Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light has both physiological benefits as well as costs. Many lepidosaur reptiles can behaviorally self-regulate their exposure to UV light in order to take advantage of the benefits of UV light while minimizing the costs. Furthermore, lepidosaur scales have been conceptualized by some as a barrier to the penetration of UV light. Here we examine regulation of self-exposure to UV light in three different phenotypes of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps): wild type, animals exhibiting scales of reduced prominence (‘Leatherback’), and scaleless animals (‘Silkback’). Silkbacks on average chose to expose themselves to lower levels of UV light irradiation than Leatherbacks or wild types did. Bearded Dragons of all scalation phenotypes on average received higher UV irradiation when they were in the cold section of a UV gradient apparatus compared to when they were in the hot section of the apparatus. This either demonstrates that Bearded Dragons under higher UV irradiances choose cooler temperatures or demonstrates that Bearded Dragons at cooler temperatures choose higher UV irradiances. The relationship between chosen temperature and chosen UV light irradiance was not affected by scalation phenotype. This study highlights external influences on the mechanism that regulates UV self-exposure behavior in lepidosaur reptiles.
{"title":"Regulation of Exposure to Ultraviolet Light in Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps) in Relation to Temperature and Scalation Phenotype","authors":"Nicholas B Sakich, G. Tattersall","doi":"10.1643/h2020134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2020134","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light has both physiological benefits as well as costs. Many lepidosaur reptiles can behaviorally self-regulate their exposure to UV light in order to take advantage of the benefits of UV light while minimizing the costs. Furthermore, lepidosaur scales have been conceptualized by some as a barrier to the penetration of UV light. Here we examine regulation of self-exposure to UV light in three different phenotypes of Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps): wild type, animals exhibiting scales of reduced prominence (‘Leatherback’), and scaleless animals (‘Silkback’). Silkbacks on average chose to expose themselves to lower levels of UV light irradiation than Leatherbacks or wild types did. Bearded Dragons of all scalation phenotypes on average received higher UV irradiation when they were in the cold section of a UV gradient apparatus compared to when they were in the hot section of the apparatus. This either demonstrates that Bearded Dragons under higher UV irradiances choose cooler temperatures or demonstrates that Bearded Dragons at cooler temperatures choose higher UV irradiances. The relationship between chosen temperature and chosen UV light irradiance was not affected by scalation phenotype. This study highlights external influences on the mechanism that regulates UV self-exposure behavior in lepidosaur reptiles.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"477 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45769855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The value of clearing and staining whole organisms to study vertebrate anatomy is unquestionable. These methods have been developed for over a century leading to protocols to prepare triple-stained specimens to differentiate between bones, cartilage, and nerves. Despite their potential to advance the field of comparative anatomy, nerve-staining methods have been used by a small number of vertebrate systematists in part because of the inconsistently successful preparations. Here, we report on several modifications to the current Sudan black B protocols and propose a new acid-free protocol to differentiate among bone, cartilage, and nerves in whole small vertebrates. This method may also be used to stain solely bone and cartilage by eliminating the nerve-staining steps. The technique herein described is successful for preparing juveniles and adults (including miniatures).
