective nations and times. A parallel study of the writers allows us to consider fifteenth-century Italy alongside sixteenth-century China, and vice versa. The similarities and differences provide perspective on both cultures, and on the reciprocal influence between philosophy and social development.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64436994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.1163/24684791-12340018
Xing Liang Chng
This paper attempts to examine the writing style, writing purpose, and philosophy of Chen Jian 陳建’s Huangming tongji 皇明通紀 (Comprehensive Annals of the Imperial Ming, HMTJ).* The paper has two main sections. The first points out that although this book imitates the Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 (Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government), it differs from that book’s top-down approach to positive governance. The second section inquires into the ultimate purpose of HMTJ and into the reasons behind the order of publication of Chen’s three books. HMTJ had an extremely enlightening role in arousing the contemporary layperson’s awareness of current affairs, and this role added the basis of public opinion to further consolidate Chen’s complete statecraft thought.
{"title":"Some Preliminary Observations on Chen Jian’s Thought Regarding Statecraft in Huangming Tongji","authors":"Xing Liang Chng","doi":"10.1163/24684791-12340018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper attempts to examine the writing style, writing purpose, and philosophy of Chen Jian 陳建’s Huangming tongji 皇明通紀 (Comprehensive Annals of the Imperial Ming, HMTJ).* The paper has two main sections. The first points out that although this book imitates the Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 (Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government), it differs from that book’s top-down approach to positive governance. The second section inquires into the ultimate purpose of HMTJ and into the reasons behind the order of publication of Chen’s three books. HMTJ had an extremely enlightening role in arousing the contemporary layperson’s awareness of current affairs, and this role added the basis of public opinion to further consolidate Chen’s complete statecraft thought.","PeriodicalId":29854,"journal":{"name":"Ming Qing Yanjiu","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/24684791-12340018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41333607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：