{"title":"Acid-Free Staining Procedure to Demonstrate Nerves in Whole Vertebrate Specimens with the Differentiation of Bone and Cartilage","authors":"A. L. H. Esguícero, F. A. Bockmann","doi":"10.1643/b2020138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/b2020138","url":null,"abstract":"The value of clearing and staining whole organisms to study vertebrate anatomy is unquestionable. These methods have been developed for over a century leading to protocols to prepare triple-stained specimens to differentiate between bones, cartilage, and nerves. Despite their potential to advance the field of comparative anatomy, nerve-staining methods have been used by a small number of vertebrate systematists in part because of the inconsistently successful preparations. Here, we report on several modifications to the current Sudan black B protocols and propose a new acid-free protocol to differentiate among bone, cartilage, and nerves in whole small vertebrates. This method may also be used to stain solely bone and cartilage by eliminating the nerve-staining steps. The technique herein described is successful for preparing juveniles and adults (including miniatures).","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"466 - 476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43407324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alondra Diaz-Lameiro, C. Villamil, T. Gamble, Brendan J. Pinto, Alexandra Herrera-Martínez, Richard S. Thomas, Justin M. Bernstein, James E. Titus-McQuillan, Stuart V. Nielsen, Eliacim Agosto-Torres, A. Puente-Rolón, Fernando J. Bird-Picó, Taras K. Oleksyk, J. Martínez-Cruzado, J. D. Daza
Advances in both morphological and molecular techniques have uncovered many lineages across the tree of life, and Neotropical vertebrates are no exception. Sphaerodactylus geckos (Sphaerodactylidae) are abundant and important components of the Neotropical herpetofauna, but few studies have thoroughly investigated them using a combination of morphology and modern molecular genetic methods. Here, we combine morphological and genetic data to describe a new species of Sphaerodactylus from the northwestern karst region of Puerto Rico. The new species is compared to other closely related and sympatric species of Sphaerodactylus. Morphological analysis shows that the combination of small body size (median SVL = 21.5 mm), lepidosis, skull morphology, and coloration of the head differentiates the new species from its closest relatives, including the related species, Sphaerodactylus klauberi. Comparing sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene showed a genetic distance between S. klauberi and the new species of 5.1–5.6%, which is similar to genetic distances among other recognized gecko species. This is the first new species of Sphaerodactylus to be described from Puerto Rico in nearly a century, highlighting the continued need to evaluate and chronicle biological diversity even in well-studied regions. Las filogenias moleculares han elucidado múltiples linajes en el árbol de la vida, incluyendo varios vertebrados neotropicales. Las salamanquitas del género Sphaerodactylus (Sphaerodactylidae) son abundantes y forman una parte importante de la herpetofauna neotropical. Este género ha sido investigado recientemente utilizando métodos moleculares modernos. En este artículo se describe una nueva especie del género Sphaerodactylus, procedente de la región kárstica del noroeste de Puerto Rico. Los individuos de la nueva especie fueron comparados con especies afines y simpátricas. El análisis morfológico muestra que la combinación entre el tamaño corporal, escamación, morfología del cráneo y coloración cefálica, distinguen a la especie nueva de otras especies cercanas filogenéticamente, incluyendo su especie hermana Sphaerodactylus klauberi. Al comparar secuencias del gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA se observó una distancia genética de 5.1–5.6% entre la especie nueva y S. klauberi, dicha distancia es similar a la que existe entre otras especies descritas de salamaquitas. Ha pasado casi un siglo desde que la última especie de Sphaerodactylus de Puerto Rico fue descrita, ésto resalta la necesidad de seguir evaluando y catalogando la biodiversidad, inclusive en áreas que han sido investigadas a profundidad.
形态学和分子技术的进步已经揭示了生命之树上的许多谱系，新热带脊椎动物也不例外。Sphaerodactylus geckos (Sphaerodactylidae)是新热带爬虫动物群中数量众多的重要组成部分，但很少有研究将形态学和现代分子遗传学方法结合起来对其进行深入研究。在此，我们结合形态学和遗传学资料，描述了一个来自波多黎各西北喀斯特地区的球爪属新种。并将该新种与其他近缘种和同域种进行了比较。形态学分析表明，该新种的体型小(中位SVL = 21.5 mm)、鳞片、头骨形态和头部颜色的结合将其与其最近的近亲(包括近缘种Sphaerodactylus klauberi)区分出来。比较线粒体16S rRNA基因序列，发现克劳伯氏壁虎与新种的遗传距离为5.1 ~ 5.6%，与其他已知壁虎物种的遗传距离相似。这是近一个世纪以来在波多黎各发现的第一个球形动物新种，突出了即使在研究充分的地区，评估和记录生物多样性的持续必要性。Las filogenias molecular as elucidado múltiples linajes en el árbol de la vida，包括endo varios vertebrados neotropicales。新热带爬虫动物区系的一个重要组成部分。埃斯特genero ha sido investigado将作为这些活动的recientemente使用metodos分子modernos。波多黎各的新程序región kárstica . este artículo . este描述了波多黎各的新程序，特别描述了波多黎各的新程序。Los individuos de la nueva especie fueron comparados con species afines simpátricas。El análisis morfológico博物馆que la combinación entre El tamaño下士，escamación, morfología del cráneo y coloración cefálica，区别于一个特别特别的新物种，特别物种cercanas filogenasticamente，包括特别物种hermana Sphaerodactylus klauberi。所有的比较序列都是:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ha pasado属于接近联合国siglo desde公式Sphaerodactylus天涯especie de波多黎各fue descrita,当resalta la necesidad de seguir evaluando y catalogando la biodiversidad包容在领域,汉profundidad sido investigadas将作为这些活动。
{"title":"A New Species of Sphaerodactylus (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) from the Northwest Limestone Region of Puerto Rico","authors":"Alondra Diaz-Lameiro, C. Villamil, T. Gamble, Brendan J. Pinto, Alexandra Herrera-Martínez, Richard S. Thomas, Justin M. Bernstein, James E. Titus-McQuillan, Stuart V. Nielsen, Eliacim Agosto-Torres, A. Puente-Rolón, Fernando J. Bird-Picó, Taras K. Oleksyk, J. Martínez-Cruzado, J. D. Daza","doi":"10.1643/h2020123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2020123","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in both morphological and molecular techniques have uncovered many lineages across the tree of life, and Neotropical vertebrates are no exception. Sphaerodactylus geckos (Sphaerodactylidae) are abundant and important components of the Neotropical herpetofauna, but few studies have thoroughly investigated them using a combination of morphology and modern molecular genetic methods. Here, we combine morphological and genetic data to describe a new species of Sphaerodactylus from the northwestern karst region of Puerto Rico. The new species is compared to other closely related and sympatric species of Sphaerodactylus. Morphological analysis shows that the combination of small body size (median SVL = 21.5 mm), lepidosis, skull morphology, and coloration of the head differentiates the new species from its closest relatives, including the related species, Sphaerodactylus klauberi. Comparing sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene showed a genetic distance between S. klauberi and the new species of 5.1–5.6%, which is similar to genetic distances among other recognized gecko species. This is the first new species of Sphaerodactylus to be described from Puerto Rico in nearly a century, highlighting the continued need to evaluate and chronicle biological diversity even in well-studied regions. Las filogenias moleculares han elucidado múltiples linajes en el árbol de la vida, incluyendo varios vertebrados neotropicales. Las salamanquitas del género Sphaerodactylus (Sphaerodactylidae) son abundantes y forman una parte importante de la herpetofauna neotropical. Este género ha sido investigado recientemente utilizando métodos moleculares modernos. En este artículo se describe una nueva especie del género Sphaerodactylus, procedente de la región kárstica del noroeste de Puerto Rico. Los individuos de la nueva especie fueron comparados con especies afines y simpátricas. El análisis morfológico muestra que la combinación entre el tamaño corporal, escamación, morfología del cráneo y coloración cefálica, distinguen a la especie nueva de otras especies cercanas filogenéticamente, incluyendo su especie hermana Sphaerodactylus klauberi. Al comparar secuencias del gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA se observó una distancia genética de 5.1–5.6% entre la especie nueva y S. klauberi, dicha distancia es similar a la que existe entre otras especies descritas de salamaquitas. Ha pasado casi un siglo desde que la última especie de Sphaerodactylus de Puerto Rico fue descrita, ésto resalta la necesidad de seguir evaluando y catalogando la biodiversidad, inclusive en áreas que han sido investigadas a profundidad.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"449 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43549035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present report, I evaluate life history and demography for two populations of the Black-bellied Salamander, Desmognathus quadramaculatus, in the Cowee and Nantahala Mountains, North Carolina, using published data on growth of females, fecundity, and larval growth and development to generate life tables and metabolic life histories for each population. I assumed that females in these populations reproduce biennially, beginning at ages 7–8 years and 8–10 years in Cowee and Nantahala populations, respectively. In deriving life tables, I posited stationary populations wherein net reproductive rate (R0) equaled 1.0 and population growth rate (r) equaled 0. Fecundity (mx column of the life table) was based on counts of ovarian follicles in gravid females. Survival values (lx column of the life table) were generated by an iterative process that yielded a value of R0 = 1.0. I projected the life spans in each population to 25 years. The demographic models developed by the procedure allowed comparison with those reported earlier for D. monticola and D. ocoee. Age at first reproduction and generation time are key contributors to variation in body size and life history in Desmognathus.
{"title":"A Female-Centered Evaluation of Growth, Survival, Reproduction, and Demography in the Salamander Desmognathus quadramaculatus","authors":"R. Bruce","doi":"10.1643/h2021127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2021127","url":null,"abstract":"In the present report, I evaluate life history and demography for two populations of the Black-bellied Salamander, Desmognathus quadramaculatus, in the Cowee and Nantahala Mountains, North Carolina, using published data on growth of females, fecundity, and larval growth and development to generate life tables and metabolic life histories for each population. I assumed that females in these populations reproduce biennially, beginning at ages 7–8 years and 8–10 years in Cowee and Nantahala populations, respectively. In deriving life tables, I posited stationary populations wherein net reproductive rate (R0) equaled 1.0 and population growth rate (r) equaled 0. Fecundity (mx column of the life table) was based on counts of ovarian follicles in gravid females. Survival values (lx column of the life table) were generated by an iterative process that yielded a value of R0 = 1.0. I projected the life spans in each population to 25 years. The demographic models developed by the procedure allowed comparison with those reported earlier for D. monticola and D. ocoee. Age at first reproduction and generation time are key contributors to variation in body size and life history in Desmognathus.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"439 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42457523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shawn R. Kuchta, M. Hantak, Brian P. Waldron, Cari-Ann M. Hickerson, Richard M. Lehtinen, C. D. Anthony
A recent study reported widespread hybridization between the Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and the Northern Ravine Salamander (P. electromorphus) in northern Ohio. In this study, DNA sequence data were obtained from three nuclear loci and 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the sequences. They found that 48 out of 90 individuals from 13 populations were hybrids, and in some localities every individual possessed an admixed genotype. As these results contradict our observations, and because levels of hybridization impact our interpretation of past and ongoing studies, we revisited the data. First we reanalyzed the original SNPs using STRUCTURE, then we repeated the analysis using haplotypes instead of SNPs. We found that K = 2 was best supported by both analyses, and they agree in recovering lower levels of hybridization than originally reported. For example, five populations in the original study identified as highly admixed or composed entirely of admixed genotypes we found to be pure P. cinereus or to lack evidence of extensive admixture. Similar results were obtained using NEWHYBRIDS and analyses based on gene trees. We conclude that while hybridization between P. cinereus and P. electromorphus occurs, it is much more restricted than originally reported.
{"title":"Hybridization between the Woodland Salamanders Plethodon cinereus and P. electromorphus Is Not Widespread","authors":"Shawn R. Kuchta, M. Hantak, Brian P. Waldron, Cari-Ann M. Hickerson, Richard M. Lehtinen, C. D. Anthony","doi":"10.1643/h2021081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2021081","url":null,"abstract":"A recent study reported widespread hybridization between the Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and the Northern Ravine Salamander (P. electromorphus) in northern Ohio. In this study, DNA sequence data were obtained from three nuclear loci and 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the sequences. They found that 48 out of 90 individuals from 13 populations were hybrids, and in some localities every individual possessed an admixed genotype. As these results contradict our observations, and because levels of hybridization impact our interpretation of past and ongoing studies, we revisited the data. First we reanalyzed the original SNPs using STRUCTURE, then we repeated the analysis using haplotypes instead of SNPs. We found that K = 2 was best supported by both analyses, and they agree in recovering lower levels of hybridization than originally reported. For example, five populations in the original study identified as highly admixed or composed entirely of admixed genotypes we found to be pure P. cinereus or to lack evidence of extensive admixture. Similar results were obtained using NEWHYBRIDS and analyses based on gene trees. We conclude that while hybridization between P. cinereus and P. electromorphus occurs, it is much more restricted than originally reported.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"430 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43097887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"David B. Wake (1936–2021)","authors":"E. Jockusch","doi":"10.1643/t2021130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/t2021130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"418 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41713707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N OTE on ‘‘Review and Synthesis of Estimated Vital Rates for Terrestrial Salamanders in the Family Plethodontidae’’ by Jillian S. Howard and John C. Maerz, published in Ichthyology & Herpetology 109(4), pages 929–939 (DOI: 10.1643/h2020079). Dr. Richard Bruce brought to our attention that we incorrectly calculated survival rates from the instantaneous mortality rates reported in Table 3 in Bruce (2013: 266) as though those mortality rates were finite. Consequently, we generated values of 0.215 for Desmognathus aeneus and 0.276 for D. wrighti (as single rates for all life stages), while the correct rates are 0.460 for D. aeneus and 0.480 for D. wrighti. These values were reproduced in both Table 1 (Howard and Maerz, 2021: 931) and in the supplementary table available online. In Table 1, the value for D. wrighti was averaged with survival estimates from other sources yielding values of 0.593, 0.593, 0.593, 0.233, 0.593, and 0.252 for age 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5þ survival, respectively, and these, in the same order, should have been 0.695, 0.695, 0.695, 0.335, 0.695, and 0.360. We used average agespecific survival rates across all species (as shown in Table 1) in the base version of the matrix model, which were given as 0.504, 0.472, 0.535, 0.575, 0.623, and 0.629 for age 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5þ survival, respectively, but should have been 0.543, 0.507, 0.570, 0.604, 0.652, and 0.659. The largest difference between the values originally listed and the corrected values is 0.039. Because we used the mean values in Table 1 only as a starting point for the matrix models, and then varied those values widely as part of the sensitivity analysis, a change in starting values of up to 0.039 is relatively inconsequential, and does not result in a change to our conclusions. The survival estimates from Bruce (2013) were not included in the regression analyses examining potential relationships between survival and study duration, snout–vent length at maturity, or age at maturity (Figure 2, page 932), and so the interpretations of those relationships remain unchanged. However, Figure 3 (page 934) contains nine isocline plots showing the stable population curves under various matrix model scenarios, with estimates from the literature plotted as points, and in these plots, the incorrect survival estimates attributed to Bruce (2013; 0.215 and 0.276) are shown as the two lowest values for Desmognathus. Plotting the correct values (0.460 and 0.480) removes what are arguably two of the most extreme outliers, but the correct values still fall well to the left of the stable population curves, thereby leaving the overall interpretation, that most survival estimates in the literature are lower than what would likely support a stable population, unchanged. Finally, in the discussion section (page 935), we cited Bruce (2013) as the source of two of the lowest estimates for any genus examined, when in fact, the true values from that publication are closer to the midrange of reporte
关于Jillian S. Howard和John C. Maerz的“陆地蝾螈在多齿齿科的估计生命率的回顾和综合”，发表在《鱼类学与爬虫学》109(4)，929-939页(DOI: 10.1643/h2020079)。Richard Bruce博士提请我们注意，我们根据Bruce(2013: 266)中表3报告的瞬时死亡率错误地计算了生存率，好像这些死亡率是有限的。因此，我们生成的值分别为0.215和0.276(作为所有生命阶段的单一比率)，而正确的比率分别为0.460和0.480。这些数值在表1 (Howard and Maerz, 2021: 931)和可在线获得的补充表中得到了再现。在表1中，wrighti的值与其他来源的生存估计值分别为0.593、0.593、0.593、0.233、0.593和0.252，年龄分别为0岁、1岁、2岁、3岁、4岁和5岁，按相同的顺序，这些值应该是0.695、0.695、0.695、0.335、0.695和0.360。我们在矩阵模型的基础版本中使用了所有物种的平均年龄特异性存活率(如表1所示)，0、1、2、3、4和5岁存活率分别为0.504、0.472、0.535、0.575、0.623和0.629，但应该是0.543、0.507、0.570、0.604、0.652和0.659。最初列出的值与修正值之间的最大差异为0.039。由于我们仅将表1中的平均值用作矩阵模型的起点，然后将这些值广泛地变化作为敏感性分析的一部分，因此高达0.039的起始值变化相对无关紧要，并且不会导致我们的结论发生变化。Bruce(2013)的生存估计不包括在回归分析中，该分析考察了生存与研究持续时间、成熟时的口鼻长度或成熟时的年龄之间的潜在关系(图2，第932页)，因此对这些关系的解释保持不变。然而，图3(第934页)包含9个等斜线图，显示了各种矩阵模型情景下的稳定种群曲线，并将文献中的估计值绘制为点，在这些图中，Bruce (2013;为0.215和0.276)。绘制正确的值(0.460和0.480)去除了两个最极端的异常值，但正确的值仍然落在稳定人口曲线的左侧，从而留下了总体解释，即文献中的大多数生存估计低于可能支持稳定人口的值，不变。最后，在讨论部分(第935页)中，我们引用了Bruce(2013)作为所检查的任何属的两个最低估计的来源，而实际上，该出版物的真实值更接近报告值的中间值。然而，我们对Bruce(2013)中方法局限性的评估仍然是正确的，即瞬时死亡率的计算没有考虑到不完善的检测或临时移民率。我们真诚地为这个错误向Bruce博士道歉，我们希望这篇笔记能够为那些可能会花时间详细评估我们方法的人提供足够的澄清。
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